Filed 1/30/14 P. v. Trujillo CA2/8
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
THE PEOPLE, B246471
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. PA 069566)
v.
DANIEL TRUJILLO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles.
Cynthia L. Ulfig, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Linn Davis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Linda C. Johnson, and
Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_______________________________
SUMMARY
Defendant Daniel Trujillo contends his convictions of attempted voluntary
manslaughter and discharge of a firearm with gross negligence must be reversed because
two jurors prejudged the case, violating his constitutional right to trial by an impartial
jury. His claim is based on an affidavit from another juror stating, among other things,
that shortly after deliberations began, two jurors (one of them the foreperson) “both stated
that they knew [defendant] was guilty from the minute they walked into the courtroom,
and decided he was guilty before the trial even started.” The trial court refused to grant a
new trial based on jury misconduct, finding the allegations in the juror affidavits did not
present evidence of misconduct and reflected bias in favor of defendant.
We order a modification of the judgment and corrections to the abstract of
judgment that are undisputed by the parties, and otherwise affirm the judgment.
FACTS
1. The Crimes
The prosecution’s evidence showed that Vincent Villa, the victim in this case,
drove to Santa Clarita to see Stephanie Diaz, the mother of his young son. Mr. Villa and
Ms. Diaz were intimate, but their relationship was not exclusive, and Mr. Villa’s visit was
not expected. When he arrived, he parked and went to her mobile home. He found
Ms. Diaz in bed watching television with defendant. Ms. Diaz started yelling at
Mr. Villa, and her roommate, Alejandra Valdez, told Mr. Villa to leave.
Mr. Villa turned and was walking out the door when defendant got up and grabbed
a rifle, similar in appearance to an AR-15 rifle. Defendant suggested they go outside, and
Mr. Villa heard a clicking sound and saw defendant make a motion as though he were
loading the rifle. Mr. Villa walked directly to his car, where he kept a .32-caliber
semiautomatic handgun. There were three rounds in the magazine, and he loaded a round
into the chamber. Mr. Villa looked over his shoulder and saw a muzzle flash, put his
head down and began driving away. He heard about 13 gunshots and felt impacts to his
back, the top of his neck and his right index finger. He drove until he saw a Jiffy Lube,
parked behind it and called 911, then lost consciousness. Mr. Villa’s car had bullet holes
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in the side, the driver’s side window, the front windscreen, the rear window on the
driver’s side, the glove box, the dashboard, the driver’s headrest, one of the wheels, and
the rear window, and the front windshield glass was shattered.
Mr. Villa said he did not bring his gun into Ms. Diaz’s residence, and did not fire
it or raise it at any time during the incident. Ms. Diaz said Mr. Villa had a gun tucked
into his waistband when he came in; that he was angry, and he and defendant started
arguing; that Mr. Villa left after about five minutes; and that she unsuccessfully tried to
restrain defendant from walking out of the bedroom with the rifle.
One of Ms. Diaz’s neighbors, a child living in mobile home unit 314, was
awakened by the sound of gunshots and went into his mother’s room. The next day, he
found bullet holes in his bedroom window and his mattress. The police found eight bullet
holes in that mobile home. Another neighbor, who was familiar with firearms, heard
10 to 12 gunshots; saw a white car drive out of the trailer park complex; and called 911.
He thought nine or ten shots came from a high-caliber firearm, and two or three came
from a lower caliber firearm. The police found no bullet holes in Ms. Diaz’s unit or any
of the mobile homes surrounding her unit, and no evidence that a gun had been fired in
that direction. Detective Adam Dorman searched Mr. Villa’s car at the tow yard and
found no indication that a gun had been fired from inside the car.
Deputy Sheriff Chris Craft found Mr. Villa near the Jiffy Lube after receiving a
report about a gunshot victim, and found his car with multiple bullet holes and the
windows shot out. He found a loaded .32-caliber handgun under the driver’s seat, with
two live rounds in the magazine and one round in the chamber, with the hammer in a
firing position. Deputy Craft found no shell casings in the car or its immediate vicinity.
