IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
November 19, 2013 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WALTER FRANCIS FITZPATRICK, III
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Monroe County
No. 12108-CRM Walter C. Kurtz, Judge
No. E2013-00456-CCA-R3-CD - Filed April 11, 2014
Appellant, Walter Francis Fitzpatrick, III, was indicted by the Monroe County Grand Jury
for one count of tampering with government records. After a jury trial, Appellant was
convicted as charged and sentenced to eleven months and twenty-nine days with twenty days
to serve in incarceration and the remainder to be served on probation. Appellant appeals his
conviction. He argues that his indictment was faulty because the grand jury foreperson was
not eligible to serve; that the trial court erred in ruling that Appellant could not testify
regarding his proposed defense of necessity; and that the trial court erred in denying
Appellant’s request for a jury instruction on the defense of necessity. After a thorough
review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Trial Court are Affirmed.
J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, S P.
J., and D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., joined.
Van R. Irion, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Walter Francis Firzpatrick, III.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Kyle Hixson, Assistant Attorney
General; Steven Bebb, District Attorney General; and Paul D. Rush, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual Background
Appellant began his contentious relationship with the Monroe County court system
in 2009. In that year, Appellant sought an indictment against President Barack Obama for
treason. He was given the proper paperwork by Martha M. Cook, the Monroe County Circuit
Clerk. Appellant appeared in front of the Monroe County Grand Jury, but the grand jury
chose not to indict President Obama.
After the failure to obtain an indictment, Appellant began to aggressively investigate
the jury selection process in Monroe County. He would visit the Circuit Court Clerk’s
Office once or twice a month and request jury selection records. Appellant recorded his
conversations with Ms. Cook on these occasions. His relationship with Ms. Cook became
contentious because he did not always get the answers he wanted.
On December 7, 2011, Appellant sat in the courtroom while the petit and grand juries
were being impaneled. The clerk’s office had sent personal information sheets to the
potential jurors. The jurors had been instructed to bring the sheets with them. Appellant
asked one of the jurors, James D. Kirk, to see the personal information sheet. He gave
Appellant the form, and Appellant took notes on the questions included on the forms.
The information forms were collected and given to the trial judge. The judge
proceeded to pick two, eighteen-juror panels for the grand jury. Ms. Cook gave the sheets
to Renay Ezell, a deputy clerk. The grand jurors were taken to the chancery courtroom.
Appellant accompanied them. Ms. Ezell placed the information forms and packets of
information for the jurors on a table in the courtroom.
The judge subsequently asked the jurors to return to a courtroom upstairs. When
Appellant tried to go upstairs with the jurors, he was stopped by an officer. Appellant
returned to the chancery courtroom. He saw the juror information forms laying on the table.
He walked up to the table, took the forms and left. His actions were captured on the security
camera in the courtroom.
Ms. Ezell returned to the courtroom and realized that the forms were missing. She
was very concerned because the documents that had been taken were the original documents
and without them she did not know who had been selected for the grand jury. She reported
the missing documents to Ms. Cook, and Ms. Cook asked to see the surveillance footage.
She readily identified Appellant as the individual who took the documents.
Ms. Cook called Appellant regarding the missing documents. However, she was
unsuccessful. Officers with the Monroe County Sheriff’s Department went to Appellant’s
house to no avail. They left a note asking Appellant to return the documents. On December
7, 2011, Appellant’s landlord saw Appellant walking in a snow-covered field behind her
house. She asked why he was walking in the snowy field, and he responded that the police
were nearby and most likely looking for him. He told her that he had something that
belonged to them.
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Later that day, officers obtained both search and arrest warrants. They searched
Appellant’s home in an attempt to locate the missing documents. The search did not result
in the discovery of the documents, but officers did recover Appellant’s handwritten notes
from the day he spent at court.
