UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SHAUN DEION SWINSON, SR., :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 08-0809 (RMU)
:
v. : Document No.: 18
:
:
D.C. METRO POLICE :
DEPARTMENT et al., :
:
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
In this civil action brought pro se by a federal prisoner, the plaintiff alleges that he was
unlawfully arrested and detained on December 11, 2005. In his amended complaint, the plaintiff
sues the District of Columbia, the Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”), the Mayor in his
official and individual capacity, the Chief of Police in her official and individual capacity, the
Federal Protective Service Agency, “Insp. Williams” and “Ofc. Bland.”1 Am. Compl. at 1. The
District of Columbia, the MPD and the Mayor (collectively “the defendants”) move to dismiss
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or for summary judgment pursuant to Rule
56. Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions and the entire record, the court grants the
movants’ motion for summary judgment and dismisses the complaint against the remaining
defendants pursuant to the screening provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”)
codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1915A.
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The docket does not reflect the issuance of summonses to and service of process upon the Chief
of Police, the Federal Protective Service Agency, Insp. Williams or Ofc. Bland, all of whom were
first named as defendants in the amended complaint.
II. BACKGROUND
The plaintiff argues that his arrest on December 11, 2005 violated his right to due process
because the “defendants alleged that the plaintiff had an outstanding warrant for failing to appear
at trial for possession of marijuana in Virginia,” Am. Compl. ¶ 2, but failed to produce the
warrant at the precinct, id. ¶ 4. He contends that he was unlawfully detained for 12 days “before
being taken before a Magistrate Judge in Virginia.” Id. ¶ 5. The plaintiff advances the following
claims: unlawful arrest, unlawful detainer, gross negligence, personal injury and fraud. Id. at 2.
The plaintiff seeks an admission from the defendants “that there was never an arrest warrant for
the plaintiff,” id., and monetary damages, id. at 3.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for Rule 56 Motion for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure
materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c); see also
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540
(D.C. Cir. 1995). To determine which facts are “material,” a court must look to the substantive
law on which each claim rests. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A
“genuine issue” is one whose resolution could establish an element of a claim or defense and,
therefore, affect the outcome of the action. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable inferences in the
nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. Anderson, 477 U.S.
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at 255. A nonmoving party must establish more than “the mere existence of a scintilla of
evidence” in support of its position, id. at 252, and may not rely solely on allegations or
conclusory statements, Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999); Harding v. Gray,
9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1993). “The object of [Rule 56(e)] is not to replace conclusory
allegations of the complaint or answer with conclusory allegations of an affidavit,” Lujan v.
National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871, 888 (1990), but to identify a genuine issue of
material fact. The nonmoving party must present specific facts that would enable a reasonable
jury to find in its favor. Greene, 164 F.3d at 675. If the nonmoving party’s evidence “is merely
colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249-50 (internal citations omitted). “The removal of a factual question from the jury is
most likely when a plaintiff's claim is supported solely by the plaintiff's own self-serving
testimony, unsupported by corroborating evidence, and undermined [] by other credible
evidence[.]” Johnson v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 883 F.2d 125, 128
(D.C. Cir. 1989) (citations omitted).
To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the moving party must show that the
nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element
essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to the absence of evidence proffered by the nonmoving
party, a moving party may succeed on summary judgment. Id.
B. The Mayor and the MPD are Entitled to Judgment as a Matter of Law
The defendants rightly assert that the plaintiff has not stated a claim against the Mayor in
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his personal capacity because the allegations in the complaint fail to establish the Mayor’s
personal involvement in the alleged wrongdoing, see Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 256
(D.C. Cir. 1992), and the official-capacity claim is, in effect, against the District of Columbia,
Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985). In addition, the defendants rightly assert that the
complaint against the MPD should be dismissed because the MPD is not an entity that may be
sued separately from the District of Columbia. See Hinton v. Metro. Police Dep’t, Fifth Dist.,
726 F. Supp. 875 (D.D.C. 1989).2
C. The Defendants are Entitled to Judgment on the Federal Claim
To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must allege the deprivation of
"rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws" by a person acting under
color of state, territorial or District of Columbia law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. A municipality may be
liable as a person under § 1983 but only if the alleged wrongdoing resulted from an
unconstitutional policy, practice or custom promulgated or sanctioned by the municipality. See
Atchinson v. Dist. of Columbia, 73 F.3d 418, 420 (D.C. Cir. 1996). To determine municipal
liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the district court must conduct a two-step inquiry. Baker v.
Dist. of Columbia, 326 F.3d 1302, 1306 (D.C. Cir. 2003). First, the court determines whether the
plaintiff establishes a predicate constitutional or statutory violation. Id.; see also Hoai v. Vo, 935
F.2d 308, 312 (D.C. Cir. 1991). If so, the court then determines whether the complaint states a
claim that a custom or policy of the municipality caused the violation. Id.; Monell v. Dep't of
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The defendant also argues that the plaintiff’s false arrest claim is barred by the District’s one-
year statute of limitations, but it is unclear from the record whether the plaintiff has remained
incarcerated since his arrest. If so, the statute of limitations is tolled. See D.C. Code § 12-
302(a)(3) (tolling the limitations period if a claimant is disabled by, inter alia, imprisonment).
Because the case can be resolved on other grounds, the court will not prolong the proceedings by
seeking additional information to address this argument.
