R.K. and A.K. v. D.L., Jr.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2338-12T1

R.K. and A.K.,1
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
Plaintiffs-Appellants, January 13, 2014

v. APPELLATE DIVISION

D.L., JR.,

Defendant-Respondent.
_______________________________________

Argued December 11, 2013 – Decided January 13, 2014

Before Judges Fuentes, Fasciale and Haas.

On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
Docket No. FD-02-387-13.

Martin J. Arbus argued the cause for appellants
(Arbus, Maybruch & Goode, LLC, attorneys;
Mr. Arbus and Matthew R. Goode, on the briefs).

Amy F. Gjelsvik argued the cause for respondent
(Daggett, Kraemer & Gjelsvik, attorneys;
Ms. Gjelsvik, on the brief).

The opinion of the court was delivered by

FUENTES, P.J.A.D.

1
To protect the identity of the twelve-year-old child, the court
has chosen to use initials for the parties.
 Plaintiffs R.K. and A.K. are the maternal grandparents of

twelve-year-old Olga.2 Plaintiffs filed a verified complaint in

the Family Part seeking visitation rights with their

granddaughter pursuant to our State's grandparent visitation

statute, N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1.

After joinder of issue, but before the parties engaged in

any discovery, the child's father, defendant D.L., Jr., filed a

motion to dismiss the complaint under Rule 4:6-2(e), for failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The court

granted defendant's motion and dismissed plaintiffs' cause of

action without conducting an evidentiary hearing or affording

counsel for either side the opportunity to present oral

argument. The court based its decision to dismiss this case on

plaintiffs' failure to provide expert testimony. The court

thereafter denied plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration,

although on that occasion it afforded counsel the opportunity to

present oral argument on the matter.

Plaintiffs now appeal arguing the Family Part erred when it

dismissed their complaint before they had the opportunity to

engage in discovery or present evidence in an evidentiary

hearing. Plaintiffs also argue the court misapplied the

2
We have fictionalized the names of the children for ease of
reference.

2 A-2338-12T1
standard applicable for deciding a motion brought under Rule

4:6-2 because the allegation raised in their complaint, together

with the certifications submitted in response to defendant's

motion to dismiss, were sufficient to establish a prima facie

cause of action under N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1, and raised material

questions of fact that can only be resolved through an

evidentiary hearing.

We agree with plaintiffs' arguments and reverse. The facts

alleged by plaintiffs in their complaint and supplemental

certifications established a prima facie case for relief under

N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1. Moreover, because the court decided

defendant's Rule 4:6-2(e) motion after it considered factual

allegations made by the parties in certifications outside the

pleadings, it was required to apply the standard governing

summary judgment motions in Rule 4:46-2(c). Roa v. Roa, 200

N.J. 555, 562 (2010). The court erred in granting defendant's

motion to dismiss because the record shows the parties have

clear disagreements concerning the nature and significance of

key events in their lives. Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995); R. 4:46-2(c). Most importantly,

the parties' disagreements are rooted in their seemingly

irreconcilable perceptions of how these tragic events have

affected Olga's emotional wellbeing.

3 A-2338-12T1
 Given the complexity and magnitude of the tragic facts

alleged here, the court also erred by dismissing plaintiffs'

complaint without affording them the opportunity to conduct

discovery in order to gather sufficient evidence to overcome

defendant's presumptively valid objection to grandparent

visitation as Olga's father. Once discovery is completed, the

court may then entertain the filing of dispositive motions, if

warranted by the evidence. If motion practice proves to be an

unsuitable means for resolving this dispute, the court must then

conduct a plenary hearing to assess the credibility of

witnesses' testimony, after they have been subjected to rigorous

cross-examination.

Finally, the court also erred in concluding plaintiffs were

required to present expert testimony to meet their burden of

proof in this case. Grandparents can meet their burden of proof

that regular contact with their grandchild is necessary to avoid

harm to the child without presenting expert testimony. As our

Supreme Court noted in Moriarty v. Bradt, 177 N.J. 84, 117

(2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1177, 124 S. Ct. 1408, 158 L. Ed.

2d 78 (2004), "[t]he grandparents' evidence can be expert or

factual." It was also unfair for the trial court to base its

decision to dismiss plaintiffs' case based in large part on

their failure to produce expert testimony, while the case was at

4 A-2338-12T1
its most embryonic phase and after denying them the opportunity

to engage in discovery.

We gather the following facts from the pleadings and the

certifications submitted by the parties in support of and in

opposition to plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration.

I

UNDERLYING FACTS

Defendant was twenty-five years old at the time he met

plaintiffs' twenty-one-year-old daughter K.K. Defendant was

introduced to K.K. by her brother, who was also defendant's

roommate at the time. The couple lived together for a period of

time before they eventually married in 2000. They had two

children, Olga born in 2001 and Charles born in 2004.

Plaintiffs acknowledge that their daughter was addicted to

pain medication at the time she married defendant. Plaintiffs

also claim, however, that defendant knew of her addiction before

the wedding and agreed to help her overcome it. K.K. was

originally prescribed this medication to alleviate the pain she

suffered as a result of being seriously injured in a car

accident years earlier. Plaintiffs' younger son was killed in

this same accident. He was a passenger in the car driven by

K.K.

5 A-2338-12T1
 According to defendant, K.K.'s drug abuse issues predated

the automobile accident. In his certification submitted in

support of his motion to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint,

defendant averred that in the course of his divorce he "learned

for the first time that [K.K.] started experimenting with drugs

at age 13." Defendant believes the car accident served only to

exacerbate K.K.'s preexisting drug abuse problem because she

abused pain medication as a misguided effort "to self-medicate

against her emotions related to the guilt and loss of her

brother."

The marriage between defendant and K.K. lasted only four

and one-half years. The couple separated in 2004; the court

entered a final judgment of divorce in August 2006. Ostensibly

driven by his concern over K.K.'s addiction, defendant fought

hard to obtain physical custody of the children pendente lite.

However, in August 2005, the matrimonial court awarded K.K.

physical custody of the children, although both parents were

given joint legal custody.

Based on the record before us, it seems clear defendant

still resents plaintiffs for the role they played in the court's

custody decision. In defendant's view, the matrimonial judge

was heavily, if not unduly influenced by plaintiffs' assurances

that they would be available to help their daughter with the

6 A-2338-12T1
care and supervision of the children because she and the

children would reside with plaintiffs in their house in Howell.

As a result, commencing in August 2005, plaintiffs shared

their home with their daughter and grandchildren. This

arrangement continued for six years, until plaintiffs relocated

to Florida in April 2011. From plaintiffs' perspective, the

time they spent with their granddaughter, during the formative

years of this child's life, enabled them to forge a strong,

close, and loving relationship with her. Defendant sees this

arrangement very differently. In his view, plaintiffs merely

meddled in his family's affairs, undermined his parental role

and authority over his two children, and most importantly, in

retrospect, left his infant son in the hands of a drug-addicted,

emotionally unstable woman who proved to be utterly incapable of

keeping him safe.

The animosity between defendant and plaintiffs engendered

by the court's custody decision reached a critical point on

November 14, 2005, the day eighteen-month-old Charles tragically

drowned in a koi pond located in the backyard of plaintiffs'

house in Howell. Plaintiffs described the circumstances

surrounding their grandson's death in paragraphs 25 and 26 of

their verified complaint:

[E]veryone was at home and asleep after
spending the entire night in the emergency

7 A-2338-12T1
 room due to a medical issue suffered by
[plaintiff R.K.] during the course of the
evening.[3] The parties awoke in the morning
with the screams of [K.K.] that she could
not find [Charles]. It was later determined
that [Charles] had apparently slipped out of
the house into the backyard and had fallen
into a fish pond and drowned. The fish pond
was only one foot deep. The matter was
thereafter investigated by both the Monmouth
County Prosecutor's Office and Howell Police
Department and both determined this was a
"tragic accident." Everyone was devastated
by the loss of [Charles].

Following the death of [Charles], defendant
served [K.K.] with papers for sole custody
of [Olga]. The same judge that made the
original decision regarding physical custody,
again gave primary custody of [Olga] to
[K.K.] in early December of 2006.

