UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
ALABAMA EDUCATION ASS’N, et al., )
DELAWARE FEDERATION OF )
TEACHERS, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 03-253 (RMC)
) Civil Action No. 03-682 (RMC)
)
ELAINE L. CHAO, Secretary, U.S. )
Department of Labor, in her official )
capacity, )
)
Defendant, )
)
(Consolidated Cases) )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On March 31, 2005, this Court held that an organization that represents or is
comprised entirely of public-sector employees, but that is subordinate to an entity that also represents
private-sector employees, is not a “labor union” as that term is understood under the Labor-
Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, 29 U.S.C. § 401 et seq. (“LMRDA”), because
such an interpretation “would slip the LMRDA loose from its moorings in the private sector and be
contrary to the plain meaning of the statute, its legislative history, and the congressional purpose
behind the law.” Ala. Educ. Ass’n v. Chao, No. 03-0253 & 03-0682, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5662,
at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2005) [Dkt. # 35]. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
concluded that although the Plaintiff state education associations (“SEAs”) and state federations of
teachers (“SFTs”) “well may have the better reading of the statute,” the Department of Labor’s
interpretation of the LMRDA is “by no means an impermissible one,” and may therefore be entitled
to Chevron1 deference. Ala. Educ. Ass’n v. Chao, 455 F.3d 386, 395 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The D.C.
Circuit further held, however, that “[a]lthough the Department’s revised reading of the LMRDA is
otherwise entitled to Chevron deference, the Department has failed to supply a reasoned analysis
supporting its change of position.” Id. at 397. When an agency adopts a materially changed
interpretation of a statute, the agency must provide a reasoned analysis for its change of position in
order for its new interpretation to be accorded Chevron deference by the courts. Id. at 392. The
Court of Appeals therefore remanded the rule to the Department “for a reasoned explanation of” the
Department’s changed interpretation of the statute, and remanded the case to this Court to determine
in the first instance whether the Department’s explanation is reasoned. Id. at 397.
Determining that, on remand, it was tasked to decide the limited question of whether
the Secretary of Labor “presents a reasoned analysis for her choice between two permissible
interpretations of a statutory ambiguity,” this Court granted the Department’s Second Motions for
Summary Judgment on March 27, 2008, concluding that the Secretary did provide a reasoned, after-
the-fact explanation for her changed interpretation. See Ala. Educ. Ass’n v. Chao, 539 F. Supp. 2d
378, 379 (D.D.C. 2008) [Dkt. ## 54 & 55]. The SEAs and SFTs have filed motions for
reconsideration, arguing that the Court’s Opinion misconstrued the threshold issue remanded by the
Court of Appeals, and were the Court to frame the issue as Plaintiffs have suggested, Plaintiffs
would be entitled to summary judgment. See Pl. State Educ. Ass’ns’ Mot. for Recons. [Dkt. # 56]
& Pls. Del. Fed’n of Teachers Mot. for Recons. [Dkt. # 57]. The Court concludes that it properly
framed the question presented to it on remand, and therefore will not reconsider the Plaintiffs’
arguments that were already presented and considered in their cross motions for summary judgment.
1
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
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Separately, the SEAs argue that the Court erred by not ruling on the question left open
by the Court of Appeals: “whether ‘associations of individual employees rather than associations of
labor unions . . . are “conference[s], general committee[s], joint or system board[s], or joint
council[s]” ’ under 29 U.S.C. § 402(i).” Mem. in Supp. of Pl. State Educ. Ass’ns’ Mot. for Recons.
(“Pl. SEAs’ Mem.”) at 2 (quoting Ala. Educ. Ass’n, 355 F.3d at 397 n.*). The Court clarifies its
ruling on this point but concludes that an association of individual employees constitutes a “labor
organization” under 29 U.S.C. § 402(i). Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ motions for reconsideration will
be denied.
I. LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 59(e) provides that “[a]ny motion to alter or amend a judgment shall be filed no
later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) (emphasis added). “A Rule
59(e) motion is discretionary and need not be granted unless the district court finds that there is an
intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear
error or prevent manifest injustice.” Fox v. Am. Airlines Inc., 389 F.3d 1291, 1296 (D.C. Cir. 2004)
(quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). A Rule 59(e) motion is not
“simply an opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled.” New
York v. United States, 880 F. Supp. 37, 38 (D.D.C. 1995). Nor is it an avenue for a “losing party .
. . to raise new issues that could have been raised previously.” Kattan v. Dist. of Columbia, 995 F.2d
274, 276 (D.C. Cir. 1993).
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff SEAs and SFTs argue that reconsideration of the Court’s Opinion and Order
granting summary judgment to the Secretary is necessary to “prevent manifest injustice.” See Pl.
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SEAs’ Mem. at 3. The SEAs request that the Court “address arguments made by the SEAs that the
Court may have overlooked in framing and disposing of the threshold issue presented on remand
from the Court of Appeals.” Id. The SFTs join in this request. See Mem. in Support of Pls. Del.
Fed’n of Teachers Mot. for Recons. (“Pl. SFTs’ Mem.”) at 4. The SEAs raise an additional
argument that the Court did not “rule on a discrete and potentially dispositive issue unique to the
SEAs that was timely raised by the SEAs in their summary judgment papers but not addressed by
this Court in its Memorandum Opinion.” Pl. SEAs’ Mem. at 3.
A. Whether the Court Properly Framed the Issue on Remand
The SEAs and SFTs argue that the Court was led astray by the Department from the
true “threshold issue” on remand from the D.C. Circuit. Their argument is summarized in the
following two sentences:
[t]he threshold question on remand from the Court of Appeals is not—as the
DOL urged based on a misstatement of the Court of Appeals’ holding, and
as this Court then assumed for purposes of its analysis—whether the DOL
on remand made a rational “policy choice” in favor of a changed
interpretation of § 3(j)(5) that the Court of Appeals had already determined
is a “reasonable resolution” of the ambiguity in § 3(j)(5). Rather, the
threshold question on remand is whether—taking full account of the new
explanation tendered by the DOL on remand for its changed interpretation,
and using “traditional tools of statutory interpretation” to evaluate the legal
sufficiency of the new explanation . . .—the DOL’s changed interpretation
is a “reasonable resolution” of the ambiguity in § 3(j)(5) that is entitled to
judicial deference under Chevron.
Pl. SEAs’ Reply [Dkt. # 59] at 7-8 (emphasis in original).
The Court finds no support for Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the D.C. Circuit’s decision.
Indeed, the D.C. Circuit’s mandate to this Court was unambiguous. After determining in a clearly
contained section of its opinion entitled “Chevron Step One” that Section 3(j)(5) is ambiguous, the
Court of Appeals “proceed[ed] to . . . Chevron Step Two.” See Ala. Educ. Ass’n, 455 F.3d at 393-95.
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In its Chevron Step Two analysis, the Court of Appeals held that “the Department’s position . . . is,
from a purely grammatical standpoint, by no means an impermissible one. And we have made clear
that ‘[a]n agency’s interpretation of a statute is entitled to no less deference . . . simply because it has
changed over time.’” Id. at 396 (quoting Nat’l Home Equity Mortgage Ass’n v. Office of Thrift
Supervision, 373 F.3d 1355, 1360 (D.C. Cir. 2004)) (alterations in original). The Court of Appeals
further stated that the “question raised by the change is whether the Department has supported its
new reading of § 3(j)(5) with a ‘reasoned analysis’ sufficient to command our deference under
Chevron.” Ala. Educ. Ass’n, 455 F.3d at 396. It concluded that the Department had failed to do so.