Detective Conway Mason with the Monroe County Sheriff’s Department was involved
in the investigation of the case. He discovered the missing documents posted on a
government-conspiracy website known as “Post and Email.” The website is run by Sharon
Rondeau who resides in Connecticut. With the help of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(“FBI”), the Monroe County Sheriff’s Office obtained two United States Postal Service
envelopes mailed to Ms. Rondeau from Appellant. The two envelopes contained the jury
information sheets and the jury selection pamphlets taken by Appellant.
Appellant testified at trial. He admitted that he took the documents in question. He
agreed that the courtroom was empty when he did so. He also stated that he did not think it
was illegal for him to take the documents.
The Monroe County Grand Jury indicted Appellant for tampering with governmental
records pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-16-504. On December 3, 2012,
a jury found Appellant guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced Appellant to eleven
months and twenty-nine days. His sentence was suspended after the service of twenty days
with the remainder to be served on probation. Appellant appeals his conviction.
ANALYSIS
Appellant’s Motion to Dismiss
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his request to dismiss his
indictment because the grand jury foreperson had “illegally served on successive grand
juries.”
Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion in which he alleged that his indictment was
“counterfeit” because the grand jury foreperson had served a jury in the previous calendar
year, 2011. The trial court heard this motion on June 28, 2012, and made the following
findings in a written order:
Defendant asserts that the grand jury foreperson has illegally served on
successive grand juries. Tennessee law, however, is clear that a foreperson
may serve on successive grand juries and is not limited to one term. See
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Nelson v. State, 499 S.W.2d 956, 956 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972) and Thompson
v. State, 2005 WL 2546913, *25 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005). See also Raybin,
Tennessee Criminal Practice & Procedure, § 9.8 (2008) (selection of grand
jury foreperson).
Furthermore, the trial court held another hearing on October 3, 2012, and reconsidered
Appellant’s motion to dismiss. The trial court stated in its written order that it was relying
upon its “reasons stated orally by the Court” to deny Appellant’s motions.
Appellant failed to include transcripts of the hearings in which the trial court heard
evidence and arguments in order to determine this issue. Furthermore, in the trial court’s
second order, the trial court referenced its oral findings stated in the hearing culminating in
the denial of Appellant’s motion.
Pursuant to the Rules of Appellate Procedure, the Appellant is responsible for
procuring the relevant transcripts and filing them within sixty days of the notice of appeal or
notifying the trial court clerk that no transcript will be filed. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b).
Moreover, the Appellant is responsible for ensuring that a complete and adequate record is
prepared and transmitted on appeal. See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 992 S.W.2d 941, 944 (Tenn.
1999). If an incomplete record is presented to this Court, the Appellant risks waiving issues
raised on appeal. See, e.g., State v. Cindy L. Holder, No. E2000-01191-CCA-R3-CD, 2003
WL 367244 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Feb. 21, 2003); State v. Roger Stephen Riner, No.
M2009-00579-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 3719168, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville,
Sept. 23, 2010), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb. 17, 2011). For this reason, this issue is
waived. Moreover, it appears from the limited record before us that the trial court’s denial
of the motion to dismiss was correct under the law.
Necessity Defense
Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to testify
regarding his intended defense of necessity and erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the
defense of necessity.
Trial Court’s Refusal to Allow Testimony
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying him permission to testify at
trial that: (1) “an FBI agent had instructed [Appellant] to obtain tangible evidence like the
documents that the defendant was accused of unlawfully removing”; (2) “the documents
at issue were evidence of illegal jury selection practices by the Monroe County Criminal
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Court”; and (3) “he believed that the documents at issue would have been destroyed if he
had not removed them.” He argues that he “was completely prohibited from discussing
any of the facts that would have supported his defense of necessity.”
The Tennessee Rules of Evidence embody, and our courts traditionally have
acknowledged, “a policy of liberality in the admission of evidence in both civil and criminal
cases . . . .” State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978); see also State v. Robinson,
930 S.W.2d 78, 84 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). To be admissible, evidence must satisfy the
threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Rule 401 of the Tennessee Rules of
Evidence. See, e.g., Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as
being “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. However, relevant “evidence may be excluded if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Tenn.