Despite evidence indicating otherwise, defendant still

holds plaintiffs in large part responsible for Charles' death.

The following passage from his certification captures the

essence and depth of defendant's feelings in this regard.

I am a reasonable man and understand in life
accidents happen but my son's death was more
than avoidable had the Plaintiffs simply
fulfilled the responsibility they begged
for. The police report states that
[Charles] had drowned and was under water
for approximately 20 minutes. To me that

3
Defendant claimed in his certification to the trial court that
the medical emergency suffered by R.K. that night was caused by
a chronic alcohol abuse problem. Plaintiff A.K. denied this
allegation in her response certification in support of
plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration. She claimed her husband
suffered an acute case of acid reflux, which initially mimics
the symptoms of cardiac arrest.

8 A-2338-12T1
 means [Charles] was out of the house
navigated the stairs, wandered the yard for
an undocumented amount of time until he
happened upon the unfenced koi pond and fell
in. Being only 18-months old, [Charles]
required constant supervision, as do all
toddlers. Knowing that [K.K.] was battling
her drug addiction and my concern for the
children's safety, the [Ks] promised the
Courts to supervise her parenting time.
Where were the [Ks] while [Charles] was
escaping the house, wandering the yard,
drowning in the pond and lifeless for
another 20 minutes?[4]

Following Charles' death, defendant filed a wrongful death

action against plaintiffs alleging negligent supervision as the

ground for liability. According to A.K., she and her husband

agreed to settle the case because their home insurance carrier

assured them that: (1) the settlement did not constitute an

admission of liability on their part: and (2) half of the

settlement proceeds would be paid to their daughter as Charles'

mother.

Simultaneous with the wrongful death action, defendant

filed an emergent application before the Family Part to obtain

physical custody of Olga, alleging his son's death was

indicative of K.K.'s unfitness to parent Olga or be responsible

4
Plaintiffs denied defendant's allegations concerning the
circumstances that led to Charles' death. Specifically, A.K.
submitted a rebuttal certification before the trial court in
which she averred that Charles was only "missing a total of 10-
11 minutes."

9 A-2338-12T1
for her welfare and safety. Defendant also claimed plaintiffs

failed to honor the assurances they made to the matrimonial

court that induced the judge to award physical custody of the

children to their daughter. Despite this tragic event and the

serious nature of defendant's allegations, the Family Part

denied defendant's motion for a change in physical custody and

continued plaintiffs' involvement in Olga's life.

It appears the court's decision to deny defendant custody

of Olga following the death of his son continues to vex

defendant and invoke in him a strong emotional reaction. Once

again we cite to defendant's certification:

For reasons unbeknownst to me, my emergent
request for custody of [Olga] was rejected
and the Judge simply stated he didn't want
to place blame for [Charles'] death at that
time. I simply wanted my right as a father
to protect my daughter from any further harm
and prevent her from suffering the same fate
as her brother. (Emphasis added).

We pause to note that the record before the Family Part, and

later provided to us in this appeal, does not contain any

evidential support for holding plaintiffs responsible for

Charles' tragic death. Yet, eight years after the child's

death, defendant continues to blame plaintiffs for this tragic

accident.

Plaintiffs decided to relocate to Florida in November 2009,

but permitted K.K. to remain living with Olga in their home in

10 A-2338-12T1
Howell. As represented in paragraph 28 of their verified

complaint, plaintiffs kept in daily telephone contact with their

daughter and granddaughter. They also returned to New Jersey in

2010 to spend the Christmas holiday with their entire family,

which included their two other sons and their wives and

children, including five of Olga's maternal cousins. Plaintiffs

returned to Florida on December 31, 2010, and continued to call

Olga and K.K. on a daily basis.

A reasonable person can view the events recounted thus far

as constituting more than a lifetime worth of suffering for both

sides of this family dispute. However, another great and tragic

loss awaited in 2011. As revealed in paragraph 29 of the

verified complaint, in early February 2011, K.K. called her

mother and told her, in an alarmed fashion, that "she felt a pop

in her chest." Although A.K. advised her daughter to see a

doctor or go to a clinic, she never did. Plaintiffs described

what followed this event on paragraph 30 of their verified

complaint.

On March 7, 2011, [A.K.] received a call
from [Olga] that she had come home from
school and found her mother unconscious in
the bedroom. [A.K.] told [Olga] to stay on
the phone and [A.K.] called Howell Police.
She also called their eldest son, [R.K.],
who lived in Marlboro, New Jersey to drive
over to be with [Olga]. The ambulance and
police arrived at the home and [A.K.] spoke
to a female officer to tell her that her son

11 A-2338-12T1
 was on the way to be with [Olga].
Plaintiffs were advised that [K.K.] was
breathing but unconscious and they needed to
take [Olga] to the police station unless
their son could get there before the
ambulance left. Plaintiffs' son [R.K.], did
arrive in time and [Olga] was released to
his home in Marlboro. That evening
[defendant] went to [R.K.'s] home and picked
[Olga] up from the home.

K.K. was diagnosed with "a heart valve problem." She was

admitted to two separate hospitals for a period of four weeks.

Her mother A.K. kept in constant telephone contact with her

daughter in New Jersey until she flew from Florida on March 10,

2011. According to plaintiffs, defendant only allowed Olga to

call her mother on the phone two times during her month-long

stay at Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center in New Brunswick. He

did not allow Olga to visit her mother during the entire four-

week period of her hospitalization.

K.K. had heart surgery at Robert Wood Johnson sometime in

the last week of March 2011. Although she seemed to be doing

well approximately a week after her surgery, K.K. died at six

o'clock in the morning on April 2, 2011. Her brother R.K.

notified defendant, who, according to plaintiffs, responded via

a text message "stating he was simply leaving the issue of

[Olga's] attendance at the funeral to [Olga] and that he was not

going to sway her either way." Defendant allegedly followed

12 A-2338-12T1
this initial text message with a second text stating the

following:

[Olga] and I will be coming for the private
viewing. I want her to be encouraged to
only stay a short time. She will not leave
my sight. I don't want her to know any
details other than her mom's heart was sick
and the doctors did everything they could
and lastly, I don't want any discussion
about how she is to call to talk to you in
the future as that is what you and I will
discuss in the days ahead. If she asks simply
say, we will talk and text soon, you and I
will work those details out later. . . .

Despite the curtness of this message, plaintiffs claimed

that when defendant appeared at the funeral "everyone hugged and

plaintiffs told [defendant] they still loved him and he was like

a son to them during the marriage." According to plaintiffs,

Olga ran and hugged her grandmother as soon as she came out of

the car at the funeral and never left her grandmother's side "as

they went to see her mother." A.K. also claimed that when Olga

asked her father when she could see her maternal grandparents,

he told her "that would get sorted out very soon and I'll call

your grandmother to discuss all of that."

Plaintiffs allege that the first time Olga called them

after the funeral was on May 6, 2011. The child spoke with

plaintiffs for approximately twenty minutes while defendant

listened on the extension line. According to plaintiffs, the

conversation ended when defendant "promised that he would do

13 A-2338-12T1
everything to maintain the relationship between [Olga] and

plaintiffs."

Plaintiffs spoke on the phone to Olga again on May 12,

2011, but only for a few minutes. The child allegedly told her

grandmother that her father "was in the bathroom and she would

have to hang up if he comes out." The next call occurred seven

days later on May 19, 2011. Defendant again listened on the

extension line as Olga asked her grandmother when she was coming

to visit her. The child played the flute for her grandparents

over the phone, spoke about her cat who then lived with

plaintiffs in Florida, and she mentioned making new friends in

school.

Defendant permitted Olga to call plaintiffs nine times over

the next thirteen months. Plaintiffs alleged they did not speak

to their granddaughter in June, August, September, and October

2011. The last call the child made was on January 30, 2012.

Plaintiffs attempted to call Olga on a daily basis using

defendant's landline to no avail. Plaintiffs also suspect

defendant had taken Olga's cell phone. Plaintiffs' attempts to

reach the child via email were also fruitless. Their several

emails to defendant asking to discuss the situation in an effort

to reach a mutually agreeable protocol for contacting Olga were

unanswered. Plaintiffs thus claimed they "exhausted all efforts

14 A-2338-12T1
to amicably resolve this matter directly with the defendant

without the cost of litigation."

