Susan E. Rich v. The City of Chattanooga

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
February 4, 2014 Session

SUSAN E. RICH ET AL. v. THE CITY OF CHATTANOOGA ET AL.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
No. 12-0634 W. Frank Brown, III, Chancellor

No. E2013-00190-COA-R3-CV-FILED-APRIL 17, 2014

This case presents the issue of whether citizens who reside on real property that is proposed
for deannexation by a municipal ordinance may, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §
6-51-201 (2011), properly bring a quo warranto or declaratory judgment action against the
municipality to challenge adoption of the deannexation ordinance. The trial court dismissed
these claims against the municipality, and the plaintiffs have appealed. The plaintiffs have
also taken issue with the propriety of the trial court’s determination regarding who would be
qualified to vote in the referendum election, as well as other procedural and evidentiary
issues. Discerning no error, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Affirmed; Case Remanded

T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. M ICHAEL S WINEY
and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, JJ., joined.

John P. Konvalinka and David C. Higney, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellants, Susan
E. Rich, Janis S. Burger, and Carole Klimesch.

Phillip A. Noblett and Keith J. Reisman, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, City of
Chattanooga.

J. Christopher Clem, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Hamilton County Election
Commission and Commissioners.
 OPINION

I. Factual and Procedural Background

A. The Ordinance and Petition

This action involves an attempt by the City of Chattanooga (“City”) to deannex thirty-
six residential lots, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(b). These lots are
located on Cumberland Road in the Elder Mountain vicinity, which area straddles the county
line dividing Marion and Hamilton Counties. The City had previously annexed this area
pursuant to ordinances adopted by the Chattanooga City Council in 1972 and 1994.

In 2010, Brent Burks, an Elder Mountain resident, filed a complaint seeking to have
his lot deannexed and claiming that the City was charging him real property taxes but not
providing full municipal services. Mr. Burks’s lawsuit was dismissed by the trial court, but
Mr. Burks expressed his desire for deannexation of his property to City Councilman Peter
Murphy in a later communication. The Chattanooga City Council (“City Council”)
subsequently considered an ordinance (“Ordinance”), which sought to not only deannex Mr.
Burks’s property but also proposed to deannex the entire Elder Mountain area, including
those lots belonging to Plaintiffs Susan E. Rich, Janis S. Burger, and Carole Klimesch. All
properties subject to the proposed deannexation were identified in the resolution by tax parcel
number and owner.

On November 20, 2010, a public notice was published in the Chattanooga Times Free
Press and read as follows:

The City Council of the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, will hold a public
hearing in the Assembly Room at City Hall on Tuesday, November 30, 2010
at 6:00 p.m. for the purpose of hearing any person who may be affected by, or
who may otherwise be interested in the proposed de-annexation of certain
properties located on Elder Mountain, previously annexed by the City of
Chattanooga, more specifically described herein below and shown by the map
attached thereto, lying contiguous to the present corporate limits.

The public notice included the list of tax parcel numbers and owners listed in the resolution
and also included a map of all the tax parcels proposed for deannexation as Elder Mountain
properties.

In addition to the newspaper notice, the City Council mailed letters to owners of the
properties proposed for deannexation via certified mail. The letters stated:

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 This letter will serve as notice to you regarding the Elder Mountain de-
annexation. The City Council is considering the de-annexation of several
properties adjacent to Elder Mountain on November 30, 2010, at 6:00 p.m. in
the Assembly Room at City Hall as shown in the attached notice. This matter
will be published in the Chattanooga Times Free Press, but Council members
instructed the City Attorney to send copies of this notice to all affected
property owners by certified mail. If this de-annexation ordinance is passed,
you will no longer receive services from the City of Chattanooga. You should
attend this meeting to discuss any concerns regarding de-annexation that you
may have with the Chattanooga City Council.

On November 30, 2010, the City Council held the noticed hearing concerning the
proposed deannexation of the Elder Mountain properties. After discussion, the Ordinance
was deferred for later vote. On June 28, 2011, the Ordinance was passed on first reading.
Although the Ordinance is facially based on a petition for deannexation labeled Exhibit A,
where “one resident residing on Elder Mountain has filed a petition with the Chattanooga
City Council on November 12, 2010, requesting to be deannexed,” it is undisputed that
Exhibit A never existed and that no such petition was presented.

On July 12, 2011, the Ordinance was read for the second time and was passed by the
City Council. The Ordinance provided that it would:

become operative seventy-five (75) days from and after its passage, pursuant
to T.C.A. § 6-51-201, unless a petition objecting to deannexation signed by ten
percent (10%) of the registered voters residing within the area proposed to be
deannexed is filed with the Clerk of the City Council within seventy-five (75)
days following the final reading of this Ordinance.