R. Evid. 403; see also Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.
Generally, the admission of evidence is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court,
and the trial court’s decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.
State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 116 (Tenn. 2008). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the
trial court applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a conclusion that is ‘illogical or
unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party complaining.’” State v. Dotson, 254
S.W.3d 378, 392 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006)).
At trial, out of the hearing of the jury, Appellant made an offer of proof as to what
Appellant would testify regarding his proposed necessity defense. The trial court made the
following ruling:
The State’s objection is sustained. This is not a description of defense of
necessity or justification. The defense of necessity justification does not turn
vigilantes loose to patrol the jury selection process.
And, yes, there are sometimes mistakes made in the jury selection
process, i.e., racial discrimination, perhaps favoritism and the like, and our
appellate decisions are full of decisions that either – that – that deal with those
issues.
The defense of necessity doesn’t allow somebody to purloin an official
government record. So this objection is sustained.
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Now, [Appellant] can certainly testify that he was interested in the
process of jury selection. He was concerned about it, and that’s why – what
peaked his interest to – to be there. But that’s as far as he can go.
The defense of necessity is available when:
(1) the person reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary to
avoid imminent harm; and
(2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh,
according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be
prevented by the law proscribing the conduct.
T.C.A. § 39-11-609.
The Sentencing Commission Comments to the section also state the following:
This section codifies the common law defense of necessity. It excuses the
criminal liability in those situations where criminal activity is an objectively
reasonable response to an extreme situation. For example, the necessity
defense would bar a trespass conviction for a hiker, stranded in a snowstorm,
who spends the night in a vacant cabin rather than risking death sleeping in the
open.
The defense is limited to situations: (1) where the defendant acts upon a
reasonable belief that the action is necessary to avoid harm; and (2) where the
harm sought to be avoided is clearly greater than the harm caused by the
criminal act.
T.C.A. § 39-11-609, Sent. Comm’n Cmts.
Under this section, conduct which would ordinarily be criminal is justified if the
accused reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary to avoid imminent harm. Put
differently, the defense of necessity excuses criminal liability in those exceedingly rare
situations where criminal activity is an objectively reasonable response to an extreme
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situation. T.C.A. § 39-11-609, Sent. Comm’n Cmts. This Court has provided examples of
exceedingly rare situations where a necessity defense is applicable, including a ship violating
an embargo law to avoid a storm and a pharmacist providing medication without a
prescription to alleviate someone’s suffering during an emergency. State v. Davenport, 973
S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing 11 David Raybin, Tennessee Practice §
28.118 (1985 & Supp. 1997)). To be entitled to the defense of necessity, Appellant must
show an immediately necessary action, justifiable because of an imminent threat, where the
action is the only means to avoid the harm. State v. Green, 915 S.W.2d 827, 832 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995).
In State v. Green, 995 S.W.2d 591 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998), perm. app. denied,
(Tenn. Apr. 12, 1999), this Court examined the difference between the defenses of duress
and necessity. This analysis is illuminating in terms of the issue in this case. In Green, this
Court stated the following and quoted the United States Supreme Court in its analysis:
As is apparent from the above-quoted jury instruction and statutory
section, the defenses of duress and necessity are similar both in form and in the
policy supporting the availability of both defenses. Given that the sentencing
commission comments to the statutory section defining the defense of
necessity point out that the section codifies common law, we believe we can
look to a common law distinction between the two defenses to aid our
resolution of this issue.
Common law historically distinguished between the defenses of
duress and necessity. Duress was said to excuse criminal
conduct where the actor was under an unlawful threat of
imminent death or serious bodily injury, which threat caused the
actor to engage in conduct violating the literal terms of the
criminal law. While the defense of duress covered the situation
where the coercion had its source in the actions of other human
beings, the defense of necessity, or choice of evils, traditionally
covered the situation where physical forces beyond the actor’s
control rendered illegal conduct the lesser of two evils. Thus,
where A destroyed a dike because B threatened to kill him if he
did not, A would argue that he acted under duress, whereas if A
destroyed the dike in order to protect more valuable property
from flooding, A could claim a defense of necessity.