Defendant sees matters completely differently. He views

the time plaintiffs spent with Olga before her mother's untimely

death as a negative and abusive experience to his daughter's

emotional and physical wellbeing. The following paragraphs from

defendant's certification to the trial court illustrate the

magnitude of the discord:

25. The danger and abuse that [Olga] had to
endure over the past few years took its toll
on every facet of her life, having a
negative impact on her health, safety, and
well-being. [sic]. She was physically and
emotionally suffering on a daily basis. The
Plaintiffs knowingly watched [Olga's] home
life with her mother drastically
deteriorate. The Plaintiffs were the only
ones who knew the true condition of [Olga's]
mother's home and A.K. later admitted to me
on the telephone that she feared for
[Olga's] safety but she still did nothing to
protect [Olga]. As I continued to fight for
[Olga's] safety through the Courts, through
her school, and DYFS,[5] the Plaintiffs

5
"DYFS" stands for Division of Youth and Family Services, now
known as the Division of Child Protection and Permanency.
Plaintiffs strongly dispute any implication that DYFS ever
investigated their late daughter based on any allegations or
suspicions of abuse or neglect of her children. As previously
noted, plaintiffs averred law enforcement authorities
investigated the cause of Charles' death and found no evidence
to conclude it was nothing more than a tragic accident.
Evidence relating to plaintiffs' activities during the time Olga
resided with them needs to be gathered through the process of
discovery. We anticipate that this discovery will also include
evidence showing what concrete action, if any, defendant took to
(continued)

15 A-2338-12T1
 continue to watch [Olga's] life deteriorate
to the point where she was wearing dirty
clothes, at times had no food, barely slept,
and had fallen so far behind in school that
her promotion from the fourth grade was
questionable.

. . . .

27. Ultimately, after years of fighting for
[Olga's] safety, it took her mom's death to
bring to light all of the horrors in
[Olga's] life that the Plaintiffs were
knowingly covering up while they continued
to enable their daughter's drug addiction.

28. The time [Olga] has spent with the
Plaintiffs was clearly not the sunshine and
roses they describe in their Complaint.
Their relationship with [Olga] following the
death of her mother has continued to be
detrimental to her. Plaintiffs have
constantly placed a great amount of pressure
on [Olga] to do things. She is told words
like "you must call me or I'll get upset"
and until the last 18 months she had felt
the unnecessary pressure to the point she
would break down in tears. During one
conversation with [A.K.], [Olga] was even
told that she should have called her mom in
the hospital. That caused [Olga's] grieving
process to backslide and caused several
sleepless nights and an extra trip to the
grief counselors.[6]

(continued)
rescue his children from the deplorable and abusive conditions
he described in his certification.
6
In lieu of subjecting the child to additional and possibly even
unnecessary psychological scrutiny, plaintiffs suggested the
trial court order defendant to permit Olga's grief counselor to
opine if preventing her from having any contact with her
maternal grandparents was harmful to her psychological and
emotional wellbeing. Defendant objected to this approach and
(continued)

16 A-2338-12T1
 II

PROCEDURAL ANOMALIES

Before we address the substantive basis of the trial

court's ruling, we will review in some detail the procedural

journey plaintiffs' complaint traveled before it was dismissed

on defendant's Rule 4:6-2 motion. Through this review, we have

identified a number of systemic anomalies that inadvertently

inhibited plaintiffs' ability to present their case in a manner

likely to produce a sustainable adjudicative outcome.

As required by Rule 2:6-2(a)(3), plaintiffs' appellate

brief contained a section describing the case's procedural

history. As part of this history, plaintiffs noted that

[o]n or about July 13, 2012, [they]
attempted to file a Complaint for
Grandparent Visitation with the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division,,
Family Part . . . [which] was rejected by
the Court because a form complaint was
required. Thereafter, Plaintiffs
resubmitted the required Verified Complaint
form, however, Plaintiffs also attached the
more detailed Complaint setting forth the
factual allegations. The Complaint was
filed on August 7, 2012.

(continued)
refused to release any information or records from her
therapist. The trial judge ultimately denied plaintiffs'
application despite making the lack of expert testimony a
critical part of his decision to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint
without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing.

17 A-2338-12T1
 The Family Part's decision to return plaintiffs' attorney-

drafted complaint, and demand that their counsel submit instead

a "check the box" form pleading, was precipitated by systemic

changes in the way cases that fall under the umbrella category

of "non-dissolution" are processed by the Family Part. This sea

change in the processing of non-dissolution cases at the trial

level came about as the organic byproduct of Supreme Court

committees comprised of family law attorneys, Family Part

judges, and dedicated and concerned members of the general

public. Despite their best efforts and inclusive approach, it

appears grandparent visitation cases do not fit squarely into

the revisions that were ultimately adopted to better service the

large majority of cases denoted as "non-dissolution" or "FD

Docket" cases.

On September 2, 2011, Judge Glenn A. Grant, Acting

Administrative Director of the Courts, issued Directive 08-11 to

supplement and revise the procedures for processing non-

dissolution matters in the Family Part.7 The revisions

implemented by Directive 08-11 were approved by the Judicial

7
Directive 08-11 is available to the public on the judiciary's
website. www.judiciary.state.nj.us/directive/2011/dir_08_11.pdf.
(last visited December 17, 2013). Furthermore, administrative
directives have the force of law. S.M. v. K.M, ____ N.J. Super.
_____, _____ (App. Div. 2013) (slip op at n. 2) (citing State v.
Morales, 390 N.J. Super. 470, 472 (App. Div. 2007)).

18 A-2338-12T1
Council8, as originally recommended by the Conferences of Family

Part Presiding Judges and Family Division Managers.

Directive 08-11 provides a state-wide uniform system for

processing cases falling under the general purview of the "non-

dissolution docket," also known as the "FD Docket." As Judge

Grant explained in his memorandum to Assignment Judges, Family

Part Presiding Judges, Trial Court Administrators, and Family

Division Managers:

The Non-Dissolution docket provides relief
to never married parents seeking custody,
parenting time, paternity, child support and
medical support. It also serves couples
seeking certain reliefs, such as financial
support without dissolution of their union.
Additionally, the Non-Dissolution docket
includes non-parent relatives seeking
custody, child support and/or visitation
regarding minor children. Self-represented
litigants comprise the majority of those
filing in the Non-Dissolution docket.
(Emphasis added).

Of particular importance here, Directive 08-11 requires

Family Division intake staff to process all non-dissolution

cases "as summary actions, with additional discovery at the

discretion of the judge." It also requires litigants in non-

8
The Judicial Council is the governing body of the judiciary.
Chaired by and ultimately answerable to the Chief Justice, the
Council consists of the Assignment Judges from all of the
vicinages, the Presiding Judge for Administration of the
Appellate Division, the Administrative Director of the Courts,
and the Chairs of the Conferences of Presiding Judges for the
Civil, Criminal, Family, and General Equity Divisions.

19 A-2338-12T1
dissolution matters to file their initial complaint using

standardized complaint forms approved by the Administrative

Office of the Courts, and incorporated as an appendix item to

Directive 08-11. The directive did not expressly distinguish

between the litigant who files pro se and one who is represented

by counsel, nor did it provide any dispensation or exemption to

cases such as this one, where the pleading was prepared and

filed by an attorney. As Judge Grant noted in his memorandum to

the vicinages, the revisions were predicated on the reality that

"[s]elf-represented litigants comprise the majority of those

filing in the Non-Dissolution docket."

Even a cursory review of the standardized Verified

Complaint form required by Directive 08-11 reveals it is

intended to apply primarily to cases involving disputes between

unmarried individuals seeking child support, court-ordered

custody, and/or parenting time.9 The revisions are intended to

provide these self-represented litigants with a consistent,

9
Although less likely, married individuals may also use the
standardized Verified Complaint form to file an FD docket action
to obtain spousal and child support, and even court-ordered
parenting time. The traditional FM matrimonial action is only
required when the parties seek dissolution of the marriage as
the principal form of relief. In the FM docketed case,
equitable distribution, spousal and child support, custody, and
parenting time are collateral issues arising from the
dissolution of the marriage.