He then went to the mobile home park and found three shell casings near Ms. Diaz’s
mobile home; they appeared to be rifle rounds.
Ms. Diaz told police that she moved to Victorville a few days after the shooting,
and that defendant came to her new apartment and threatened her with a gun because he
wanted to be sure he could trust her; she assured defendant she would not tell anyone
about the shooting.
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Detective Patrick O’Neill arrested defendant in Victorville a few months later, and
defendant denied any involvement in the shooting. While defendant was in jail after his
arrest, he made a recorded telephone call in which he said he was “not here for acting
good. You know, I’m not here for being on good behavior.”
2. The Trial
Defendant was charged with the willful, deliberate, premeditated attempted
murder of Mr. Villa (count 1, Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187, subd. (a)),1 and accompanying
firearm use allegations (§ 12022.53, subds. (c) & (b)); assault with a firearm (count 2,
§ 245, subd. (a)(2)); shooting at an occupied motor vehicle (count 3, § 246); and
discharging a firearm with gross negligence (count 5, § 246.3, subd. (a)).
At trial, the parties stipulated that defendant was present at Ms. Diaz’s residence,
and that defendant was the person who fired a gun at Mr. Villa while defendant was
standing outside of Ms. Diaz’s mobile home.
The facts we have recited were elicited, and defendant then testified on his own
behalf. He said that Ms. Diaz had told him Mr. Villa was violent and had a temper.
Ms. Diaz had described to defendant several incidents in which Mr. Villa had hit
Ms. Diaz or otherwise acted aggressively toward her, and she told defendant that
Mr. Villa always carried a gun and had committed a driveby shooting. This information
alarmed defendant, so he brought an AR-15 rifle with him when he came to stay at
Ms. Diaz’s residence.
When Mr. Villa appeared with a gun in his waistband on the night of the shooting,
defendant was scared. Mr. Villa was waving his gun around, his voice got louder and
louder, and when it seemed Mr. Villa was not going to leave, defendant stood up and
grabbed his rifle. Mr. Villa went outside. Defendant went outside because he was afraid
Mr. Villa would come back and shoot into or at Ms. Diaz’s mobile home. Defendant was
worried that Mr. Villa had not left yet, and feared for Ms. Diaz, her roommate
Ms. Valdez and Ms. Valdez’s children, all of whom were inside the mobile home. When
1 All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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defendant went outside, Mr. Villa was facing defendant and walking backwards towards
the parking lot.
Mr. Villa got in his car. Defendant thought Mr. Villa was going to leave, but he
stuck his hand out of the driver’s side window, and there was a muzzle flash. Defendant
thought Mr. Villa was shooting at him as something flew by his face. Defendant
squeezed the trigger of his rifle “like there was no tomorrow.” Mr. Villa continued
shooting at defendant, three or four times, and then drove away. Defendant was not
trying to kill Mr. Villa.
Ms. Diaz testified she had told defendant about the several incidents involving
Mr. Villa’s violent behavior.
Ms. Valdez testified that Mr. Villa had a gun in his waistband. Ms. Diaz was
screaming at Mr. Villa. Defendant looked mad, and Mr. Villa looked like he was in
shock. Ms. Valdez told Mr. Villa he should leave, and about a minute later, Mr. Villa
left. She did not see either man point a gun at the other. When she later looked out the
door, Mr. Villa was still standing outside and looked like a zombie.
Detective O’Neill was shown a photograph of the driver’s side rear passenger door
of Mr. Villa’s car, and acknowledged he could not tell from the photograph whether the
bullet hole depicted was caused by a bullet fired from outside or inside the car.
The jury found defendant not guilty of attempted murder, but guilty of the lesser
included offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter. The jury found true an allegation
that defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm within the meaning of
section 12022.5, subdivision (a). The jury also found defendant guilty of discharging a
firearm with gross negligence (count 5), but not guilty of assault with a firearm (count 2)
and shooting at an occupied motor vehicle (count 3). The jury was polled and each juror
affirmed that this was his or her verdict.
