UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________________
)
YSLETA DEL SUR PUEBLO, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 10-00760 (ESH)
)
NATIONAL INDIAN GAMING )
COMMISSION, )
)
Defendant. )
__________________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendant National Indian Gaming Commission (“NIGC”) has moved to transfer venue
to the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1404(a). Because this action could have been brought in the Western District of Texas, and
because transfer to that jurisdiction is in the public interest, the motion will be granted.
BACKGROUND
In the underlying action, plaintiff Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (“Pueblo”) challenges NIGC’s
determination that the Pueblo is not under NIGC jurisdiction for funding and other purposes.
(Compl. ¶ 1, Ex. C.) Plaintiff has sued defendant under the United States Constitution, federal
common law, the Restoration Act, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 1 (“IGRA”), the
Declaratory Judgment Act, the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), and the All Writs Act.
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The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2721, permits federally-
recognized Indian tribes to conduct gaming on “Indian lands.” The Act established NIGC, a
commission of the Department of the Interior, and bestowed it with the power to monitor and
inspect gaming activities on Indian lands. Id. §§ 2704, 2706.
(Id. ¶ 2.) Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief compelling defendant to exercise jurisdiction over the
gaming activities of the Pueblo and to provide technical assistance and training. (Compl. at 5.)
On October 14, 2009, plaintiff’s counsel wrote to defendant requesting that NIGC
reconsider its decision not to provide the Pueblo with training. (Compl., Ex. B.) Defendant
responded with a letter denying plaintiff’s request on February 23, 2010, from NIGC
headquarters in Washington, D.C. (Compl., Ex. C.) In this letter, NIGC relied on a Fifth Circuit
decision, Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 36 F.3d 1325 (5th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S.
1016 (1995), in concluding that plaintiff’s activities are governed by the Restoration Act and not
IGRA. (Compl., Ex. C.) Because IGRA does not govern plaintiff, NIGC explained that the
Pueblo was not under NIGC jurisdiction. (Id.)
The Fifth Circuit decision relied upon by NIGC in its February 23, 2010 letter is part of
litigation that has gone on for over fifteen years between plaintiff and the State of Texas (“the
State”) in the federal courts of Texas concerning plaintiff’s gaming activities. (Def.’s Mot. at 3-
6.) In 1993, plaintiff sued the State, seeking to compel it to negotiate a contract, pursuant to
IGRA, to permit plaintiff to engage in certain types of gambling. (Def.’s Mot. at 3.) The District
Court for the Western District of Texas granted plaintiff summary judgment, but the Fifth Circuit
reversed the district court, holding that the Restoration Act, and not IGRA, governed the
Pueblo’s gaming activities. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 36 F.3d at 1336. Accordingly, the Fifth
Circuit found that plaintiff’s suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment. Id.
Several years later, the State sued plaintiff under the Restoration Act to enjoin plaintiff
from conducting certain gaming activities. (Def.’s Mot. at 5.) On August 3, 2009, plaintiff was
cited for contempt for violation of the modified injunction entered in that case. (Id.) Since then,
plaintiff has filed several status reports as required by the district court. (Def’s Mot. at 5; Pl.’s
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Opp’n at 18.) In one of those status reports, plaintiff alerted the district court that it is “seeking
to have NIGC exercise regulatory jurisdiction on the Pueblo, and specifically to exercise its
statutory authority to provide technical assistance and training to the Pueblo’s Regulatory
Commission.” (Def’s Mot., Ex. D at 7.)
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) states that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the
interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division
where it might have been brought.” The moving party bears the burden of establishing that
transfer is proper. Veney v. Starbucks Corp., 559 F. Supp. 2d 79, 82 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Trout
Unlimited v. Dep’t of Agric., 944 F. Supp. 13, 16 (D.D.C. 1996)). Here, defendant must make
two showings. First, it must establish that the action could have been brought in the Western
District of Texas originally. Id. (citing Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 622 (1964)).