20 A-2338-12T1
statewide means of accessing the Family Part. As better stated

by Judge Grant:

Efficient methods for processing Non-
Dissolution cases are crucial to the
operation of the court and to court
customers seeking relief under this docket
type. Having standardized statewide
practices enables all court customers to
have a clear and consistent understanding
and a defined process for the resolution of
disputes that fall under this docket type.

The only reference to grandparent visitation actions in the

model Verified Complaint is found on page two, under a checkbox

with the subheading: "Establish or Modify Visitation Rights."

This subheading is further divided into three subcategories

described as "Parenting time; Grandparent Time; and Sibling

Time." Each of these subcategories is accompanied by its own

checkbox. After the litigant checks the appropriate box, the

form provides three lines for the presumably pro se litigant to

elaborate on the reasons for the relief requested. The last

page of the model complaint is left blank for the putative

plaintiff to provide any "additional information." Here,

plaintiffs' counsel attached a copy of his initially rejected

complaint, which consisted of fifty individually numbered

paragraphs describing in great detail the factual basis for the

relief requested.

21 A-2338-12T1
 The next critical part of the revisions reflected in

Directive 08-11 concerns how the Family Part should process or

manage non-dissolution cases once the complaint has been

accepted for filing. As a general proposition, the directive

reaffirms that all non-dissolution cases should be processed as

summary actions. Although this classification is arguably

mandated by Rule 5:4-4, the directive reemphasizes this aspect

of how this case-type should be managed by Family Part judges.

Rule 5:4-4(a) provides, in relevant part, as follows:

Family Part summary actions shall include
all non-dissolution initial complaints as
well as applications for post-dispositional
relief, applications for post-dispositional
relief under the Prevention of Domestic
Violence Act, and all kinship legal
guardianship actions. Applications for
post-dispositional relief shall replace
motion practice in Family Part summary
actions. The court in its discretion, or
upon application of either party, may expand
discovery, enter an appropriate case
management order, or conduct a plenary
hearing on any matter. (Emphasis added.)

Syllogistically, since grandparent visitation complaints

under N.J.S.A. 9:2-7 are docketed as FD non-dissolution actions,

and since under the expansive language of Rule 5:4-4 "summary

actions shall include all non-dissolution initial complaints,"

by force of logic grandparent visitation suits must be treated

as summary actions. (Emphasis added). Traditionally, summary

22 A-2338-12T1
actions are expedited proceedings governed by Rule 4:67-1. The

summary nature of the action is intended

to accomplish the salutary purpose of
swiftly and effectively disposing of matters
which lend themselves to summary treatment
while at the same time giving the defendant
an opportunity to be heard at the time
plaintiff makes his application on the
question of whether or not summary
disposition is appropriate.

[Washington Commons, LLC v. City of Jersey
City, 416 N.J. Super. 555, 564 (App. Div.
2010), certif. denied, 205 N.J. 318 (2011),
(quoting Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J.
Court Rules, comment 1 on R. 4:67-1
(2014)).]

Summary actions in the Family Part are ordinarily tried

without the benefits of discovery. R. 5:5-1. However, even in

summary actions, the trial court has the discretion to authorize

discovery for good cause shown, Depos v. Depos, 307 N.J. Super.

396, 400 (Ch. Div. 1997); see also R. 5:5-1(d), or to protect a

party's due process rights, H.E.S. v. J.C.S., 175 N.J. 309, 324

(2003). Finally, and particularly relevant here, Rule 5:4-4(a)

expressly empowers the trial court with the discretion to order

discovery on the court's motion, or "upon application of either

party, . . . expand discovery, [or] enter an appropriate case

management order, or conduct a plenary hearing on any matter."

Against this regulatory backdrop, we now hold that a

complaint seeking grandparent visitation as the principal form

23 A-2338-12T1
of relief should not be automatically treated by the Family Part

as a summary action requiring expedited resolution, merely

because it bears an FD docket number. As this case illustrates,

such a default approach can be inconsistent with sound

principles of judicial case management, and potentially inhibit

the grandparents' due process rights to prosecute their case in

a manner likely to produce a sustainable adjudicative outcome.

As a matter of sound principles of judicial case management

and consistent with rudimentary notions of due process, a

verified complaint prepared by an attorney, seeking grandparent

visitation as the only form of relief, should not be rejected by

the Family Part as facially deficient for filing, merely because

it was not presented using a standardized form complaint

intended to be used primarily by pro se litigants as a means of

facilitating their access to the court. Stated differently, a

litigant should not be penalized for retaining an experienced

family law attorney to present their case to the court in the

form of a professionally drafted pleading.

As a matter of basic respect to the legal profession, we

must operate under the presumption that a complaint prepared by

an attorney contains a far more comprehensive presentation of

the facts and legal principles involved in a case than a

standardized form document crafted to identify, in a generic

24 A-2338-12T1
fashion, the nature of the family action at issue by having a

pro se litigant put a checkmark in or write a line across the

box next to the subcategory "grandparent visitation." At the

very least, an attorney-drafted pleading should be treated no

differently than one prepared by a pro se litigant.

Unfortunately, what occurred here demonstrates that, at

least at the time and in the vicinage this case was filed,

attorney-prepared complaints were routinely rejected as a matter

of policy. Compounding this problem, a complaint prepared,

filed, and signed by an attorney, who listed the address of his

law office as the place where all communications from the court

should be sent, was rejected by the Family Part through an

automated form-letter sent directly to plaintiffs' home in

Florida.

The form-letter informed plaintiffs that "[e]ffective

September 1, 2011 the Administrative Office of the Courts issued

a Directive which promulgates the revised filing and post-

dispositional procedures for the Non-Dissolution (FD) Docket

type." (Emphasis added). The letter continued by apprising

plaintiffs that their "Non-Dissolution Complaint/Application

(FD) and/or Non-Dissolution Motion/Modification (FD) with

supporting papers have been received but have not been filed

with the Family Division for the reasons(s) identified below."

25 A-2338-12T1
 The form-letter then lists six unnumbered checkboxes

identifying categories or grounds for rejection of plaintiffs'

attorney-drafted pleading. Here, three boxes were checked with

an "X." The first directed plaintiffs (not their attorney) to

"resubmit your Application and/or Modification on the revised

forms." It directed plaintiffs to "retrieve" the forms from the

New Jersey Judiciary website; the second checked box informed

plaintiffs that they "had not included the completed

Confidential Litigant Information Sheet," which apparently was

attached to the letter; and the third box apprised plaintiffs

that "Effective September 1, 2011," the vicinage Family Court

would no longer accept motions in FD actions.

The form-letter concluded by notifying plaintiffs that

"[i]n accordance with R. 1:5-6(c) if the corrected paperwork

and/or documents are submitted to the court within ten 10 days

after the date of this notice, original filing date will be

preserved." In this case, the filing date was July 17, 2012.

This approach is inappropriate on several levels. First, a

default robotic rejection of complaints filed in the Family Part

carries an unacceptably high risk of producing the type of

insensitive, arbitrary outcome that occurred in this case.

Second, the document used convoluted, needlessly bureaucratic

language that served only to undermine the "customer

26 A-2338-12T1
friendly/greater access to the court" policy that was the

foundation for the revisions to Directive 08-11. This can only

frustrate the litigant who receives this letter and increase the

level of alienation and distrust litigants feel about our court

system. This "tail wagging the dog" outcome cannot stand.

From the perspective of the bar, this approach displays a

disrespect for the work-product of professionally trained and

highly experienced family law attorneys. A professionally

prepared complaint is likely to identify with particularity the

salient factual and legal issues of the case, enabling the judge

to triage each case based on their level of complexity, and

distinguish those cases that need active case management from

those who may benefit from early judicial intervention. This

process is also far more likely to lead to possible amicable

settlements. A policy that automatically rejects attorney-

drafted pleadings ironically makes sound judicial management of

these kinds of cases harder.