3. The Posttrial Motions
A few weeks after the verdicts were returned, defendant petitioned to unseal
confidential juror information. His petition was supported by a declaration from counsel
recounting interviews with jurors that suggested three other jurors believed defendant
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was guilty of all charges from the outset and nothing could be done to change their
minds, “essentially thwarting any deliberations.” The trial court denied the petition,
finding defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of good cause for the release of
juror information.
Several months later, defendant filed a motion for a new trial, supported by three
juror affidavits. Defendant argued the affidavits were admissible as statements of overt
acts that were open to sight and hearing and subject to corroboration, not statements
related to the jurors’ subjective reasoning processes; that the court “should exercise its
discretion and conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the extent of the
misconduct requires a new trial”; and that when misconduct is found, prejudice is
presumed “unless the Prosecution can rebut this presumption,” and “despite the
presumption of prejudice, this Court should be offended that seated Jurors in this case
decided Mr. Trujillo’s guilt before the trial even began.”
The supporting affidavits were as follows.
Juror A.P.V.
Juror A.P.V. stated that, immediately after the jury began to review the evidence,
and before any meaningful discussion about what the evidence showed, Juror No. 4
(described as a white, heavyset female) “became very defensive and argumentative.”
Both Juror No. 4 and Juror No. 1 (the foreperson) “were adamant that Mr. Trujillo should
be convicted of Attempted Murder, even though the other Jurors believed the case for
Self Defense had been proven.” Juror No. 4 “at all relevant times was hostile and
argumentative toward all the other Jurors to the point that Juror Number 4 stated that if
all the other Jurors voted for Self Defense, the Jury would be hung, because she would
not vote for Self defense.” When Juror No. 4 “made her position known, the other jurors
attempted to engage [her] in the deliberative process and support their position by their
view of the evidence, but were met with crazed behavior, which included pushing her
chair around the Jury Room and raising her voice in an aggressive tone.” After
“approximately 20 minutes into the process,” Jurors No. 4 and No. 1 “both stated that
they knew Mr. Trujillo was guilty from the minute they walked into the courtroom, and
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decided he was guilty before the trial even started.” The other jurors “attempted to
deliberate with Juror Number 4, and were met with the following response: ‘I don’t care
what you say, he’s guilty,’ ” adding that “she lived in Santa Clarita, CA and that ‘we
can’t have that kind of person in our neighborhood.’ ”
Juror A.P.V. stated that, on the second day of deliberations, “the jury members
began to realize that they were not going to reach a verdict and began to negotiate a
mutually agreed upon verdict.” While doing so, “they resumed their deliberations and
when Juror Number 4 was given the opportunity to express her views and deliberate,” she
“appeared to be asleep, or possibly pretending to be asleep.” At some point, both Juror
No. 1 and Juror No. 4 “stated that a vote of perfect self defense would mean that
[defendant] would not learn his lesson, and added that the law as it pertained to the case
was flawed.” Then, the two jurors “advised the other members of the Jury that they
should make their own rules for the case.”
After the verdict was negotiated, Juror No. 1 read the gun use allegation, “and
informed the entire Jury that Mr. Trujillo was obviously guilty of the special allegation
and that we had to vote True because Mr. Trujillo was found Guilty.” Juror No. 1
recorded the “True” vote without the jury voting on the allegation.
Juror A.P.V. stated she “was intimidated by the hostile behavior” of Juror No. 1
and Juror No. 4 “when the subject of possibly voting Not Guilty was discussed. I did not
feel free to deliberate or to speak my mind during the deliberation process.” Juror A.P.V.
further stated that she “was not aware that I could have advised the Court that the verdict
regarding the special allegation did not represent my vote. I felt that I had to remain
silent because I had agreed with the overall verdict and also believed that the negotiated
verdict would result in a sentence of less than 2 years.”
Juror J.O.
Juror J.O.’s affidavit stated that Juror No. 1 was selected as the foreperson.