Id. at 397. The Court of Appeals summed up its Chevron Step Two analysis by stating that “we
cannot say the Department’s interpretation of § 3(j)(5) is impermissible, but neither can we say its
decision to revise its reading of the [LMRDA] is supported by a reasoned analysis.” Id. In its
conclusion, the Court of Appeals remanded “‘[the rule] to the Department . . . for a reasoned
explanation of that change.’” Id. (quoting AFL-CIO v. Brock, 835 F.2d 912, 920 (D.C. Cir. 1987))
(alterations in original). The Court of Appeals’ directive to this Court was clear and unambiguous;
after agency remand, the Court was to determine whether the Secretary presented a reasoned analysis
for her changed interpretation of the statute. See Ala. Educ. Ass’n, 455 F.3d at 397. Plaintiffs’
argument that this Court was misled by the Department to frame the issue on remand more narrowly
than the Court of Appeals intended is without merit. The Court will therefore deny SEAs’ and SFTs’
motions for reconsideration.
B. Whether Associations of Individual Employees are “Labor Unions”
under the Second Clause of § 3(i) and § 3(j)(5) of the LMRDA
The D.C. Circuit left open the question “whether ‘associations of individual
employees rather than associations of labor unions . . . are “conference[s], general committee[s],
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joint or system board[s], or joint council[s]” ’ under 29 U.S.C. § 402(i),” and thus “labor
organizations” for purposes of the LMRDA. Ala. Educ. Ass’n, 355 F.3d at 397 n.*. This Court
stated in a footnote in its Memorandum Opinion filed on March 27, 2008 that it “agrees with the
Secretary” that the list provided in the Second Clause of Section 3(j)(5) and Section 3(i) of the
LMRDA is “[only] illustrative” of the types of organizations that can constitute a subordinate labor
organization or “intermediate body” under the LMRDA. Mar. 27, 2008 Mem. Op. at 3 n.3 [Dkt. #
54]. The SEAs argue that this footnote did not decide the precise issue left open by the D.C. Circuit.
Pl. SEAs’ Mem. at 4. With respect to that issue, the SEAs argued in their second motion for
summary judgment [Dkt. # 42] that they “fall outside the LMRDA’s coverage even under the
[Department’s] changed statutory interpretation, because as associations of individual employees
rather than associations of labor unions, the SEAs are not ‘conference[s], general committee[s], joint
or system board[s], or joint council[s]’ under the Second Clause of § 3(i) and § 3(j)(5).” Mem. in
Supp. of Pl. SEAs’ Second Mot. for Summ. J. at 25. [Dkt. # 42].
Section 3(j)(5) of the LMRDA lists the types of organizations which, if subordinate
to a national or international labor organization, can constitute a “labor organization.” See 29 U.S.C.
§ 402; see also 29 C.F.R. § 451.4(f). The Court already has accepted the Department’s interpretation
that the intermediate bodies listed in Section 3(j)(5) – “conference, general committee, joint or
system board, or joint council” – are “included in the [LMRDA] as words of illustration, not of
limitation.” See Mar. 27, 2008 Mem. Op. at 3 n.3. The text of the statute, however, does not address
whether an intermediate body composed solely of employees fits within that illustrative list. The text
is therefore ambiguous as to the scope of bodies covered by Section 3. Similarly, the legislative
histories of the Second Clause of Section 3(i) and Section 3(j)(5) are far from clear.
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In their Minority Report regarding the Senate version of the bill that ultimately
became the LMRDA, S. 1555, Senators Goldwater and Dirksen protested that “some of the worst
manifestations of corruption and racketeering in the labor movement were to be found in
organizations which are associations of labor unions rather than of individual employees, such as
conferences, joint boards, state and district labor counsels, etc.” See S. Rep. No. 187 on S. 1555 as
reported, reprinted in Legislative History of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
of 1959, Vol. I, at 497-98 (U.S. Gov’t Printing Office 1959). Senator Goldwater further remarked
on the Senate floor that the committee bill did not cover these organizations because it
defines a “labor organization” as one in which employees participate and
which exists in whole or in part for the purposes of engaging in collective
bargaining. Obviously, since a conference or joint board is not made up of
employees and does not engage in collective bargaining, it is not a labor
organization within the meaning of the committee bill.
Apr. 23, 1959 Cong. Rec., reprinted in Legislative History of the Labor-Management Reporting and
Dislosure Act of 1959, Vol. II, at 1121.