In Moriarty, the Court upheld the constitutionality of our

State's grandparent visitation law based on the principle that

"interference with parental autonomy will be tolerated only to

avoid harm to the health or welfare of a child." Moriarty,

supra, 177 N.J. at 115. In reaching this conclusion, the Court

specifically rejected the best interest of the child standard as

27 A-2338-12T1
a basis to overcome the objections to grandparent visitation by

a fit custodial parent. Id. at 116.

Writing for the Court in Moriarty, Justice Long emphasized

that a dispute between a fit custodial
parent and the child's grandparent is not a
contest between equals.

. . . .

Thus, in every case in which visitation is
denied, the grandparents bear the burden of
establishing by a preponderance of the
evidence that visitation is necessary to
avoid harm to the child. The grandparents'
evidence can be expert or factual. For
example, they may rely on the death of a
parent or the breakup of the child's home
through divorce or separation. In fact,
many of the fifty grandparent visitation
statutes specifically recognize the
potential for harm when a parent has died or
a family breakup has occurred and visitation
is denied. In addition, the termination of
a long-standing relationship between the
grandparents and the child, with expert
testimony assessing the effect of those
circumstances, could form the basis for a
finding of harm. . . . The possibilities are
as varied as the factual scenarios
presented.

[Id. at 116-117. (Emphasis added).]

Plaintiffs' cause of action is predicated on tracking the

Court's analysis in Moriarty and thereafter establishing: (1)

the existence of a close and prolonged relationship between Olga

and plaintiffs during the child's formative years; (2) the

animosity and hostility harbored by defendant against plaintiffs

28 A-2338-12T1
in connection with Charles' death; (3) the death of Olga's

mother quickly followed by the restriction and ultimate

termination by defendant of all contact between Olga and

plaintiffs; and (4) the emotional and psychological harm to Olga

if defendant is permitted to deny the child all contact from her

mother's side of the family, especially plaintiffs.

Defendant stated in his certification to the trial court

that he considers the prospect of plaintiffs remaining in

contact with Olga to be not only against his daughter's best

interest, but highly dangerous to her psychological wellbeing.

The only way for plaintiffs to rebut defendant's presumptively

valid objections, is to provide factual testimonial evidence

describing their past interactions with the child. Plaintiffs

may also decide to present expert testimony as well, especially

as it relates to how the child's ability to cope with the death

of her mother may be undermined by defendant's decision to

exclude plaintiffs from her life.

Although Justice Long in Moriarty referred to "the death of

a parent or the breakup of the child's home through divorce or

separation" as scenarios in which prohibiting grandparent

visitation may be harmful to a child, we reject the notion that

these abstract references can be reduced to self-contained,

watertight categories of harm, made available to a would be

29 A-2338-12T1
plaintiff merely by placing a checkmark in a standardized

Verified Complaint form. The dynamics of human interactions are

too complex, the court's parens patriae responsibilities too

great, plaintiffs' statutory rights too precious, and

defendant's constitutional rights as a parent too important, to

reduce the trial judge's function to performing a prosaic,

perfunctory exercise.

Thus, as previously noted, notwithstanding its FD docket

designation as a non-dissolution case, when a litigant brings an

action seeking grandparent visitation under N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1,

either using the standardized complaint form approved under

Directive 08-11 or through an attorney-prepared pleading, the

vicinage Family Part Division Manager shall designate the matter

as a contested case after joinder of issue and refer the case

for individualized case management by a Family Part judge

selected by the vicinage Presiding Judge of Family. The judge

shall review the pleadings and determine whether active case

management is needed.

In furtherance of this case-sensitive approach, we suggest

the judge meet with the parties and counsel, if available, as

soon as practical after joinder of issue, to determine, on the

record: (1) the nature of the harm to the child alleged by

plaintiff; (2) the possibility of settlement through mediation

30 A-2338-12T1
or as otherwise provided in Rule 5:5-5; (3) whether pendente

lite relief is warranted; (4) the extent to which any of the

facts related to the statutory factors identified in N.J.S.A.

9:2-7.1(b)(1) through (8) can be stipulated by the parties; (5)

whether discovery is necessary, and if so, the extent and scope

of the discovery, as permitted by Rule 5:5-1(a), written

interrogatories, production of documents, Rule 4:18-1, request

for admissions, and consent to release documents not within the

possession of the party -- discovery may be completed within the

time allotted in Rule 5:5-1(e), or as otherwise ordered by the

court; (6) whether expert testimony will be required, and if so,

the time for submission of the expert's report and curriculum

vitae, the time for submission of defendant's rebuttal report if

any, and whether deposition of the expert(s) will be required or

permitted; (7) a protocol for the filing of motions, including

motions to compel discovery, motions seeking protective orders

to exclude or limit evidence based on an assertion of privilege,

or because the release of the information would adversely affect

the child's best interest, or unduly infringe upon the privacy

rights of the custodial parent; and (8) a tentative date for the

filing of dispositive motions and/or a plenary hearing if

necessary to adjudicate plaintiff's complaint and resolve any

material facts in dispute.

31 A-2338-12T1
 This list is by no means exhaustive of the myriad of

potential case management issues that may arise in any given

case. The need and degree of judicial supervision is left

entirely to the discretion of the trial judge. As a practical

matter, the court may direct plaintiff's counsel to prepare a

draft case management order for the court's review. If

plaintiff is appearing pro se, the court, or in the court's

discretion, defense counsel, if available, shall prepare a case

management order that reflects the outcome of the matters,

issues, and decisions discussed and decided at the case

management conference.

Although we are satisfied that the burden of proof imposed

on plaintiffs in grandparent visitation cases makes these

matters ill-suited for traditional summary action designation,

the trial court should nevertheless manage these cases with a

sense of urgency and be especially mindful that the nature of

litigation is per se extremely stressful as well as economically

disruptive. Family-related disputes are even more stressful and

emotionally debilitating than other types of civil disputes

because they often touch the very core of our most intimate

experiences, force us to confront our most difficult moments,

and require us to reveal the most private details of our lives.

As this case shows, grandparent visitation disputes also compel

32 A-2338-12T1
those involved to relive painful memories, with the hope that

those of us entrusted with the awesome power to decide their

fate and the fate of their beloved and vulnerable children will

do so fairly, expeditiously, compassionately, and most

importantly, according to law.

III

TRIAL COURT'S RULING

The first communication plaintiffs received from the court

after joinder of issue was a notice, again sent directly to

plaintiffs at their residence in Florida, summoning them to a

"visitation rights hearing." The generic nature of the notice

identified plaintiffs' cause of action as a "Parenting Time/

Visitation Rights Counsel Fees" complaint. The notice directed

plaintiffs to appear before the trial judge on September 26,

2012 at 9:30 a.m. and bring "a copy of this notice" with them.

Despite their counsel's prior appearance in the case, plaintiffs

were also told that they "may bring an attorney with you,

although the attorney is not required."

Plaintiffs' counsel wrote a letter to the judge named in

the notice requesting an adjournment of the September 26, 2012

hearing because the date conflicted with his religious

observance. Counsel also requested that the court make the

rescheduled hearing date "firm," because plaintiffs resided in

33 A-2338-12T1
Florida and it would be a hardship for them to travel to New

Jersey only to discover that the hearing had been adjourned at

the last minute.

By letter dated September 13, 2012, the trial judge granted

plaintiffs' counsel adjournment request, rescheduling the

hearing to October 10, 2012, at 1:30 p.m.10 The court also

directed that defendant file "an Answer or any other form of

responsive pleading by September 24, 2012. All parties should

submit a pretrial memorandum to the court by October 1, 2012. A

copy of the pretrial memorandum is to be served on all other

parties in the case."

As documented in a certification plaintiffs' counsel

submitted to the trial court in support of plaintiffs' motion

for reconsideration, and as counsel emphasized to us at oral

argument in this appeal, upon receipt of the trial court's

letter, he called the judge directly

asking what the purpose of the pre-trial
memorandum was and what type of hearing was
going to be conducted on October 10, 2012.
Counsel was again advised that the matter
would proceed to a hearing on that date and
once again advised that Plaintiffs could
either appear in person or their testimony
would be taken over the phone. At no time
was it indicated, by anyone from the court,
that this initial scheduled matter was a

10
In a notice dated September 14, 2012, the Family Division
Manager confirmed that the hearing had been rescheduled.

34 A-2338-12T1
 pre-trial conference or a case management
conference.[11]

As directed by the trial court, defendant filed his answer

to plaintiffs' complaint through counsel on September 24, 2012.