Another white female juror (the Juror) “was very hostile and not willing to deliberate or
to allow others to deliberate.” The Juror stated, “ ‘What!, do you think he is innocent; no
one who is innocent walks around with an AR-15 rifle.’ ” At some point, the foreperson
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stated, “ ‘[w]hich one of you dumb asses thinks [defendant’s] going to walk out of here
free?’ ” and “ ‘I decided Trujillo was guilty before walking into this room to
deliberate.’ ” Juror J.O. “felt in fear for [his] life because of the aggressive tone and
demeanor taken by the Foreperson, the Juror and Juror No. 7.” When it appeared there
would be a hung jury, the members “decided they would reach a compromised verdict.
The Foreman completed the verdict form, but never asked whether we were all in
agreement that the gun allegation was true.” During the jury polling in open court, “I felt
like I had to say yes because I had agreed with the verdict. I never voted or agreed to a
‘true’ finding on the allegation.”
Juror M.P.
Juror M.P.’s affidavit stated that shortly after deliberations began, a heavy set
white female (the Juror) stated, “ ‘I’m voting Guilty. If anyone argues with me there is
going to be a hung jury, and I’m not going to talk about it.’ ” Then the Juror “proceeded
to sit on her hands and did contribute [sic] to the deliberation process.” When other
jurors began to discuss the facts and the law, the Juror stated, “ ‘I can’t believe you guys
are going to let him walk free.’ ” “[W]hen other Jury members engaged the Juror in any
discussion, she appeared to focus solely on the evidence relating to the bullets holes in
Unit 316. The Juror made it clear that the evidence of the bullet holes in unit 316 was
reason enough to find Mr. Trujillo guilty and that that evidence was enough to not allow
Mr. Trujillo to ‘walk free’.” The Juror “then resigned herself to not exchange ideas or to
discuss the case.” “On at least three or four occasions the other jury members attempted
to engage the Juror in deliberation, but the Juror responded by yelling at me and another
Juror . . . and stating that she was voting guilty regardless of what occurred during the
deliberations.” Another juror (Juror A.P.V.) confided to Juror M.P. that she was
physically afraid of the Juror.
Juror M.P. further stated that, after the jury submitted a question to the court, the
foreperson said the jury “should not have asked the Judge to clarify anything because the
Jury members have the authority to interpret the law as we wished.”
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Juror M.P. believed the district attorney “failed to prove his case, and that a
verdict of complete Self Defense was just and proper,” but when she expressed that view,
“the Juror accused [her] of ‘protecting’ Mr. Trujillo because of my position . . . as a Case
Worker for ‘at risk’ youth.” At some point, “the Jury decided that they should reach a
compromised verdict, and after doing so, the Foreperson completed the verdict forms and
I was never asked to vote on the special allegation regarding the gun use. When polled
about my verdict, I knew I could say no, but was scared that the court was going to re-try
the case with a ‘worse’ jury than what we had and I wanted to save him as much as I
could with my power as a juror on the case.”
The prosecutor filed a written opposition to the motion for a new trial, and in the
alternative a motion to unseal confidential juror information. The prosecutor argued that
no misconduct had been shown, but that if the court were inclined to hold a hearing to
determine whether there was juror misconduct, the court should unseal and release the
confidential juror information for all the jurors so that the nonaffiant jurors could be
interviewed.
4. The Trial Court’s Ruling
The court accepted the three juror affidavits as evidence in support of defendant’s
motion for a new trial, but found the juror affidavits did not show misconduct. We quote
the court’s findings at some length.
“The court does not find that the stated allegations . . . present evidence of
misconduct. There is no evidence presented in the affidavits that indicates that any of the
jurors failed to disclose pertinent information regarding their suitability to serve as jurors,
nor that they lied about their information or had any preconceived bias or prejudice in
favor of or against either side.
“There is no evidence presented that the jurors received information outside of the
courtroom proceedings by reading newspaper accounts nor having heard statements by
the bailiff or anyone else in the courtroom.
“[T]here is no evidence the jury conducted any independent investigation or
entered into any other type of misconduct.
