STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
John W. Parker, FILED
November 22, 2013
Defendant Below, Petitioner RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
vs) No. 13-0428 (Jackson County 12-C-40) OF WEST VIRGINIA
Brent D. Sayre, Plaintiff Below, Respondent
and Marc J. Slotnick,
Defendant Below, Respondent
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner John W. Parker, by counsel Marvin W. Masters and Charles M. Love, IV,
appeals the order of the Circuit Court of Jackson County, entered March 21, 2013, that granted
summary judgment in favor of Respondent Brent D. Sayre in Respondent Sayre’s breach of
contract action against petitioner and Respondent Marc J. Slotnick. Petitioner was the purchaser
of real property at a foreclosure sale. However, in the order on appeal, the circuit court rescinded
petitioner’s deed and awarded the property to Respondent Sayre who was the other bidder at the
foreclosure sale. Respondent Slotnick, an attorney who served as the trustee at the sale, does not
make an appearance herein.1 Respondent Sayre, by counsel Leah A. Chappell, filed a response in
support of the circuit court’s order. Petitioner filed a reply.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
This case arises from a February 22, 2012, foreclosure sale of a 130-acre property in
Jackson County known as the “Click Farm” or “Garrett Farm.” In 1993, Charles and Alma
Garrett2 executed a deed of trust for the property which provided that, upon default of the
principle obligation, a trustee shall “sell the real estate herein described and herein conveyed at
public auction for cash to the highest bidder at the front door of the Courthouse . . . after first
having published notice of the time, place and terms of sale . . . .” (Emphasis added.)
1
Respondent Slotnick did bring his own separate appeal against Respondent Sayre. See
Marc J. Slotnick v. Brent D. Sayre, No. 13-0404 (W.Va. Supreme Court, November _, 2013)
(memorandum decision).
2
Charles and Alma Garrett were not parties to Respondent Sayre’s action for breach of
contract.
1
In 2007, Respondent Slotnick (hereinafter “the trustee”) was named a trustee of the
property. At the same time, petitioner was assigned the beneficial interest in the lien on the
property. Thereafter, the Garretts defaulted on their note; the amount due on the note was
$101,000.
Following the Garretts’ default, and at petitioner’s request, the trustee placed a notice of
sale in a local newspaper which said, in part: “TERMS OF SALE: CASH ONLY. PAYABLE IN
FULL AT TIME OF SALE[.]” (Emphasis added. Capitalization in the original.) The notice also
reserved the right of the trustee to reject any and all bids.
Respondent Sayre (hereinafter “respondent”) attended the February 22, 2012, foreclosure
sale with his attorney. In the minutes before the sale, respondent’s attorney spoke with the trustee
to inquire about the note being foreclosed. During that conversation, respondent’s attorney asked
the trustee whether he would accept a bank check as payment for the property. The trustee
replied, “No, you have to have cash. You have to have green backs.” Respondent claims that this
was the first time he was notified that payment was to be made in U.S. currency. In response,
respondent informed the trustee that he had a line of credit from a local bank and could pay for
the property with a bank check within five or ten minutes after the sale.
The trustee began the sale by informing those present that the only acceptable payment
was U.S. currency and that payment was to be delivered “at the instant” the sale was “knocked
down.” Petitioner bid $103,000 for the property. On respondent’s behalf, respondent’s attorney
bid $103,100. Petitioner then displayed a sealed garbage bag to the crowd that allegedly
contained $225,000 in U.S. currency; thereafter, petitioner bid $105,000. Respondent’s attorney
responded with a $105,100 bid on behalf of his client. Respondent’s $105,100 bid was the
highest bid. However, the trustee rejected it because respondent could not pay instantly in U.S.
currency. There being no further bids, the trustee awarded the property to petitioner.
Following the foreclosure sale, the trustee executed a special warranty deed that
conveyed the property to petitioner. Of the $105,000 paid by petitioner for the property, the
trustee received $5,000 toward his attorney’s fees for the instant case and was reimbursed for the
costs of the sale. Petitioner received the remainder.
On March 12, 2012, respondent filed the instant action against petitioner and the trustee
claiming breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract. Respondent sought the equitable
remedy of specific performance, i.e., a deed to the property in exchange for $105,100. Petitioner
responded with a motion to dismiss respondent’s lawsuit. By order entered May 14, 2012, the
circuit court dismissed respondent’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty. Thereafter, both sides
filed motions for summary judgment on the breach of contract claim, which the circuit court
denied.
The trial on respondent’s breach of contract claim commenced on February 5, 2013. At
the close of respondent’s case-in-chief, the circuit court denied petitioner’s motion for judgment
as a matter of law. Thereafter, petitioner and the trustee admitted that their evidence was the
same as respondent’s (with the exception of the evidence provided by respondent’s expert). The
circuit court then found that there were no factual issues in dispute and granted summary
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judgment in favor of respondent. The circuit court also rescinded petitioner’s deed for the subject
property and ordered that respondent was entitled to specific performance. Following the circuit
court’s ruling, petitioner and the trustee proffered their testimony.