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Soc. Servs. of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
The plaintiff’s claim fails on the first requirement. Other than a passing reference to due
process, the plaintiff has not stated any facts in the amended complaint that support a
constitutional violation. This omission is reason enough to dismiss the § 1983 claim. Bowman
v. Dist. of Columbia, 477 F. Supp.2d 217, 221 (D.D.C. 2007). In any event, the police report
prepared on the date of the arrest states that the plaintiff was arrested after an “NCIC check
[revealed] the defendant had an outstanding warrant in Richmond, Virginia.” Def.’s Ex. A at 2
(listing warrant number). The plaintiff disputes the existence of a warrant, but he has not
produced any evidence questioning the validity of the contemporaneously prepared police report
or the officer’s good-faith reliance on the “national law enforcement database known as the
National Crime Information Center (NCIC).” Valdes v. U.S., 475 F.3d 1319, 1334 (D.C. Cir.
2007). Nor has the plaintiff claimed that the warrant flagged by NCIC was invalidated by the
issuing court or that he was the victim of mistaken identity.
The defendant’s evidence of a presumptively valid arrest, then, belies any claim of
constitutional dimension against the arresting officer or “the official charged with maintaining
custody of the accused named in the warrant.” Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 146 (1979); see
id. at 146 (stating, “[w]hatever claims this situation [arrest and eight-day detention] might give
rise to under state tort law, we think it gives rise to no claim under the United States
Constitution”); Harper v. McDonald, 679 F.2d 955, 959 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (noting that “[t]he key
factor in the Court’s decision in Baker was that respondent had been arrested pursuant to a
facially valid warrant”). Even if “the defendants never produced the alleged warrant” at the
police precinct, Compl. ¶ 4, this fact alone does not negate the evidence establishing the officer’s
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probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. In the absence of any evidence of a constitutional violation
stemming from the plaintiff’s arrest, the court concludes that the plaintiff has failed to state a §
1983 claim and, thus, grants summary judgment to the movant on the federal claim. See Baker,
443 U.S. at 146 (holding that “[s]ection 1983 imposes liability for violations of rights protected
by the Constitution, not for violations of duties of care arising out of tort law[, which] must be
sought in state court under traditional tort-law principles”).
D. The Plaintiff Failed to Comply With the District’s Statutory Notice Requirement
The District of Columbia asserts that the common law claims should be dismissed
because the plaintiff failed to provide proper notice of a claim pursuant to D.C. Code § 12-309.
Under that provision:
An action may not be maintained against the District of Columbia for unliquidated
damages to person or property unless, within six months after the injury or damage
was sustained, the claimant, his agent, or attorney has given notice in writing to the
Mayor of the District of Columbia of the approximate time, place, cause, and
circumstances of the injury or damage. A report in writing by the Metropolitan Police
Department, in regular course of duty, is a sufficient notice under this section.
D.C. Code § 12-309.
To bring tort claims against the District of Columbia, a plaintiff must provide written
notice (of the approximate time, place, cause and circumstances of the injury or damage) to the
Mayor of the District of Columbia within six months of sustaining the injury or damage. Dist. of
Columbia v. Campbell, 580 A.2d 1295 , 1298 (D.C. 1990) (holding that the plaintiff did not meet
the D.C. Code § 12-309 notice requirement with regard to claims, including negligence, against
the District of Columbia); Shehyn v. Dist. of Columbia, 392 A.2d 1008, 1013-14 (D.C. 1978)
(noting that § 12-309 applies to claims arising out of tortious conduct of employees of the
District). Compliance with the timely notification requirement of § 12-309 is strictly applied.
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Dist. of Columbia v. Dunmore, 662 A.2d 1356 (D.C. 1995) (stating that § 12-309 is construed
narrowly against claimants and compliance with its terms is “mandatory as a prerequisite to filing
suit against the District”) (internal citation omitted).
The plaintiff has not countered the District’s evidence that it received no such notice from
him with regard to his arrest on December 11, 2005, Def.’s Ex. B, Aff. of Robert Carter ¶ 3, and
his reliance on the police arrest report, Pl.’s Opp’n at 3, is misplaced. Section 12-309 is intended
to “provide an early warning to District of Columbia officials regarding litigation likely to occur
in the future.” Pitts v. Dist. of Columbia, 391 A.2d 803, 807 (D.C. 1978). “[A] police report of
an arrest is presumptively devoid of any notice of a potential claim of injury or damage from false
arrest, assault and battery, or negligence.” Allen v. Dist. of Columbia, 533 A.2d 1259, 1263 (D.C.
1987); see Pitts, 391 A.2d at 808 (noting cases that have “held that a police arrest report is not
notice to the District of a possible False arrest”) (citations omitted). The police arrest report
shows that the plaintiff was arrested on an outstanding warrant from Virginia. Def.’s Ex. A.
Because the report suggests a lawful arrest, it cannot reasonably serve as sufficient notice of an
“injury or damage.” D.C. Code § 12-309; see Jenkins v. Dist. of Columbia, 379 A.2d 1177, 1178
(D.C. 1977) (report must “actually notify the District of Columbia of the injury claimed”) (citation
omitted). “[N]otice is fatally defective if[, as here,] one or more of the statutory elements is
lacking.” Boone v. Dist. of Columbia, 294 F. Supp. 1156, 1157 (D.D.C. 1968). For these reasons,
the plaintiff cannot maintain the common law claims against the District.
E. The Remainder of the Complaint is Dismissed Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A
The PLRA requires the court to screen and dismiss “as soon as practicable” a prisoner’s
complaint that fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A (a)-
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(b)(1). In view of the determination that the plaintiff has not stated a federal claim, the court
declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any common law claims against the unserved
individually named defendants.3
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court therefore grants the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment and dismisses the complaint in its entirety. An Order consistent with this Memorandum
Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 12th day of May 2009.
RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge
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Presumably plaintiff may seek redress of such claims in the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia.
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