On August 25, 2011, Ms. Rich filed petitions objecting to and opposing the
Ordinance, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(b)(3). The petitions, signed
by a sufficient number of Elder Mountain residents to trigger the referendum provisions of
the statute, caused the contraction issue to be placed on the ballot of the August 2, 2012
general election.

B. The Referendum Election

In preparation for the referendum election and in conjunction with the Marion County
Administrator of Elections, the City established a list of voters authorized to vote on the
deannexation issue. Provisions were also made to have the deannexation ballot made
available to those residents eligible to vote on the issue who were registered in Marion

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County. Voting took place in both Marion and Hamilton Counties during the early voting
period as well as the day of the election. During early voting, Ms. Rich was told initially that
she could not vote because she did not appear on the established list, but she was ultimately
allowed to vote.

On election day, the Hamilton County Election Commission (“HCEC”) released a
document entitled “Election Summary Report,” showing a vote against deannexation of 13
to 1. This document only reflected the votes from Hamilton County. The “Statement of
Votes Cast” subsequently created, however, reflected the voting result of 21 to 20 in favor
of deannexation. This document counted the votes from both Hamilton and Marion
Counties. Before the HCEC certified the final results of the referendum election, Ms. Rich
filed a complaint with the Hamilton County Chancery Court on August 15, 2012. Ms. Rich’s
action sought to: (1) bring a quo warranto1 proceeding to challenge the Ordinance and the
deannexation referendum results as constituting an exercise of power not conferred by law;
(2) obtain a declaration regarding the obligations and rights of parties, or, alternatively; (3)
contest the election pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-14-101 et seq. and have the
ordinance declared void. By agreed order, the parties and the court determined that the
election contest claim would be heard separately from the quo warranto and declaratory
judgment claims in order to comply with the statutory directive that an election contest be
tried within fifty days of the filing of the respective complaint. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-17-
106 (2003).

C. The Trial

The election contest phase of trial proceeded in September 2012. The allegations
against the HCEC centered on irregularities in the referendum election procedure regarding
who was allowed to vote. The list of eligible voters was ostensibly determined using a
Geographic Information System (“GIS”) map. At the conclusion of the trial, the quo
warranto and declaratory judgment claims were scheduled for hearing on November 15,
2012.

On November 1, 2012, the court entered an order declaring the August 2012 election
void due to procedural deficiencies and directing that a new election be held. When
determining who would be authorized to vote in the new election, the trial court interpreted
the language of Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(b)(3), which states that if a petition
is filed opposing the ordinance, “a referendum shall be held at the next general election to
ascertain the will of the voters residing in the area that the city proposes to deannex.” The
court stated in its order, inter alia, that this statutory provision should be interpreted to mean

1
Quo warranto is Latin for “by what authority.” BLACK ’S LAW DICTIONARY 1285 (8th ed. 2004).

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that “only those persons who reside on a lot which is wholly or partially to be deannexed and
are registered to vote in either Hamilton or Marion County” should be qualified to vote in
the next election. Pursuant to a motion filed by HCEC, the trial court entered an order on
November 13, 2012, directing that its previous November 1, 2012 order be deemed a final
order as to the issues of the election contest and the persons who were eligible to vote in the
next election. The court specifically found that there was no just reason for delay.

The quo warranto and declaratory judgment phase of the trial was conducted on
December 17 and 20, 2012. On January 4, 2013, the trial court entered an order stating its
findings and conclusions. The trial court noted that during the hearing:

Plaintiffs wanted to pursue their declaratory judgment as to their view that only
persons registered to vote in Chattanooga could vote. [In essence, Plaintiffs
contended that only persons registered to vote in Hamilton County could vote.
Persons registered to vote in Marion County would be excluded.] The
Defendants objected to any evidence on who should or should not vote in the
next contraction election as the court had already finally decided that issue and
the Plaintiffs had filed a Notice of Appeal. Thus, for both reasons, the court
sustained their objections.

Plaintiffs’ counsel was frustrated about this result because the Agreed
Order of October 5, 2012, and the court’s subsequent Memorandum Opinion
and Order filed on November 1, 2012, both mentioned that the declaratory
judgment issues and the quo warranto issues were bifurcated and were to be
tried later. However, in order to decide whether the deannexation referendum
election was valid, the court first had to decide the issue of who was eligible
to vote. Thus, the voter eligibility issue was necessarily decided in the
November 1, 2012 Memorandum Opinion and Order entered after trial
regarding the election contest.