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“There’s no evidence contained in the affidavit that the decision was reached by
the jury by chance or by the drawing of lots; in fact, the jurors were out deliberating for
over two days.
“In addition, they sent requests out to the court for the readback of testimony of
the witnesses and for clarification of instructions.
“From all the evidence, the court had ample time of the deliberations, these jurors
were working hard and trying to reach a fair and just verdict based on the evidence
presented to them at trial.
“On the other hand, the wording and sentence structure contained in the three
affidavits appears to have been written by someone other than the jurors themselves.
Language in the first paragraph and the first two sub points is identical in each.
“The language is so identical that the sworn affidavit of [Juror J.O.] . . . , a male
juror, the first paragraph reads beginning at line 3, and I quote, ‘making this her statement
and affidavit under oath and affirmation of belief and personal knowledge that the
following matters, facts, and things set forth are true and correct to the best of her
knowledge.’ [¶] . . . [¶]
“In reviewing the claims made in the affidavit, the court is mindful of the
requirements set forth in Evidence Code section 1150.[2] The courts have always been
cautioned that when a juror in a course of deliberation gives a reason for his or her vote,
the words are simply a verbal reflection of the juror’s mental process. It appears that the
statements attributed to the other jurors are just that, a statement of their mental process.
“In addition, the statements made in the affidavit of [Juror A.P.V.] at paragraph 5,
and I quote, ‘The other jurors believe the case for self-defense had been proven.’ This
2 Under Evidence Code section 1150, subdivision (a), “Upon an inquiry as to the
validity of a verdict, any otherwise admissible evidence may be received as to statements
made, or conduct, conditions, or events occurring, either within or without the jury room,
of such a character as is likely to have influenced the verdict improperly. No evidence is
admissible to show the effect of such statement, conduct, condition, or event upon a juror
either in influencing him to assent to or dissent from the verdict or concerning the mental
processes by which it was determined.”
10
comment causes the court to have pause because if indeed that were the true opinion of
all the jurors, they would have had no choice but to vote not guilty on all the charges.
“In her affidavit, that juror further goes on to state at paragraph 16 that she
believed the special allegation regarding the gun would result in a sentence of less than
two years.
“Unless she has done some research on her own, been told by defense counsel or
his investigator that that enhancement carries a term of three, four or 10 years, she would
have no way of knowing that her misconception was not true.
“In the affidavit of Juror [M.P.], it also appears that she had an agenda, and that
was to mitigate defendant’s guilt based on the statement that the case would be retried
and quote ‘worse’ unquote jurors could hear the case.
“The conduct of Jurors No. 1 and 4 in stating their opinions and thought process
early in the deliberation may have been rude or have hampered the initial deliberation
process, and they obviously failed to heed the jury instruction and advice not to do so.
“But in light of the fact the jurors were out over a two-day period, that in the
course of two days they did send out questions and that the three jurors who submitted
their affidavits nor any of the other remaining jurors raised issues regarding the conduct
of Jurors No. 1 and 4 and their statements of their deliberative process, the court is
satisfied that a fair verdict was rendered and that the verdicts reflected a fair expression
of opinion on the part of the jurors.
“The court would note having heard the evidence that the defendant may well
have been convicted of all the charges as pled; and that, if anything, he received a more
favorable verdict than would otherwise have been rendered.
“Further, from the affidavits, the fact that is clear to the court is that these three
jurors are now considering punishment which they were specifically told not to do so.
These jurors are also showing a bias in favor of the defendant. Again, the bias can be for
either the defense or for the People.”
