Uhar & Company, Inc. v. Jacob

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UHAR & COMPANY, INC., :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 09-1698 (RMU)
:
v. : Re Document No.: 6
:
MOHAN JACOB et al., :
:
Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT MANNA LLC’S MOTION TO DISMISS

I. INTRODUCTION

This case comes before the court on the motion to dismiss filed by defendant Manna,

LLC (“Manna”). The plaintiff, Uhar & Company, Inc., is a commercial real estate broker

operating in the District of Columbia. The plaintiff alleges that the defendants breached the

contract that it entered into with defendant Mohan Jacob (“Jacob”) on behalf of defendant Manna

to secure a tenant for retail property owned by Manna at 1530-1540 1st Street, SW (“the

property”) in the District of Columbia. Specifically, the plaintiff alleges that the defendants

failed to pay the plaintiff real estate brokerage commissions, as required under the agreement,

after the plaintiff secured a tenant for the property. Alternatively, the plaintiff asserts that even if

there was no enforceable agreement between the parties, it is nonetheless entitled to recover the

reasonable value of the services it provided under a theory of unjust enrichment.

Manna has moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that the D.C. statute of frauds bars

the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim because no written contract memorializes the alleged

agreement. Furthermore, Manna contends that the court should dismiss the plaintiff’s unjust
enrichment claim because the plaintiff cannot assert breach of contract and unjust enrichment

claims as alternative theories of recovery.

Because Manna’s obligation to pay the plaintiff real estate brokerage fees is

memorialized in the lease agreement for the property, the court declines to dismiss the plaintiff’s

breach of contract claim on statute of frauds grounds. Because, however, D.C. law does not

permit unjust enrichment claims based on real estate brokerage services, the court grants the

defendant’s motion to dismiss that claim.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

Manna is an entity operated by Jacob as a commercial landlord in Washington, D.C.

Compl. ¶ 2. Jacob entered into an oral contract with the plaintiff on behalf of Manna to secure a

tenant for the property. Id. ¶ 5. Under the terms of this oral agreement, Jacob agreed that Manna

would pay the plaintiff three percent of each month’s rent received for the initial term of any

lease procured by the plaintiff. Id. On October 28, 2005, Manna leased the property to

Specialized Education of D.C., Inc. (“the tenant”), a tenant procured by the plaintiff for an initial

lease term of 120 months, pursuant to a written lease agreement executed by Manna and the

tenant (“the lease”). Id. ¶ 6.

The lease, which was signed by Jacob as an agent for Manna, expressly incorporates the

1
For the purposes of ruling on this motion, the court assumes that the plaintiff’s allegations are
true. See Atherton v. D.C. Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 673, 681 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (observing
that “[w]hen ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the
factual allegations contained in the complaint” (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94
(2007))).

2
terms of the oral agreement reached by the plaintiff and Manna.2 Id. The tenant began paying

rent on the property on September 1, 2006. Id. ¶ 7. Manna has yet to pay any commission to the

plaintiff. Id. ¶ 8.

The plaintiff commenced an action against the defendants in the Superior Court of the

District of Columbia on August 12, 2009, which the defendants removed to this court on

September 3, 2009. See generally Notice of Removal. On September 24, 2009, Manna filed this

motion to dismiss. See generally Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”). In its motion, Manna

contends that the plaintiff cannot maintain a breach of contract claim against it because no

written contract exists between them, as required by the District of Columbia’s statute of frauds.

Id. at 1. Additionally, Manna asserts that the plaintiff may not maintain a claim in the alternative

for unjust enrichment because a party to an express contract may not bring a claim for unjust

enrichment related to an express contract. Id. Finally, Manna seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s

claim for declaratory judgment, arguing that that claim must fail because the plaintiff’s breach of

2
Specifically, paragraph 25.8(c) of the lease states,

[Manna] hereby agrees to pay [Uhar & Company] 3% of each installment of
Base Rent received with respect to the Initial Term (but not the Renewed Term),
and any Termination Payment received in accordance with this Lease. [Manna]
shall remit these commission amounts to [Uhar & Company] within 30 days of
Landlord’s receipt of funds.

Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 1 ¶ 25.8(c).

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contract and unjust enrichment claims fail.3 Id. at 2. The court now turns to the applicable legal

standards and the parties’ arguments.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Legal Standard for Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Browning v.

Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). The complaint need only set forth a short and plain

statement of the claim, giving the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which

it rests. Kingman Park Civic Ass’n v. Williams, 348 F.3d 1033, 1040 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citing

FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2) and Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). “Such simplified notice

pleading is made possible by the liberal opportunity for discovery and the other pretrial

procedures established by the Rules to disclose more precisely the basis of both claim and

defense to define more narrowly the disputed facts and issues.” Conley, 355 U.S. at 47-48

(internal quotation marks omitted). It is not necessary for the plaintiff to plead all elements of

his prima facie case in the complaint, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511-14 (2002),

or “plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory,” Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d

134, 136 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Yet, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.

3
In its reply brief, Manna presents a number of arguments not raised in its opening brief, including
the contentions that the plaintiff acted at the direction of defendant Jacob, rather than Manna, and
that Jacob had no authority to bind Manna. See generally Def.’s Reply. Because these arguments
were raised for the first time in the defendant’s reply brief, the court will not consider them in
resolving this motion. See Aleutian Priblof Islands Ass’n, Inc. v. Kempthorne, 537 F. Supp. 2d 1,
12 n.5 (D.D.C. 2008) (noting that “it is a well-settled prudential doctrine that courts generally will
not entertain new arguments first raised in a reply brief” (citing Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis.,
974 F.2d 192, 196 (D.C. Cir. 1992))).

4
Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544, 570 (2007) (abrogating the oft-quoted language from Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-56, instructing

courts not to dismiss for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that “no set of

facts in support of his claim [] would entitle him to relief”). A claim is facially plausible when

the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant

is liable for the misconduct.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to

a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has

acted unlawfully.” Id.

In resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must treat the complaint’s factual

allegations – including mixed questions of law and fact – as true and draw all reasonable

inferences therefrom in the plaintiff’s favor. Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 67

(D.C. Cir. 2003); Holy Land Found. for Relief & Dev. v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 156, 165 (D.C. Cir.

2003); Browning, 292 F.3d at 242. While many well-pleaded complaints are conclusory, the

court need not accept as true inferences unsupported by facts set out in the complaint or legal

conclusions cast as factual allegations. Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C.

Cir. 2004); Browning, 292 F.3d at 242. “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949.

B. The D.C. Statute of Frauds4 Does Not Bar the Plaintiff’s
Breach of Contract Claim

Manna alleges that no written contract exists memorializing the defendants’ agreement to

pay the plaintiff for providing real estate brokerage services. See generally Def.’s Mot. Thus,

4
Because the property at issue is located in the District of Columbia and the events giving rise to
the claim appear to have taken place in the District, the court applies District of Columbia law.
See, e.g., Armenian Assembly of Am., Inc. v. Cafesjian, 597 F. Supp. 2d 128, 134 n.3 (D.D.C.
2009). Indeed, although the parties do not conduct any choice-of-law analysis, they both assume
that D.C. law applies. See generally Def.’s Mot.; Pl.’s Opp’n; Def.’s Reply.

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Manna asserts, the D.C. statute of frauds bars the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. See

generally id. The plaintiff contends that the statute of frauds does not apply to real estate broker

agreements. Pl.’s Opp’n at 3. Furthermore, the plaintiff argues that even if the statute of frauds

did apply, it would be satisfied by the lease executed between Manna and its tenant, which

allegedly memorializes the agreement between the plaintiff and the defendants.5 Id. at 4.

1. The Statute of Frauds Applies to the Purported Agreement
Between the Plaintiff and Manna

The D.C. statute of frauds provides, in pertinent part, that

[a]n action may not be brought . . . upon a contract or sale of real estate, of any
interest in or concerning it, or upon an agreement that is not to be performed
within one year from the making thereof, unless the agreement upon which the
action is brought, or a memorandum or note thereof, is in writing, which need not
state the consideration and signed by the party to be charged therewith or a person
authorized by him.

D.C. CODE § 28-3502.