Second, it must demonstrate that considerations of convenience and the interest of justice weigh
in favor of transfer. Id. (citing Trout Unlimited, 944 F. Supp. at 16). Courts have broad
discretion to “‘adjudicate motions to transfer according to individualized, case-by-case
consideration of convenience and fairness.’” Reiffin v. Microsoft Corp., 104 F. Supp. 2d 48, 50
(D.D.C. 2000) (quoting Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988)).
In exercising its discretion, the Court considers several private and public interest factors.
Onyeneho v. Allstate Ins. Co., 466 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Reiffin, 104 F. Supp. 2d
at 51-52).
Private interest factors include, but are not limited to: (1) plaintiffs’ privilege of
choosing the forum; (2) defendant’s preferred forum; (3) location where the claim
arose; (4) convenience of the parties; (5) convenience of witnesses, but only to the
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extent that witnesses may be unavailable for trial in one of the fora; and (6) ease
of access to sources of proof. Public interest considerations include: (1) the
transferee’s familiarity with the governing law; (2) the relative congestion of the
courts of the transferor and potential transferee; and (3) the local interest in
deciding local controversies at home.
Onyeneho, 466 F. Supp. 2d at 3 (citing Airport Working Grp. of Orange Cnty., Inc. v.
U.S. Dep’t of Def., 226 F. Supp. 2d 227, 229 (D.D.C. 2002)).
II. VENUE IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
In a civil action against an agency or department of the United States government,
venue is proper in any judicial district where “a substantial part of the events or
omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of the property that is the
subject of the action is situated.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e). This action could have been
brought in the Western District of Texas because NIGC’s decision not to provide training
to the Pueblo directly impacts the Pueblo’s gaming operations in that district. See
Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation v. Reno, No. 96-cv-00115, slip op. at 5
(D.D.C. Feb. 5, 1996) (finding proper venue in New Mexico “because the case involves
governmental action that will impact the Tribe’s gambling operation which is located
there”). Moreover, even if one were to accept plaintiff’s less than persuasive argument
that all events at issue in this case took place in the District of Columbia and that no
property is the subject of this action, the case could still have been brought in the Western
District of Texas because plaintiff resides there. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) (where
defendant is officer, employee, or agency of the United States, an action may be brought
where plaintiff resides if no real property is at issue); Rosales v. United States, 477 F.
Supp. 2d 213, 215-16 (D.D.C. 2007). Accordingly, the Western District of Texas is a
proper venue for this case.
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III. CONSIDERATIONS OF CONVENIENCE AND JUSTICE
A. Public Interest Considerations
The public interest considerations in this case weigh heavily in favor of transfer. The
Western District of Texas’ familiarity with the issues and local interest in deciding the
controversy at home argue strongly in favor of transfer. 2 Additionally, transfer is supported by
the interest in avoiding duplication of judicial resources and the possibility of inconsistent
results.
Because plaintiff’s claims are federal, the courts are presumed equally able to address the
governing law. See Miller v. Insulation Contractors, Inc., 608 F. Supp. 2d 97, 103 (D.D.C.
2009) (“Since all federal courts are presumed to be equally familiar with the law governing
federal statutory claims, neither venue is favored[.]” (internal citation omitted)); Valley Cmty.
Pres. Comm’n v. Mineta, 231 F. Supp. 2d 23, 45 (D.D.C. 2002) (“As the action concerns federal
law, neither court is better suited than the other to resolve these issues.”). However, the
Restoration Act “applies to two specifically named Indian tribes located in one particular state” –
i.e., Texas. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 36 F.3d at 1335. As defendant notes, the Western District of
2
A third public interest consideration, the relative congestion of the dockets at issue, is
neutral on the issue of transfer. In this district, “potential speed of resolution” is examined by
comparing the median filing times to disposition in the courts at issue. Parkridge 6, LLC v. U.S.
Dep’t of Transp., No. 09-cv-01478, 2009 WL 3720060, at *3 (D.D.C. Nov. 9, 2009); see also
F.T.C. v. Cephalon, Inc., 551 F. Supp. 2d 21, 31, 33 n.8 (D.D.C. 2008). The median time from
filing to disposition in this district is 9 months; in the Western District of Texas, it is 8.3 months.