After describing the evidence and observing that the jury, from the evidence
presented, “may well and could have” found the defendant guilty of attempted,
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deliberate, premeditated murder, and that it was clear the defendant did not act in self-
defense, the court continued:
“As to the three jurors’ allegations that the finding that the defendant was
personally armed and used a gun was not their verdict or there had not been a vote on the
issue is ludicrous. It sounds to the court that after hearing the prison time, the prison time
that the Legislature has determined for the use of the gun under these circumstances, that
these jurors do not like or disagree with that; and, therefore, want to return a verdict
based on penalty and punishment and not on the conduct of the defendant. [¶] The
evidence in this case was clear. The gun was used, the gun was the defendant’s gun, he
brought it down from Bakersfield, he reassembled it in the mobile home park and made it
ready for use. This testimony of the victim Mr. Villa, Stephanie Diaz and Alejandra and
the defendant himself, is that he used and shot the gun. Any finding other than the fact
that he personally used a firearm within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.5 as
alleged would be contrary to the facts presented in the case.”
The court then denied the motion for a new trial, “and the motion for the
disclosure of juror identification information is also denied based on those reasons.”
The court sentenced defendant to a total of 15 years 6 months in state prison (the
upper term of 66 months on count 1, plus 10 years for the firearm enhancement
(§ 12022.5)). The sentence on count 5 was imposed and stayed under section 654. The
court ordered defendant to pay an $80 court security fee (§ 1465.8) and a $240 restitution
fine (§ 1202.4), and imposed and stayed a $240 parole revocation restitution fine
(§ 1202.45). Presentence custody credits were awarded and other orders made that are
not at issue on appeal.
DISCUSSION
1. Juror Misconduct
Defendant contends on appeal he should have a new trial because two jurors
prejudged the case, violating his federal and state constitutional rights to trial by an
impartial jury. We disagree.
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a. The applicable principles
The pertinent principles may be summarized as follows.
First, under section 1181, the court may grant a defendant’s application for a new
trial “[w]hen the jury has . . . been guilty of any misconduct by which a fair and due
consideration of the case has been prevented,” or “[w]hen the verdict has been decided by
lot, or by any means other than a fair expression of opinion on the part of all the
jurors . . . ” (§ 1181, subds. 3 & 4.)
Second, “the initial burden is on defendant to prove the misconduct.” (In re
Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 657.)
Third, a trial court “may hold an evidentiary hearing when jury misconduct is
alleged in a new trial motion, but the court may also, in its discretion, conclude that a
hearing is not necessary ‘to resolve material, disputed issues of fact.’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230, 1267.)
Fourth, “ ‘ “[t]he determination of a motion for a new trial rests so completely
within the court’s discretion that its action will not be disturbed unless a manifest and
unmistakable abuse of discretion clearly appears.” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Carter
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1210; cf. Jie v. Liang Tai Knitwear Co., Ltd. (2001) 89
Cal.App.4th 654, 666-667 [on review of an order denying a new trial based on juror
misconduct, “the question of the credibility of the witnesses is up to the trial court in the
first instance”; where the trial court made no findings, “[i]mplicit in the order denying the
motion for a new trial is a finding that the declarant was not credible”].)
Fifth, a statement showing a juror has prejudged the case is a statement of bias,
and “a statement of bias is misconduct because bias is misconduct.” (Grobeson v. City of
Los Angeles (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 778, 788, 791 (Grobeson) [juror’s statement that she
had made up her mind during the trial was a statement of bias showing she had prejudged
the case and thus had committed misconduct]; see also People v. Hedgecock (1990) 51
Cal.3d 395, 419 [“In rare circumstances a statement by a juror during deliberations may
itself be an act of misconduct, in which case evidence of that statement is admissible,”
citing In re Stankewitz (1985) 40 Cal.3d 391, 398]; People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th
13
334, 389 [Evidence Code section 1150, subdivision (a) “does not prohibit admitting a
statement that reflects a juror’s reasoning processes if the statement itself amounts to
juror misconduct”].)