Thus, if an agreement cannot by its terms be performed within one year, it is

unenforceable unless memorialized in a written memorandum. See id. Indeed, when an

agreement provides for monthly payments for a period last more than one year, the statute of

frauds applies. See Fitzgerald v. Hunter Concessions, Inc., 710 A.2d 863, 865 (D.C. 1998)

(noting that the statute of frauds prohibited the enforcement of an oral agreement calling for

monthly payments over a five-year period (citing R&A, Inc. v. Kozy Korner, Inc., 672 A.2d

5
Although the plaintiff did not attach the lease as an exhibit to the complaint, it does reference the
lease in its complaint. See generally Compl. Therefore, the court may consider the lease in
resolving this motion. See Harris v. District of Columbia, 2010 WL 1009730, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar.
22, 2010) (observing that in deciding a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “the Court may
only consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated
by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial notice”
(quoting Brown v. Bureau of Prisons, 498 F. Supp. 2d 298, 301 (D.D.C. 2007))); see also
Marshall v. Honeywell Tech. Solutions Inc., 536 F. Supp. 2d 59, 65 (D.D.C. 2008) (noting that
“where a document is referred to in the complaint and is central to the plaintiff’s claim, such a
document attached to the motion papers may be considered without converting the motion to one
for summary judgment”).

6
1062, 1067 n.8 (D.C. 1996))). Because the agreement that the plaintiff seeks to enforce allegedly

called for monthly commission payments throughout the duration of the ten-year lease

agreement, it falls within the statute of frauds.

In arguing that the statute of frauds does not apply to real estate brokerage agreements,

the plaintiff relies on case law interpreting a former D.C. statute, which provided that “[a] written

listing contract is required in the District for the sale of all real property.” D.C. CODE § 45-1945

(repealed 1997). Courts construing this statute have concluded that it did not alter D.C. common

law allowing brokers to collect commissions on oral listing agreements. See, e.g., Moshovitis v.

Bank Cos., 694 A.2d 64, 67 (D.C. 1997) (affirming “that the absence of a written contract, by

itself, did not bar” a real estate broker from receiving a commission); Fred Ezra Co. v. Pedas,

682 A.2d 173, 178 (D.C. 1996) (holding that “D.C. Code § 45-1945[] has not changed the

common law with respect to the enforceability of unwritten contracts for broker fees”); Cassidy

& Pinkard, Inc. v. Jemal, 899 F. Supp. 5, 7 (D.D.C. 1995) (noting that “[o]ral listing contracts

were enforceable as a matter of D.C. common law prior to the enactment of § 45-1945”). Based

on these authorities, the plaintiff argues that D.C. law permits the enforcement of oral real estate

brokerage agreements.

The plaintiff’s reliance on these authorities is misplaced for at least two reasons. First,

the statute in question was amended in 1997 and now provides that “[a] written listing contract is

required in the District for the sale of all real property. A licensee shall not receive payment of a

commission in the absence of a written listing agreement.” D.C. CODE § 42-1705. “[T]his

express prohibition against payment of commissions in the absence of a written listing agreement

7
overrules prior case law that permitted brokers to collect commissions on equitable theories such

as quantum meruit.”6 In re Capitol Hill Group, 320 B.R. 460, 466 (D.D.C. 2005).

Second, even if D.C. common law did ordinarily permit the enforcement of oral real

estate brokerage agreements, the fact would remain that the agreement at issue in this case is

governed by the D.C. statute of frauds because it could not be performed within one year. See

Fitzgerald, 710 A.2d at 865. Accordingly, the plaintiff must satisfy the statute of frauds to

sustain its breach of contract claim.

2. The Lease Satisfies the Statute of Frauds

To satisfy the statute of frauds, the claimant must supply a written memorandum

containing the essential terms of the agreement signed by the party against whom enforcement of

the contract is sought. See D.C. CODE § 28-3502; see also Coffin v. District of Columbia, 320

A.2d 301, 304 (D.C. 1974) (holding that a work order satisfied the statute of frauds because it

was “in written form, it include[d] the terms of the agreement, and it [was] signed . . . by the

[defendant’s] agent”).