(Def.’s Reply at 11; Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. B at 5, Ex. C at 7.) This difference is not significant
enough to weigh on the issue of transfer. Osan Ltd. v. Accenture LLP, No. 04-cv-01296, 2005
WL 2902246, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2005) (“The most recent data show that the median time to
disposition in civil cases is 10.6 months in the District of Columbia and 10.8 months for the
Eastern District of New York. This difference is too small to provide a basis on which to decide
this motion.”). Some courts also have considered the median time from filing to trial in making
a decision regarding venue, see, e.g., Parkridge 6, 2009 WL 3720060, at *3, but since this is an
APA case and unlikely to go to trial, the Court finds such analysis unnecessary, although it notes
that the median time from filing to trial in the Western District of Texas is less than half that of
this jurisdiction. (Def.’s Reply at 11.)
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Texas, unlike this district, has considerable experience in cases involving the Restoration Act.
(Def.’s Reply at 9 (citing several cases involving the Restoration Act).) Moreover, the courts’
respective knowledge of the parties and facts is also relevant. See Cephalon, 551 F. Supp. 2d at
31 (transferee “court’s familiarity with these facts - and the law as applied to these facts -
supports transfer . . . for judicial efficiency purposes”); SEC v. Roberts, No. 07-cv-00407, 2007
WL 2007504, at *5 (July 10, 2007) (“The proposed transferee district . . . would be more familiar
with the facts of this case.”); Weinberger v. Tucker, 391 F. Supp. 2d 241, 245 (D.D.C. 2005).
(“One of these factors is whether one circuit is more familiar with the same parties and issues or
related issues than other courts.” (internal citation omitted)). Although the particular legal issue
in this case (i.e., NIGC’s decision not to provide the Pueblo with training) has not been litigated
in Texas, the litigation over the past seventeen years, the ongoing post trial proceedings, and this
case are all related to plaintiff’s gaming activities and the regulation thereof. Therefore, this
factor weighs heavily in favor of transfer to the Western District of Texas. See Shawnee Tribe v.
United States, 298 F. Supp. 2d 21, 27 (D.D.C. 2002) (transfer to jurisdiction with experience
with similar and possibly related cases was in the interest of judicial economy and efficiency).
“In cases which touch the affairs of many persons, there is reason for holding the trial in
their view and reach rather than in remote parts of the country where they can learn of it by
report only. There is a local interest in having localized controversies decided at home.” Gulf
Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 509 (1947), superseded by statute on other grounds, 28
U.S.C. § 1404(a), as recognized in Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443, 449 n.2 (1994).
“This rationale applies to controversies . . . requiring judicial review of an administrative
decision.” Sierra Club v. Flowers, 276 F. Supp. 2d 62, 70 (D.D.C. 2003). The inquiry is
“whether the impact of the litigation is local to one region.” Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers Local
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Union No. 6-418 v. NLRB, 694 F.2d 1289, 1300 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (quoting Liquor Salesmen’s
Union Local 2 v. NLRB, 664 F.2d 1200, 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). It is clear that this litigation,
and in particular, the issue of NIGC’s jurisdiction (or lack thereof) over plaintiff, has strong local
implications, especially for the Pueblo, which is located in Texas. See Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribe
of Oklahoma v. Reno, No. 98-cv-065, slip op. at 4 (D.D.C. Sept. 9, 1998) (justice better served
by local resolution when issue affects Indian tribes that operate within the state); see also
Bergmann v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., No. 09-cv-1378, 2010 WL 1837703, at *7 (D.D.C. May 7,
2010) (“[T]he fact that plaintiff's cause of action arises under federal law does not mean that the
subject of his lawsuit does not present an issue of local controversy.”). Indeed, “the members of
this District Court have repeatedly . . . transferr[ed] cases involving Indian gaming controversies
back to the state in which the controversy and the gaming were located.” Santee Sioux Tribe of
Nebraska v. NIGC, No. 99-cv-528, slip op. at 8 (D.D.C. April 19, 1999). Thus, the potential
local repercussions of this case militate in favor of transfer to Texas.