Sixth, “if it appears substantially likely that a juror is actually biased, we must set
aside the verdict, no matter how convinced we might be that an unbiased jury would have
reached the same verdict.” (In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 654 [“A biased
adjudicator is one of the few ‘structural defects in the constitution of the trial mechanism,
which defy analysis by “harmless-error” standards’ ”]; see id. at p. 655 [“once actual bias
is found, the strength of the evidence is irrelevant; the verdict must be set aside”]; see
also People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal.4th 561, 581 [“if a juror’s partiality would have
constituted grounds for a challenge for cause during jury selection, or for discharge
during trial, but the juror’s concealment of such a state of mind is not discovered until
after trial and verdict, the juror’s actual bias constitutes misconduct that warrants a new
trial under Penal Code section 1181, subdivision 3”].)
b. This case
Defendant’s claim on appeal is straightforward. He relies primarily on Juror
A.P.V.’s affidavit stating that two other jurors, during deliberations, “both stated that they
knew Mr. Trujillo was guilty from the minute they walked into the courtroom, and
decided he was guilty before the trial even started.” That affidavit stands uncontradicted,
and so, defendant tells us, “there were no factual resolutions of conflicting affidavits to be
made by the trial court” and the presumption of prejudice that arises from jury
misconduct is unrebutted.3
3
Defendant also cites Juror J.O.’s affidavit declaring that the foreperson, Juror No.
1, “also stated the following: ‘I decided Trujillo was guilty before walking into this room
to deliberate.’ ” This statement, if made, would not establish misconduct. “The reality
that a juror may hold an opinion at the outset of deliberations is . . . reflective of human
nature. It is certainly not unheard of that a foreperson may actually take a vote as
deliberations begin to acquire an early sense of how jurors are leaning. We cannot
reasonably expect a juror to enter deliberations as a tabula rasa, only allowed to form
ideas as conversations continue.” (People v. Allen & Johnson (2011) 53 Cal.4th 60, 75.)
With the exception of the statements discussed in the text, the affidavits alleged no
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There is a fundamental flaw in defendant’s theory. Standing alone and if believed
by the trial court, the juror statements reported by Juror A.P.V. might well be found to be
statements of bias, “show[ing] that [they] had prejudged the case and thus had committed
misconduct.” (Grobeson, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 791; see id. at p. 784 [affirming
trial court’s grant of a new trial based on a juror’s statement of bias; the trial court found
the juror had made a statement during the trial that she had “made up my mind
already”].) But in this case, unlike Grobeson, the trial court did not conclude that the
jurors had made the statements Juror A.P.V. attributed to them. While, as defendant
points out, the trial court did not specifically address Juror A.P.V.’s averment that two
jurors said they had decided defendant was guilty before the trial started, the trial court
did expressly find the affidavits did not “present evidence of misconduct.”
More importantly, the trial court expressly discredited other statements in Juror
A.P.V.’s affidavit on multiple grounds. The court found all three affidavits appeared to
have been written by someone other than the jurors themselves. The court said Juror
A.P.V.’s statement that the other jurors believed self-defense had been proven “causes
the court to have pause,” because if true those jurors “would have had no choice but to
vote not guilty on all the charges,” by which we understand the court to mean it
discredited the statement that others jurors found self-defense had been proven. The
court reasoned that Juror A.P.V. would have no reason to know she misconceived the
length of the sentence on the gun allegation unless she had received information outside
the courtroom that she was not allowed to consider, and observed that all three jurors
were “considering punishment” contrary to instructions and “showing a bias in favor of
the defendant.” The court characterized the statements in all three juror affidavits that the
finding defendant was personally armed and used a gun “was not their verdict” as
“ludicrous,” because no other verdict would have been possible on the evidence
conduct by Juror No. 1 demonstrating he did not “maintain an open mind, consider all the
evidence, and subject any preliminary opinion to rational and collegial scrutiny before
coming to a final determination.” (Ibid.)
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presented. And the court pointed out that, while the jurors sent out questions over the
two-day period of deliberations, none of the jurors raised any issue about the conduct or
statements of Juror No. 1 and Juror No. 4.
In short, it is plain the trial court gave no credence to the affidavits in support of
the new trial motion, and that prevents this court from doing so. This case is the mirror
image of Grobeson, where the trial court granted a new trial, crediting declarations that a
juror had said she had made up her mind during trial. This court said: “Since the trial
court found [the declarant’s] declaration to be credible, we must accept that decision.
[Citation.] This is not the forum for reweighing [the declarant’s] credibility.”