On that same day defendant also filed a motion to dismiss under

Rule 4:6-2, sought an award of counsel fees, and despite the

fact that this was not a probate matter, requested an accounting

of the Estate of K.K. Plaintiffs' counsel filed responding

certifications and a legal memorandum.

The parties and their respective attorneys appeared before

the court on October 10, 2012. According to plaintiffs'

counsel, this was the first time the trial judge advised the

parties that the matter was scheduled as "a Case Management

Conference." Neither party filed the pretrial memoranda

required under Rule 4:25-1. According to the certification

submitted by plaintiffs' counsel as part of the appellate

record,

the parties discussed resolution of the
matter which did not appear possible. I
also asked that the court order that the
granddaughter be examined by a court
appointed psychologist so that a
determination could be made as to the impact

11
In his certification to the trial court, plaintiffs' counsel
acknowledged that the trial judge's clerk told him when he
telephoned the court that he should file "a pre-trial memo
pursuant to R. 4:25." Rule 4:25-1 sets out the procedures
governing pretrial conferences in the Civil Division.

35 A-2338-12T1
 of terminating all visitation and contact
with the grandparents who helped raise her.
Defendant objected and the court indicated
it would not order that, at this time.

Because the court did not have the papers to
rule on the Motion [to dismiss filed by
defendant] it was suggested that we schedule
the matter for a hearing date and the
parties agreed on the date of November 14,
2012. The court further indicated it would
rule on the papers on the Motion and than
[sic] we would have a hearing. In that
conversation I asked the court if an expert
was needed, since the expert would not have
met or spoken to [Olga.] Also, the expert
would not have any records to review. The
response was that if was a decision I would
have to make prior to the hearing.

When we left that conference it was rather
clear to me that the court was simply going
to review and deny the Motion and that the
parties would appear in court on November
14, 2012. Instead, the court entered its
Order dated October 17, 2012 granting the
Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Complaint and
supported that decision by a two page
Opinion that was attached to the Order.

By letter dated October 17, 2012, the trial judge

transmitted his order and memorandum of opinion dismissing

plaintiffs' complaint based on defendant's Rule 4:6-2 motion.

Despite the numerous and extensive material issues of fact in

dispute we have described at length here, the trial judge began

his analysis by finding that "[t]he facts are not in dispute."

The judge appears to have based this conclusion by focusing on

three specific events: (1) the death of the child's mother in

36 A-2338-12T1
April 2011; (2) the lack of personal contact between the child

and plaintiffs since the mother's funeral; and (3) defendant's

decision to prohibit telephone contacts between the child and

plaintiffs commencing in January 2012.

After citing the standard for relief established by our

Supreme Court in Moriarty and noting the holdings in three

published opinions from this court that have addressed

grandparent visitation actions arising from a variety of factual

settings, the motion judge found that "plaintiffs' pleadings and

proofs establish no more than a general, unsubstantiated

allegation of harm." Based on a truncated recitation of the

material facts, and noting plaintiffs' failure to produce expert

testimony to substantiate or bolster their claims of harm to

Olga, the motion judge believed himself "obligated to dismiss

the Complaint filed by the plaintiffs." The court also denied

plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration.

IV

SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS

Because the trial court dismissed plaintiffs' complaint as

a matter of law, our review of the court's decision is de novo.

Smerling v. Harrah's Entm't Inc., 389 N.J. Super. 181, 186 (App.

Div. 2006). Furthermore, "[a] trial court's interpretation of

the law and the legal consequences that flow from established

37 A-2338-12T1
facts are not entitled to any special deference." Manalapan

Realty, L.P. v. Tp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378

(1995).

Since at least 2000, every state in the Union has given

grandparents the statutory right to have contact with their

grandchildren. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 73-74 n. 1 120

S. Ct. 2054, 2064 n. 1 147 L. Ed. 2d 49, 61 n. 1 (2000). Our

own Supreme Court has acknowledged that the importance of the

grandparent-grandchild relationship has been "confirmed" by

psychiatrists and social scientists that have studied the field.

The emotional attachments between
grandparents and grandchildren have been
described as unique in that the relationship
is exempt from the psycho-emotional
intensity and responsibility that exists in
parent/child relationships. The love,
nurturance, and acceptance which
grandchildren have found in the
grandparent/grandchild relationship confers
a natural form of social immunity on
children that they cannot get from any other
person or institution.

[Moriarty, supra, 177 N.J. at 97 (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).]

The Legislature in our State has codified the rights of

grandparents to have contacts with their grandchildren under the

following provisions:

38 A-2338-12T1
a. A grandparent or any sibling of a child
residing in this State may make application
before the Superior Court, in accordance
with the Rules of Court, for an order for
visitation. It shall be the burden of the
applicant to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that the granting of visitation is
in the best interests of the child.

b. In making a determination on an
application filed pursuant to this section,
the court shall consider the following
factors:

(1) The relationship between the child and
the applicant;

(2) The relationship between each of the
child's parents or the person with whom the
child is residing and the applicant;

(3) The time which has elapsed since the
child last had contact with the applicant;

(4) The effect that such visitation will
have on the relationship between the child
and the child's parents or the person with
whom the child is residing;

(5) If the parents are divorced or
separated, the time sharing arrangement
which exists between the parents with regard
to the child;

(6) The good faith of the applicant in
filing the application;

(7) Any history of physical, emotional or
sexual abuse or neglect by the applicant;
and

(8) Any other factor relevant to the best
interests of the child.

c. With regard to any application made
pursuant to this section, it shall be prima

39 A-2338-12T1
 facie evidence that visitation is in the
child's best interest if the applicant had,
in the past, been a full-time caretaker for
the child.

[N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1.12]

Last amended in 1993, the factors outlined in N.J.S.A. 9:2-

7.1(b) were intended to provide a mechanism for resolving the

tension between a parent's constitutional right to autonomy over

his or her child and the State's implicit public policy of

fostering and encouraging contacts between grandparents and

their grandchildren. In re Adoption of a Child by W.P. & M.P.,

163 N.J. 158, 165-66 (2000). To accomplish this Legislative

goal, when grandparents file a complaint seeking contacts with

their grandchildren under the statute, the trial court must

conduct a fact-sensitive inquiry addressing the seven

particularized factors in N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(b)(1) to -(7), as

12
On September 27, 2012, General Assembly Bill A3297 was
introduced to repeal N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1. A3297 was referred to
the General Assembly Judiciary Committee, which did not take any
action on this Bill before the end of the legislative session.
On June 20, 2013, the State Senate passed S2975, a Bill to
codify the Supreme Court's holding in Moriarty, supra, 177 N.J.
at 117, and establish a series of statutory factors for the
trial court to consider in determining whether grandparent
visitation is in the best interest of the child. S2975 was
formally received by the General Assembly on June 20, 2013, and
referred to the General Assembly Judiciary Committee for
consideration as General Assembly Bill A2945. On November 25,
2013, the General Assembly Judiciary Committee reported out
A2945 as amended and recommended its passage. The General
Assembly did not vote on A2945 before the end of this
legislative session.

40 A-2338-12T1
well as the "any other factor" failsafe category in N.J.S.A.

9:2-7.1(b)(8). Moriarty, supra, 177 N.J. at 100.

In going about this analysis, the trial judge must keep in

mind Justice Long's admonition in Moriarty:

Because the Grandparent Visitation Statute
is an incursion on a fundamental right (the
right to parental autonomy), under [Watkins
v. Nelson, 163 N.J. 235 (2000)], it is
subject to strict scrutiny and must be
narrowly tailored to advance a compelling
state interest. Our prior jurisprudence
establishes clearly that the only state
interest warranting the invocation of the
State's parens patriae jurisdiction to
overcome the presumption in favor of a
parent's decision and to force grandparent
visitation over the wishes of a fit parent
is the avoidance of harm to the child. When
no harm threatens a child's welfare, the
State lacks a sufficiently compelling
justification for the infringement on the
fundamental right of parents to raise their
children as they see fit. However, when
harm is proved and the presumption in favor
of a fit parent's decision making is
overcome, the court must decide the issue of
an appropriate visitation schedule based on
the child's best interests.