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United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 409-10, 100 S. Ct. 624, 634, 62 L. Ed.2d
575 (1980).
Green, 995 S.W.2d at 606.
Therefore, it appears that necessity usually involves a situation created not by humans but by
physical forces.
Based upon both the statutory and common law on the defense of necessity, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the State’s objection
regarding Appellant’s proffered testimony. Appellant argued in the trial court that his taking
of the documents was a necessity because he was told by an FBI agent to get tangible
evidence and because he thought the documents would be destroyed. However, as set out
above, the defense of necessity has been used in situations where there is a lesser of two evils
situation created by some sort of natural force or condition. That situation was clearly not
present in the facts at hand.
Therefore, this issue is without merit.
Trial Court’s Refusal to Instruct Jury on Necessity
Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in denying his request for the jury
instruction of necessity.
A trial court has a “duty to give a complete charge of the law applicable to the facts
of the case.” State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn. 1992). Anything short of a complete
charge denies a defendant his constitutional right to trial by a jury. State v. McAfee, 737
S.W.2d 304, 308 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). However, Tennessee law does not mandate that
any particular jury instructions be given so long as the trial court gives a complete charge on
the applicable law. See State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 151 (Tenn. 1992). A charge is
prejudicial error “if it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or if it misleads the jury as to the
applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn. 1997) (citing State v. Forbes,
918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); Graham v. State, 547 S.W.2d 531 (Tenn.
1977)). In determining whether jury instructions are erroneous, this Court must review the
charge in its entirety and invalidate the charge only if, when read as a whole, it fails to fairly
submit the legal issues or misleads the jury as to the applicable law. State v. Vann, 976
S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998). Furthermore:
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The question of whether the facts in a criminal case require the jury to
be instructed regarding a particular defense is a mixed question of law and
fact. We review these questions de novo, with no presumption of correctness.
See State v. Rogers, 188 S.W.3d 593, 628-29 (Tenn. 2006); State v. Thacker,
No. E2011-02401-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4078440, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Sept. 18, 2012) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed). Errors in jury
instructions are generally subject to a “harmless error” analysis. State v.
Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101, 104-05 (Tenn. 1998). However, when the jury
instructions mislead the jury as to the applicable law or fail to “fairly submit”
the relevant legal issues, such as available defenses, we hold such deficiencies
to be prejudicial error. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998).
State v. Hawkins, 406 S.W.3d 121, 128 (Tenn. 2013).
Self-defense, necessity and mistake of fact are not affirmative defenses. They are
merely defenses; if the evidence fairly raises a defense, the trial court must submit the
defense to the jury. If the jury is instructed on the defense of necessity, the State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defense does not apply, or the jury must acquit. T.C.A.
§§ 39-11-203, -502, -609, -611; State v. Bult, 989 S.W.2d 730, 733 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998);
State v. Culp, 900 S.W.2d 707, 710 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. McPherson, 882
S.W.2d 365, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).
Our supreme court recently stated the following:
The quantum of proof necessary to fairly raise a general defense is less than
that required to establish a proposition by a preponderance of the evidence. To
determine whether a general defense has been fairly raised by the proof, a
court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant
and draw all reasonable inferences in the defendant’s favor. Whenever
admissible evidence fairly raises a general defense, the trial court is required
to submit the general defense to the jury. From that point, the burden shifts to
the prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defense does not
apply. State v. Bledsoe, 226 S.W.3d at 355.
Hawkins, 406 S.W.3d at 129.
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We concluded above that Appellant’s proffered evidence was properly excluded by
the trial court. When taking the evidence in a light most favorable to Appellant we conclude
that there is no basis for an instruction of the defense of necessity. There was no evidence
of imminent harm that was prevented by the taking of the documents in question. Appellant
argues that he was told to bring in tangible evidence by an FBI agent, but he did not present
this agent. Evidence was also presented that the information in the documents would later
be published publicly on-line. We conclude that the trial court did not err.
Therefore, this issue is without merit.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
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