The plaintiff contends that the statute of frauds is satisfied by the lease agreement entered

into by Manna and the tenant, which reflected Manna’s agreement to pay a monthly commission

to the plaintiff for the duration of the lease period. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. Manna asserts that the

lease does not satisfy the “written memorandum” requirement of the statute of frauds because it

is not a formal contract between the plaintiff and Manna. Def.’s Mot. at 3.

Yet a memorandum need not be an express contract between the parties to satisfy the

statute of frauds. See Gharib v. Wolf, 518 F. Supp. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2007) (noting that “the

[D.C.] statute of frauds does not require that the contract itself be in writing” (citing Farrow v.

6
Manna does not assert that D.C. Code § 42-1705, which concerns the sale (rather than the lease)
of real property, bars the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. See generally Def.’s Mot.; Def.’s
Reply.

8
Cahill, 663 F.2d 201, 209-10 (D.C. Cir. 1980))); see also Farrow, 663 F.2d at 209 (observing

that the “memorandum or note” does not need to be “made by the parties as an expression of the

contract or signed with the intention of assenting to the contract’s terms in order to satisfy the

Statute”); RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 133 (noting that “the Statute may be

satisfied by a signed writing not made as a memorandum of a contract”). Indeed, the purpose for

which the writing was made is “immaterial to determining whether the Statute has been

satisfied.” Farrow, 663 F.2d at 209 (noting that the statute of frauds may be satisfied by a signed

letter attempting to repudiate an oral contract). Therefore, the lease satisfies the “written

memorandum” requirement of the statute of frauds, despite the fact that it is a lease agreement

between Manna and the tenant to which the plaintiff is not a party.

The lease also appears to set forth the “essential terms” of the agreement between the

plaintiff and Manna, as required to satisfy the statute of frauds. See Gharib, 518 F. Supp. 2d at

54 (noting that to satisfy the D.C. statute of frauds, the writing must “set forth the ‘essential

terms’ of the agreement, and adequately identify the parties to the contract” (citing Farrow, 663

F.2d at 209-10)). The lease details the terms of the agreement, specifically reflecting Manna’s

agreement to pay the plaintiff three percent of each month’s rent throughout the duration of the

initial lease term as commission for securing a tenant. See Farrow, 663 F.2d at 208 (observing

that a memorandum specifying the property sold, the consideration to be paid and parties to the

contract undisputedly “embodie[d] the terms of the contract and, as such, constitute[d] a suitable

‘memorandum or note thereof’”); Clay v. Hanson, 536 A.2d 1097, 1102 (D.C. 1988) (noting that

to satisfy the statute of frauds in a real estate transaction, the memorandum must provide the

essential terms of the contract, namely, the parties to the contract and a sufficient description of

the property); see also Easter v. Kass-Berger, Inc., 121 A.2d 868, 870 (D.C. 1956) (holding that

9
to satisfy the statute of frauds, “memoranda must state all the promises of the parties with

sufficient clarity and definiteness as to render the essential terms of the agreement clear without

resort to parol testimony” (citing Williams v. Morris, 95 U.S. 444 (1877))).

Indeed, at least one court has observed that the statute of frauds is satisfied by a written

contract between the seller and buyer of real estate that outlines the parties’ agreement with a

third-party broker. See Bensen v. Gall, 605 A.2d 841, 843 (Vt. 1992) (observing that a real

estate sales agreement between the seller and a third-party purchaser containing the essential

terms of the brokerage commission contract would satisfy the statute of frauds as a

“memorandum or note thereof” because it was “signed by the defendants and contained the

essential terms of the commission contract”). Because the lease between Manna and its tenant

identifies the parties to the brokerage agreement, contains the promises between the parties and

makes explicit Manna’s payment obligation to the plaintiff, it provides the essential terms of the

parties’ agreement so as to satisfy the statute of frauds.

Finally, defendant Jacob signed the lease on behalf of defendant Manna, satisfying the

requirement that the written memorandum be “signed by the party to be charged.” See D.C.

CODE § 28-3502. The statute of frauds does not require that both parties sign the memorandum.