[Id. at 114-115. (Emphasis added).]

Thus, the trial judge must first conduct a fact-sensitive

analysis applying the statutory factors in N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1, to

determine whether the grandparents have presented a prima facie

case warranting the relief requested. Once a prima facie case

has been established, the court must then determine whether the

grandparents have proven, by a preponderance of the evidence,

41 A-2338-12T1
that visitation is necessary to avoid harm to the child. Id. at

117. Although noted earlier, it is worth emphasizing that the

grandparents can meet this burden by presenting either factual

or expert testimony. Ibid. In determining the question of

harm, the court "may rely on the death of a parent or the

breakup of the child's home through divorce or separation."

Ibid.

With this analytical paradigm in mind, we turn to the trial

court's decision in this case. We are compelled to reverse the

trial court's decision because it did not apply the statutory

factors in N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1, nor conduct the fact-sensitive

analysis mandated by the Court in Moriarty. As the procedural

history shows, plaintiffs' cause of action fell prey from its

inception to a systemic approach that placed the case on the

conveyor-belt of "pro se non-dissolution summary actions." Once

so designated, the system inexorably channeled the case to the

designated judge, who likewise summarily disposed of the case

despite plaintiffs' counsel's best efforts to convince the court

of the need to conduct the kind of fact-sensitive analysis the

Supreme Court mandated in Moriarty.

In the interest of clarity, we will briefly discuss and

distinguish the cases relied on by the trial court. In Daniels

v. Daniels, 381 N.J. Super. 286, 288 (App. Div. 2005), the

42 A-2338-12T1
grandmother sought visitation under N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1, alleging

she had a strong and loving relationship with her minor

grandchildren. In sharp contrast to the key facts confronted by

the trial court here, the trial court in Daniels granted the

defendants' motion to dismiss because the parents of the

children "were an 'intact family' and were united in their

opposition to letting the grandmother have visitation with their

children." Ibid.

In affirming the trial court, we rejected the plaintiff's

attack on the trial court's holding as constituting a per se bar

of all grandparent visitation actions involving an intact

family. We upheld the trial court's decision because the

plaintiff did not allege facts showing that denial of

grandparent visitation would harm the children. Id. at 292-293.

With respect to the need for discovery, we emphasized that in

both the trial court and at the appellate level the plaintiff

failed "to specify any concrete harm the children are suffering,

or will suffer, by virtue of the lack of visitation." Id. at

293.

Here again the salient facts are far different. Olga not

only had a long and close relationship with her grandparents

during her formative years, but she actually resided with her

grandparents for an extensive period of time after her parents

43 A-2338-12T1
divorced and after the tragic death of her younger sibling.

Olga's association with her grandparents came to an abrupt end

as a result of her mother's death, a traumatic event

specifically used by the Court in Moriarty as an example to

illustrate where the relief requested by plaintiffs may be

warranted.

Rente v. Rente, 390 N.J. Super. 487 (App. Div. 2007), was

another case cited by the trial court here in support of its

decision to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint without a hearing or

discovery. Once again, the facts are inapposite to the ruling

made by the court. The defendant in Rente was the mother of a

four-year-old boy who had obtained a final restraining order

(FRO) against her husband, the boy's father, under the

Prevention of Domestic Violence Act. Id. at 490. Under the

terms of the FRO, the defendant/mother had sole physical custody

of the child and the father was granted supervised parenting

time "on alternative weekends, monitored by plaintiffs

[/paternal grandparents.]" Ibid.

The plaintiff brought an action seeking grandparent

visitation with the boy. Her only claim for such relief was

based on the paternal grandmother's claim that she had babysat

her two-year-old grandson "on occasions" when the

defendant/mother was unable to care for him due to work schedule

44 A-2338-12T1
or illness. The paternal grandmother estimated this occurred

approximately twenty-five times the previous year, and about

four times in the year she filed the complaint for visitation.

Id. at 491.

On these facts, the Family Part conducted a trial in which

the grandmother testified describing the activities she engaged

in with the boy during the times she was babysitting him. The

grandfather’s only claim for visitation was the fact that the

boy was his grandson. Ibid. The defendant disputed the

grandmother's testimony concerning the frequency of the

babysitting sessions. It was undisputed that the plaintiffs had

not seen their two-year-old grandson since the defendant

obtained the FRO against the boy's father. Ibid.

Despite the lack of any evidence showing the child would be

harmed if the plaintiffs were precluded from having any contacts

with him, the trial court granted the relief requested for a

period of one month. The court's decision was based, in large

part, on the defendant's decision to consent to the visitation.

Id. at 492. We noted, however, that the defendant objected to

the scope of the visitation schedule ordered by the trial court.

Ibid. During the time this temporary visitation schedule was

in place, the court appointed a psychologist to perform a

psychological evaluation. Ibid.

45 A-2338-12T1
 At the conclusion of the one-month temporary visitation

period, the psychologist recommended that the court continue

grandparent visitation. The psychologist found "both natural

parents have significant adjustment problems that impair their

parenting ability[.]" Ibid. In his opinion, the grandparents

represented the only stable influence in the child's life at

time. Overruling the defendant's objection, the trial court

admitted the psychologist's report into evidence and granted the

plaintiffs unsupervised visitation on alternate weekends. Ibid.

After reviewing the relevant legal principles established

by the Court in Moriarty, we reversed, holding that "[t]he

grandmother's testimony of babysitting for her two-year-old

grandson on occasion failed to establish even a prima facie case

of the requisite harm under Moriarty to rebut the presumption in

favor of parental decision-making that would necessitate a

psychological evaluation and hearing." Id. at 494.

We also concluded the trial court committed reversible

error by admitting the psychologist's report over the

defendant's objection, without offering her an opportunity to

obtain her own expert, providing her with a copy of the report

to review prior to the hearing, and giving her a reasonable

opportunity to depose the psychologist or making him subject to

cross-examination, in violation of Rule 5:3-3. Id. at 495. We

46 A-2338-12T1
also found the information in the expert's report was

insufficient to establish a prima facie case of harm to the

child under Moriarty. Ibid. The psychologist's analysis was

essentially a net opinion not based on any meaningful contacts

with the parties, and applied a "best interest of the child"

standard instead of the relevant "harm to the child" standard

under Moriarty. Ibid.

Thus, Rente reinforces our holding here that, depending on

the circumstances of the case, discovery in grandparent

visitation cases is not only permissible under Moriarty, but

indispensable in reaching a sustainable outcome. Rente is thus

not only procedurally distinguishable from this case, it also

reinforces the need for discovery given the circumstances of the

controversy before the court.

Mizrahi v. Cannon, 375 N.J. Super. 221 (App. Div. 2005),

was the last case relied on by the trial court to support its

decision to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint without a hearing. As

was the case with Daniels and Rente, Mizrahi is both

procedurally distinguishable and factually inapplicable to the

issues we confront here. The plaintiffs in Mizrahi were the

paternal grandparents of a seven-year-old girl who had been

residing with her maternal great-aunt after the death of the

child's mother. Id. at 223. The child's father was estranged

47 A-2338-12T1
from her based on his serious emotional, psychological, and

substance abuse problems. Ibid. In fact, the child was three

months old when her father physically assaulted her mother,

causing her to obtain a domestic violence restraining order

against him. Ibid.

The record showed that despite this abuse, the plaintiffs

remained loyal to their son. In addition to the conflict

created by this loyalty, there were also tensions about the

child's religion because the mother was a devout Catholic and

the plaintiffs/paternal grandparents were Jewish. Id. at 224.

The child was only two-years-old when her mother was diagnosed

with Stage III cervical cancer. Ibid. The defendants were

given legal and physical custody of the child when her mother

died three years later. Id. at 225.