Most importantly, the Court finds that transfer is in the interest of justice in that it will
avoid the duplication of judicial resources and possible inconsistent results. Several issues in
this case overlap with or are related to 3 issues in the ongoing proceedings in the Western District
of Texas. Moreover, this case squarely implicates the issue, discussed at length in the Fifth
Circuit’s decision in Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, of IGRA’s applicability to plaintiff. (See
Compl. at 5 (seeking declaration that NIGC violated IGRA); Ex. C (relying on Fifth Circuit
opinion in making decision that plaintiff’s activities are not governed by IGRA).) The
possibility that this Court’s analysis could be inconsistent with that of the Fifth Circuit’s or
3
For example, plaintiff’s attempt to compel NIGC to provide it with training stems
directly from the Western District of Texas district court’s ongoing oversight of plaintiff’s
gambling activities. (Def.’s Mot., Ex. D at 6.) As such, a decision regarding the relationship
between NIGC and the Pueblo will directly affect proceedings in that case.
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subsequent rulings by the Western District of Texas decidedly tips the balance in favor of
transfer. See Ledyard v. United States, No. 95-cv-0880, 1995 WL 908244, at *2 (D.D.C. May
31, 1995) (avoiding “the possibility of inconsistent results” is in the interest of justice). As such,
prior decisions from and pending proceedings in the Western District of Texas argue for transfer.
See Martin-Trigona v. Meister, 668 F. Supp. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 1987) (“The interests of justice are
better served when a case is transferred to the district where related actions are pending.”).
B. Private Interest Considerations
Private interest considerations in this case are insufficient to outweigh the strong
public interest in transfer. Since this an APA case, neither the convenience of the parties
and witnesses nor the ease of access to sources of proof weighs heavily in the analysis.
See Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. EPA, 675 F. Supp. 2d 173, 176 n.4 (D.D.C. 2009)
(as “cases reviewed under the APA are generally limited to review of the administrative
record, the convenience of witnesses and access to sources of proof do not carry
significant weight”); Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of
Wis. v. United States, No. 01-cv-1042, slip op. at 5 (D.D.C. Aug. 16, 2002)
(“inconvenience [to parties] is somewhat mitigated . . . by the likelihood that the case will
be decided through written motions and limited oral argument”). Although a plaintiff’s
choice of forum is generally given deference in determining whether a transfer of venue
is justified, Thayer/Patricof Educ. Funding, L.L.C. v. Pryor Res., Inc., 196 F. Supp. 2d
21, 31 (D.D.C. 2002), less deference is given to a plaintiff’s choice when that choice is
not plaintiff’s home forum. Shawnee Tribe, 298 F. Supp. 2d at 24. The deference to
plaintiff’s choice is further mitigated if the “choice of forum has no meaningful ties to the
controversy and no particular interest in the parties or subject matter.” Trout Unlimited,
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944 F. Supp. at 16. As such, plaintiff’s choice of forum is entitled to limited deference in
this case. See Shawnee Tribe, 298 F. Supp. 2d at 25 (“[C]ourts in this district have a
history of providing less deference to Native American Indian tribes when they have
brought suit in this, their non-home forum.”); see also Wyandotte Nation v. Nat’l Indian
Gaming Comm’n, No. 04-cv-1727, slip op. at 8 (D.D.C. May 2, 2005) (granting little
deference to plaintiff’s choice of forum because plaintiff, a federally-recognized Indian
tribe, had no connection to this district). Finally, “just because the NIGC’s decision was
issued in the District of Columbia, does not mean that this is where plaintiff’s claim
‘arose.’” Wyandotte, No. 04-cv-1727, slip op. at 9-10 (citing Shawnee, 298 F. Supp. at
25). Plaintiff’s claim grows out of gaming activity taking place in Texas; therefore, the
claim arises out of that state.
In sum, none of these private considerations weighs heavily in favor of transfer.
The public interest considerations, especially the interest in judicial economy and
avoiding inconsistent results, outweigh any deference due to plaintiff’s choice of forum.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion to transfer venue is GRANTED, and all
other motions are DENIED as moot.
/s/
ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
United States District Judge
DATE: August 17, 2010
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