The SEAs argue that Senator Goldwater’s statements “leave no doubt that his sole
concern was that absent an appropriate amendment to the Senate committee bill, private sector
‘associations of labor unions’ . . . would escape LMRDA coverage.” Mem. in Supp. of Pl. SEAs’
Second Mot. for Summ. J. at 24. In their view, the Second Clause of Sections 3(i) and 3(j)(5) did
not address or concern associations of employees. Moreover, the SEAs contend that the Department
erroneously interprets the phrase “conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint
council” in the Second Clause of Sections 3(i) and 3(j)(5) as if it were synonymous with the phrase
“intermediate labor body.” Id. at 25. They assert that the Department offers no explanation why
these terms are synonymous, and they further argue that because Congress was familiar with the term
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“intermediate bodies,” as evidenced by Section 401(d) of Title IV of the LMRDA, 29 U.S.C. §
481(d) (“Section 401(d)”), its use of the “more limited phrase ‘conference, general committee, joint
or system board, or joint council’ in the Second Clause of § 3(i) and § 3(j)(5) buttresses the
conclusion that Congress was not referring to intermediate bodies generally in those definitional
provisions, but only to [a] subgroup of intermediate bodies.” Mem. in Supp. of Pl. SEA’s Second
Mot. for Summ. J. at 27.
The SEAs do not dispute that an “intermediate body” may be composed of individual
or organizational members, or both. See Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Second Mot. for Summ. J. at 17
n.8 [Dkt. # 43] (“The SEAs acknowledge that they are ‘intermediate bodies’ because they are
‘second-tier labor organization[s] in a three-tier union structure.’”). The question, therefore, is
whether the illustrative lists in Sections 3(i) and 3(j)(5) were meant to include all “intermediate
bodies” that are subordinate to a national or international labor organization, including associations
of individual employees, or whether the phrase is confined to associations of labor unions. The
Department notes that its interpretation in 29 C.F.R. § 451.4(f) that the list of labor organizations
in the Second Clause of Section 3(i) are “words of illustration, not of limitation,” is derived from
Section 401(d) which refers to “intermediate bodies, such as general committees, system boards,
joint boards, or joint councils.” See 29 U.S.C. § 481(d) (emphasis added). Because the
Department’s interpretation that the lists in Sections 3(i) and 3(j)(5) are merely illustrative and not
limiting is derived from Section 401(d), which employs nearly identical language, the Department’s
interpretation is a reasonable effort to provide a cohesive view of the LMRDA.
Furthermore, Senator Goldwater’s emphasis on “associations of labor unions”
notwithstanding, on the day that the LMRDA was enacted, he explained that the Second Clause of
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Section 3(i) was necessary because “[f]ailure to include such an amendment would have meant that
these so-called intermediate labor bodies would have been exempted from the bill’s many
restrictions, requirements, and sanctions designed to achieve the minimum of necessary reform in
labor unions.” Statement of Senator Goldwater, 105 Cong. Rec. 19,757 (1959) (emphasis added).
This statement arguably supports the conclusion that the amendment was meant to include all
“intermediate labor bodies” or “intermediate bodies,” and not just associations of unions.
In conformity with the Department’s view that the definitional sections of the
LMRDA should be read “to include all labor organizations of any kind other than those clearly
shown to be outside the scope of the LMRDA,” 29 C.F.R. § 451.2, the Department has construed
“conference[s], general committee[s], joint or system board[s], [and] joint council[s]” to be
illustrative of intermediate bodies generally. See 29 C.F.R. § 451.4(f). And because the LMRDA
contemplates that an “intermediate body” may be composed of individual or organizational
members, or both, see 29 U.S.C. § 481; see also 29 C.F.R. § 451.3(b), under the Department’s
permissible interpretation of the statute, “associations of individual employees,” such as the SEAs,
constitute “intermediate bodies” and consequently, “labor organizations,” for purposes of the
LMRDA. The SEAs are therefore subject to the requirements of the LMRDA.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff SFTs and SEAs motions for reconsideration [Dkt.
## 56 & 57] will be denied. A memorializing order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: February 4, 2009 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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