The plaintiffs testified at trial in support of their

complaint seeking visitation. According to the paternal

grandmother, she saw the child three times the year before her

mother died. There was no testimony that the child showed any

reaction to her grandmother's visits. Ibid. The defendants

testified that the child was reluctant to see the plaintiffs.

Id. at 226. She was fearful and anxious after the visits.

Ibid. After the third visit, the defendants decided to

terminate the visitations in the child's best interest. Ibid.

48 A-2338-12T1
 The defendants adopted the child three years after her

mother's death. The trial court granted the plaintiffs'

request for visitation. We reversed, noting that despite

acknowledging the standard articulated by the Court in Moriarty,

the trial court applied a "best interest of the child" standard

in awarding visitation rights to the plaintiffs. Id. at 232.

We noted the absence of any

evidence during the trial that [the child]
would experience guilt or inadequacy if
visitation did not occur. Nor was there any
evidence that she could experience confusion
over the fact that she saw her maternal
grandmother . . ., but not [the plaintiffs].
There was no evidence that as [the child]
grew older, she would not be able to learn
about Jewish heritage and tradition. There
was no evidence that [the child] will
experience a void in her life if she does
not visit with [the plaintiffs] or that, as
she got older, she would experience feelings
of rejection. Nor was there any evidence
that [the child] would suffer economically;
there was no showing that [the defendants]
are unable to meet [the child's] needs.

[Id. at 234.]

Here, the trial court misapplied the central thesis of our

holding in Mizrahi by dismissing plaintiffs' complaint at the

early stages of the litigation process. Grandparents seeking to

overcome a presumptively valid parental objection to visitation

must be afforded the opportunity to gather the evidence

necessary to meet this burden of proof. The grandparents in

49 A-2338-12T1
Mizrahi were given that opportunity by the trial court. In

short, the trial court here failed to appreciate the procedural

and factual characteristics of Mizrahi, and as a result

incorrectly denied plaintiffs the opportunity to establish a

basis for the relief requested.

With this analysis as a backdrop, we return to Moriarty for

guidance. Distilled to its essence, the Court in Moriarty held

that: (1) in every case in which visitation is denied, the

grandparents bear the burden of establishing by a preponderance

of the evidence that visitation is necessary to avoid harm to

the child; (2) most of the grandparents visitation statutes

adopted throughout the country specifically recognize the

potential for harm when a parent has died or a family breakup

has occurred and visitation is denied; (3) although harm can be

established by either factual testimony from a witness or

opinion testimony by an expert, the termination of a long-

standing relationship between the grandparents and the child,

with expert testimony assessing the effect of those

circumstances, could form the basis for a finding of harm; and

(4) if the trial court finds the grandparents have established

the potential for harm by a preponderance of the evidence, the

presumption in favor of parental decision making will be deemed

overcome. Moriarty, supra, 177 N.J. at 117.

50 A-2338-12T1
 Once the presumption in favor of the parent is overcome,

the parent is required to offer the grandparents a reasonable

visitation schedule. Ibid. If the grandparents accept the

visitation schedule offered by the parent, the trial court will

enter an order memorializing the agreement, thus reducing it to

an enforceable judgment. Ibid. If the grandparents are not

satisfied with the proposed visitation schedule, the trial court

must assess the reasonableness of the proposal and thereafter

approve a schedule that it finds is in the child's best

interest, based on the application of the statutory factors in

N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1. Id. at 117-118.

V

CONCLUSION

We will now apply the legal principles we have discussed to

the facts of this case. As a starting point, pursuant to both

the court’s parens patriae responsibility and the discretionary

authority conferred to it in Rule 5:4-4(a), it is clear to us

that this case falls within the class of complex litigation that

requires the trial court to conduct a case management conference

through which counsel can alert the court of the discovery

necessary to present the matter for trial. The case management

order derived from this conference should therefore describe the

nature and scope of discovery the court has authorized and set

51 A-2338-12T1
reasonably attainable deadlines for responding to

interrogatories, producing documents, deposing witnesses, and

submitting expert reports, if any. Any discovery must reflect

and ensure a proper balance between plaintiffs' right to gather

evidence in support of their application, defendant's right to

parental autonomy, and the child's welfare, including her right

to privacy.

As previously noted, the common law did not recognize the

right of grandparents to interact with their grandchildren over

the objections of a fit parent. Plaintiffs' cause of action is

therefore entirely grounded on the statutory factors adopted by

the Legislature in N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1. We are thus particularly

troubled by the trial court's failure to address the factors in

N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(b)(1) to -(8). On remand, the court's ultimate

decision must reflect a fact-sensitive analysis addressing all

of the relevant statutory factors in N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(b).

Moriarty, supra, 177 N.J. at 100.

However, each case brings to the court its own set of

unique challenges. Here, how the parties interact with each

other and with Olga remains profoundly influenced by events that

preceded the death of the child's mother. Specifically, the

record shows defendant harbors a great resentment against

plaintiffs stemming from the role they played in convincing the

52 A-2338-12T1
matrimonial judge to award K.K. physical custody of the

children. Furthermore, as the wrongful death action he brought

against plaintiffs shows, defendant holds plaintiffs responsible

for the untimely death of his son Charles. Thus on remand, in

deciding whether the denial of grandparent visitation would

cause harm to Olga, the trial court must determine to what

extent defendant's resentment against plaintiffs prejudices his

parental judgment in this case, and how such an emotionally

driven bias may negatively affect Olga's psychological and

emotional wellbeing.

Given Olga's age, the court should also consider whether to

conduct an in camera interview as a means of ascertaining how

this turmoil has affected her thus far, and how the continued

enforcement of this father-driven estrangement from her

grandparents may affect her in the future. Either as an

alternative to a direct interview by the judge, or as an

additional means of protecting the child's best interest, the

court should also consider appointing a guardian ad litem (GAL)

pursuant to Rule 5:8B. Because plaintiffs bear the burden of

rebutting defendant's presumptively valid objections as the

father of this child, it is entirely appropriate that they

should be held responsible to pay the GAL's fees under Rule

5:8B(d) as part of the cost of the proceedings. See In re

53 A-2338-12T1
Adoption of a Child by J.D.S. II, 353 N.J. Super. 378, 403-04,

(App. Div. 2002), certif. denied, 175 N.J. 432 (2003).

We conclude our analysis by noting the remarkable

similarities between the allegations raised by plaintiffs in

this case and the prevailing factual account in Moriarty. As

the Supreme Court's recitation of the Family Part's findings

indicates, the children in Moriarty had a "very extensive

relationship with their grandparents," spending "years where

they were seeing the grandparents every other weekend." Id. at

118. The Court in Moriarty also emphasized that the

relationship between the children and the mother "was

significant in a different way because their mother had recently

died." Id. at 119.

It is undisputed that Olga shared a household with

plaintiffs for a number of years. According to plaintiffs,

their relationship with Olga continued to be a close one even

after they relocated to Florida. Olga's relationship with her

maternal grandparents was also significantly affected by her

mother's untimely death. The Court in Moriarty approvingly

quoted and adopted the trial court's "most critical findings,"

that because of the mother's death, "it is extremely important

that the children continue a bond with their mother's side of

the family." Id. at 121.

54 A-2338-12T1
 Although the trial court in Moriarty had the benefit of

expert testimony to support this finding, it was error for the

trial court here to use plaintiffs' failure to present expert

opinion in this regard as a basis to dismiss their complaint.

First, the trial court made its decision here based on

defendant's Rule 4:6-2 motion, as supplemented by conflicting

certifications submitted by both sides of this dispute. The

court was therefore obligated to apply the standards for

deciding a motion for summary judgment under Rule 4:46-2(c).

Under this standard of review, the court was obligated to draw

reasonable inferences from the evidence viewed in the light most

favorable to plaintiffs. Brill, supra, 142 N.J. at 540.

As expressly authorized by the Court in Moriarty,

plaintiffs were entitled to present their case without expert

testimony. Id. at 117. Even if the trial court concluded that

expert testimony was required here, given the procedural infancy

of the case, basic fairness demands that plaintiffs be given the

opportunity to retain such an expert. In short, the dismissal

of plaintiffs' cause of action under these circumstances was

factually unwarranted and legally untenable.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

55 A-2338-12T1