Ochs v. Weil, 142 F.2d 758, 760-61 (D.C. Cir. 1944) (holding that an agreement to sell real

estate, signed by the seller’s agent, is binding under the D.C. statute of frauds); Kaplan v.

Lippman, 552 N.E.2d 151, 153 n.* (N.Y. 1990) (observing that “[t]he Statute of Frauds requires

that a contract for the sale or long-term lease of property be signed by the party to be charged,

i.e., the party against whom enforcement of the contract is sought. The absence of a signature by

the party seeking to enforce the agreement is without legal significance”); cf. Bronner v. Park

Place Entm’t Corp., 137 F. Supp. 2d 306, 312 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (holding that a memorandum of a

10
real estate brokerage agreement detailing commission payment that the defendant had no part in

preparing and did not sign was unenforceable under the statute of frauds). Thus, the fact that the

plaintiff did not sign the document is of no moment in this analysis because Manna, the party to

be charged, signed the lease.

In short, the lease constitutes a written memorandum of Manna’s purported agreement

with the plaintiff, embodies all of the essential terms of the parties’ contract and is signed by

Jacob on behalf of Manna. Thus, the statute of frauds does not bar the plaintiff’s breach of

contract claim.

C. The Court Dismisses the Plaintiff’s Unjust Enrichment Claim

Manna asserts that the plaintiff cannot bring a claim of unjust enrichment in the

alternative to its breach of contract claim. See Def.’s Mot. at 1. The plaintiff responds that it is

entitled to plead alternative – and even contradictory – claims at this stage of the proceedings.

See Pl.’s Opp’n at 4-5.

Under D.C. law, in order for a plaintiff to recover commission for brokerage services

provided to a property owner, “it must have a contractual basis for its claim.” Fred Ezra Co.,

682 A.2d at 175. A claim for unjust enrichment does not rest on the existence of a contractual

relationship, but relies instead on a “quasi-contractual” obligation that is implied-in-law,

thrusting a duty “under certain conditions upon one party to requite another in order to avoid the

former’s unjust enrichment.”7 Id. (citing Vereen v. Clayborne, 623 A.2d 1190, 1194 (D.C.

1993); Bloomgarden v. Coyer, 479 F.2d 201, 208 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). The D.C. Court of Appeals

has held that D.C. law “does not allow recovery for [broker] services rendered under so-called

7
If two parties do not dispute that a valid agreement governs their relationship, a party may not
bring both breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims. See Albrecht v. Comm. on Employee
Benefits, 357 F.3d 62, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that “there can be no claim for unjust
enrichment when an express contract exists between the parties” (citing Schiff v. Am. Ass’n of
Retired Persons, 697 A.2d 1193, 1194 (D.C. 1997))).

11
quasi-contract theories in the absence of a true contract expressing a binding agreement between

the parties.” Fred Ezra Co., 682 A.2d at 176; see also Apostolides v. Colecchia, 221 A.2d 437,

438-39 (D.C. 1966) (noting that “[i]f no agreement, oral or written, exists authorizing the broker

to act, then he is not entitled to any compensation despite the fact that he procures a buyer,

because under such circumstances he is a mere volunteer” (citing Eggleton v. Vaughn, 45 A.2d

362, 363(D.C. 1946))).

Because the plaintiff in this case is attempting to recover commissions allegedly owed for

real estate brokerage services, it may recover those unpaid commissions only if it can show that a

contractual obligation bound the parties. Therefore, the court dismisses the plaintiff’s unjust

enrichment claim.8

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part and denies in part defendant Manna’s

motion to dismiss. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and

contemporaneously issued this 3rd day of May, 2010.

RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge

8
Manna also requests the dismissal of the plaintiff’s claim for declaratory judgment, arguing that it
must fail because the breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims fail. See generally Def.’s
Mot. Given the court’s denial of Manna’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s breach of contract
claim, the court denies without prejudice Manna’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s declaratory
judgment claim. See MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 136 (2007) (holding that
in declaratory judgment actions, courts have “unique and substantial discretion in deciding
whether to declare the rights of litigants”) (quoting Wilton v. Seven Falls, 515 U.S. 277, 286
(1995)).

12