(Grobeson, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 796.) The same is true here. This is not the
forum for reweighing the trial court’s finding that the juror affidavits, including the
affidavit of Juror A.P.V., were not credible. There is no basis upon which we may
reverse the trial court’s conclusion there was no showing of juror misconduct, and no
need to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the point. (People v. Steele, supra, 27 Cal.4th
at p. 1267 [court may, in its discretion, conclude a hearing is not necessary to resolve
disputed issues of fact].)
We should also point out that, unlike the case in Grobeson and other cases
defendant cites finding misconduct based on juror bias, the statements Juror A.P.V. and
the other jurors claimed to have heard occurred during deliberations. (See Grobeson,
supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 784 [in the middle of the trial, one juror told another she had
made up her mind already]; Deward v. Clough (1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 439, 443 [before
hearing argument or instruction, juror was heard saying, “ ‘I don’t see why they don’t
open up the jury room now. We could bring in a verdict already.’ ”]; People v. Brown
(1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 476, 479 [one juror told another, in reference to the defendant and
before the prosecution had completed its case, that “[h]e is guilty” and “[t]here is no
doubt about it.”].)
While Evidence Code section 1150 allows evidence of statements made within or
without the jury room, it is only in “rare circumstances” that a statement by a juror during
deliberations “may itself be an act of misconduct . . . .” (People v. Hedgecock, supra, 51
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Cal.3d at p. 419.) A statement during deliberations that appears to show bias could well
be a juror’s misguided rhetorical attempt to persuade other jurors to his point of view. In
short, there are good reasons to be cautious when alleged statements of bias made during
deliberations form the only basis for a claim of misconduct. (Cf. People v. Allen &
Johnson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 66, 73 [discharge of juror was improper; juror comment
during deliberations that, “ ‘[w]hen the prosecution rested, she didn’t have a case,’ ” was
“subject to some interpretation” and “did not indicate an intention to ignore the rest of the
proceedings”; court had found no case “in which a juror was discharged for prejudgment
based solely on comments made during deliberations”].)
In sum, the trial judge here carefully considered the evidence of jury misconduct
presented to it, found the evidence wanting, and denied defendant’s motion for a new
trial. We see no error.
2. The Abstract of Judgment
A modification of the judgment and several corrections to the abstract of judgment
are necessary and are undisputed by the parties.
First, the abstract must be corrected to show defendant was convicted on count 1
of attempted voluntary manslaughter (§§ 664, 192, subd. (a)), rather than attempted
murder.
Second, the abstract must be corrected to show a court security fee of $80 as
imposed by the court, rather than the $40 shown on the abstract. (See § 1465.8,
subd. (a)(1) [“To assist in funding court operations, an assessment of forty dollars ($40)
shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense”]; see People v. Roa (2009)
171 Cal.App.4th 1175, 1181 [“because appellant was convicted on two counts, two such
fees should have been imposed”].) Here, the trial court imposed the proper assessment of
$80 for defendant’s two convictions, but the abstract of judgment erroneously reflects a
$40 fee.
Third, the trial court failed to impose a $30 assessment for each of defendant’s
convictions (a total of $60) under Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a)(1).
That section states: “To ensure and maintain adequate funding for court facilities, an
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assessment shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense . . . . The
assessment shall be imposed in the amount of thirty dollars ($30) for each misdemeanor
or felony . . . .” The judgment must be modified and the abstract of judgment corrected
accordingly.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified by imposing two $30 criminal conviction assessments
under Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a)(1). As modified, the judgment is
affirmed. The superior court shall prepare and transmit to the Department of Corrections
and Rehabilitation a new abstract of judgment, amended to show: (1) defendant was
convicted on count 1 of attempted voluntary manslaughter (§§ 664, 192, subd. (a)); (2) an
$80 court security fee (§ 1465.8); and (3) a $60 criminal conviction assessment (Gov.
Code, § 70373, subd. (a)(1)).
GRIMES, J.
We concur:
BIGELOW, P. J.
RUBIN, J.
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