The circuit court’s ruling was memorialized in a “Judgment Order” entered March 21,
2013. In the order, the circuit court found that (1) the first time any bidder knew that “cash only”
meant “U.S. currency” was at the foreclosure sale; (2) petitioner had been the trustee’s client for
many years before the sale; (3) petitioner was the only bidder who brought U.S. currency to the
sale; and (4) respondent did have a line of credit sufficient to meet his bid of $105,100, and a
teller was on-call ready to deliver, within minutes, payment by bank check. The circuit court then
concluded that (1) the trustee had a duty to maximize the price for the property; (2) payment by
U.S. currency was not required by the deed of trust or announced in the notice of sale; (3)
payment by U.S. currency at the “instant” the sale was “knocked down” was not commercially
reasonable; (4) petitioner and the trustee colluded to ensure that only petitioner could submit a
conforming bid; and (5) the foreclosure sale was conducted in violation of the terms of the deed
of trust and Chapter 38, Article One of the West Virginia Code.
On appeal to this Court, petitioner challenges the circuit court’s award of summary
judgment in favor of respondent.
Pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment
should be awarded “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on
file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Thus, “[a] motion for
summary judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact
to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.”
Syl. Pt. 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770
(1963). We accord a plenary review to the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment: “[a]
circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192
W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). Finally, in considering a motion for summary judgment, we
review all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Williams v.
Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W.Va. 52, 59-60, 459 S.E.2d 329, 336-37 (1995).
With these standards in mind, we review petitioner’s assignments of error. Petitioner’s
first assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in finding that a contract was formed
between the trustee and respondent at the foreclosure sale because the trustee and respondent
never mutually assented to the type of consideration for the property (i.e., U.S. currency versus a
bank check).
The circuit court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of respondent
because a contract was clearly formed between the trustee and respondent. The record on appeal
shows that the trustee made an offer by publishing the notice of sale of the subject property, and
by holding the foreclosure sale. The record also clearly shows that respondent accepted the offer
by placing the highest bid, which he would have been able to pay in full within minutes after the
sale was “knocked down.” In Syllabus Point One of First National Bank of Gallipolis v. Marietta
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Manufacturing Co., 151 W.Va. 636, 153 S.E.2d 172 (1967), we defined a contract as an offer
and an acceptance supported by consideration.
Petitioner next argues that the term “cash” as found in the deed and the notice of sale
meant “U.S. currency” only. West Virginia Code § 38-1-5 provides that the “sale [of a trust lien
deed] shall be made upon such terms as are mentioned in such deed.” Here, the deed required
only that payment be made “in cash.” Thus, neither the deed of trust nor the notice of sale
required payment in “U.S. currency.” Moreover, respondent presents no legal authority that
“cash” is defined in the law as meaning only “U.S. currency.” The trial court properly relied on
accepted legal authority, including Black’s Law Dictionary,3 in determining that “cash” may be
defined as U.S. currency and many other things, including bank checks. Although petitioner cites
to American Jurisprudence and other legal sources for the definition of “cash,” none of these
sources have been adopted in West Virginia’s jurisprudence.
Petitioner also argues that the circuit court erred in finding that respondent had a line of
credit available on the date of the foreclosure sale because the record contains evidence to the
contrary. We disagree. The record on appeal supports the circuit court’s findings. At trial, an
employee from respondent’s bank offered uncontested testimony that, on the date of the sale,
respondent had a line of credit of at least $105,100; a bank teller from respondent’s bank was
ready to deliver a bank check to the trustee on respondent’s behalf immediately after the sale;
and respondent’s line of credit was not withdrawn until after the sale at respondent’s request.
Petitioner’s second assignment of error is that the circuit court impermissibly applied
Chapter Thirty-Eight, Article One of the West Virginia Code to extend protections to a bidder at
a foreclosure sale when the intent of that Article is to protect only debtors and creditors.
Respondent counters that petitioner’s rendering of the bidder as a nonentity overlooks the
importance of the bidder in the foreclosure sale process, and that without a healthy pool of
bidders, the interests of both creditors and debtors will fail.
Although petitioner raises this assignment of error, he fails to support it. For example, he
fails to cite to any particular section in Chapter Thirty-Eight, Article One, and fails to state how
that Article protects debtors or creditors or excludes protection for purchasers. Instead, petitioner
merely restates the same arguments he made for his first assignment of error, which we have
rejected. “On an appeal to this Court the appellant bears the burden of showing that there was
error in the proceedings below resulting in the judgment of which he complains, all presumptions
being in favor of the correctness of the proceedings and judgment in and of the trial court.” Syl.
Pt. 2, Perdue v. Coiner, 156 W.Va. 467, 194 S.E.2d 657 (1973). Because petitioner fails to meet
this burden, we cannot say that the circuit court erred.
3
In the order on appeal, the circuit court said: “‘Cash’ is, however, defined in Black’s
Law Dictionary (8th Edition) as ‘money or the equivalent; usually ready money. Currency and
coins, negotiable checks, and balances in bank accounts.’ Black’s Law Dictionary is recognized
by State and Federal Courts as an authoritative source for definitions of words commonly found
in statutes and case law. See, e.g., Arneault v. Arneault, 639 S.E.2d 720 (W.Va. 2006).”
(Boldface letters in original.)
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Upon a careful review of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, and in light of the
standard requiring this Court to view all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party, we conclude that the circuit court correctly found no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that respondent was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. We hereby adopt
and incorporate the circuit court’s well-reasoned findings and conclusions as to the assignments
of error raised in this appeal. The Clerk is directed to attach a copy of the circuit court’s order to
this memorandum decision.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: November 22, 2013
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
DISSENTING:
Justice Margaret L. Workman
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