The trial court held that Plaintiffs waived production of any evidence regarding who should
vote in the election that was not presented during the previous trial. The court also noted that
it had already declared the referendum election void and that plaintiffs, in their claim for
declaratory relief, had asked for a “declaration of the rights of the parties as to the validity
of the ordinance and the referendum election.” The court reasoned that any issues regarding
the validity of the ordinance should have been addressed as part of the quo warranto claim.
The court found, however, that the quo warranto claim was untimely, stating that any such
claim would need to be brought within thirty days of the ordinance’s final passage.
Consequently, the trial court dismissed both the declaratory judgment claim and the quo
warranto claim. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

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 II. Issues Presented

The parties present the following issues for our review, which we have restated
slightly:

1. Whether the trial court erred by dismissing Plaintiffs’ quo warranto claim, rendering
moot the issue of which party had the burden of proof at trial on quo warranto claims
in a deannexation matter.

2. Whether the trial court erred by dismissing Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim and
deeming as waived Plaintiffs’ evidence on issues involving the parties’ conduct
relative to an election referendum and voting eligibility.

3. Whether the trial court erred in its determination of qualified voters in the referendum
election.

4. Whether the trial court erred in granting HCEC’s motion to bifurcate and deeming the
decision on the election challenge final.

5. Whether the trial court erred by failing to require in the Ordinance a metes and bounds
description of the municipal boundaries to be deannexed.

6. Whether the trial court erred by accepting into evidence Geographic Information
System data and witnesses’ testimony regarding GIS data.

7. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by assessing forty percent of the court
costs against the Plaintiffs.

III. Standard of Review

We review questions of law, including those of statutory construction, de novo with
no presumption of correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Estate of French v. Stratford House,
333 S.W.3d 546, 554 (Tenn. 2011). When interpreting statutes, “[o]ur primary objective is
to carry out legislative intent without broadening or restricting the statute beyond its intended
scope.” Estate of French, 333 S.W.3d at 554 (citing Houghton v. Aramark Educ. Res., Inc.,
90 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tenn. 2002)).

As our Supreme Court has further instructed regarding statutory construction:

[T]here are a number of principles of statutory construction, among which is

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 the most basic rule of statutory construction: “‘to ascertain and give effect to
the intention and purpose of the legislature.’” Gleaves v. Checker Cab Transit
Corp., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 799, 802 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting Carson Creek Vacation
Resorts, Inc. v. State Dep’t. of Revenue, 865 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tenn. 1993)).
However, the court must ascertain the intent “without unduly restricting or
expanding the statute’s coverage beyond its intended scope.” State v. Sliger,
846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993). See also Gleaves, 15 S.W.3d at 802;
Worley v. Weigels, Inc., 919 S.W.2d 589, 593 (Tenn. 1996); Owens v. State,
908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995). “The legislative intent and purpose are to
be ascertained primarily from the natural and ordinary meaning of the statutory
language, without a forced or subtle interpretation that would limit or extend
the statute’s application.” State v. Blackstock, 19 S.W.3d 200, 210 (Tenn.
2000) (citing State v. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d 540, 544 (Tenn. 1999)).

Courts are not authorized “to alter or amend a statute.” Gleaves, 15 S.W.3d
at 803. The reasonableness of a statute may not be questioned by a court, and
a court may not substitute its own policy judgments for those of the legislature.
Id. (citing BellSouth Telecomm.,Inc. v. Greer, 972 S.W.2d 663, 673 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1997)). “[C]ourts must ‘presume that the legislature says in a statute
what it means and means in a statute what it says there.’” Id. (quoting
BellSouth Telecomm., Inc., 972 S.W.2d at 673).

Mooney v. Sneed, 30 S.W.3d 304, 306-07 (Tenn. 2000).

IV. Quo Warranto Claim

Plaintiffs, inter alia, pled a claim of quo warranto, requesting that the trial court
declare the Ordinance void ab initio because the City had exceeded its delegated authority
by passing the Ordinance. The trial court found that the quo warranto action would have
been the proper vehicle for allegations of this kind, had the action been timely filed. Finding
the quo warranto action to be untimely, however, the court dismissed it. Plaintiffs now argue
that the trial court erred in dismissing the quo warranto claim due to untimeliness. The City
asserts that quo warranto relief is not available in cases where referendum elections serve
as the check on the governmental exercise of deannexation power via ordinance. We agree
with the City.

Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201, which delineates guidelines for contraction
of municipal boundaries, provides:

(a) Any incorporated city or town, whether it was incorporated by general or

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 special act, may contract its limits within any given territory; provided, that
three fourths (¾) of the qualified voters voting in an election thereon assent
thereto.

(b)(1) Any incorporated city or town, whether it was incorporated by general
or special act, may after notice and public hearing, contract its limits within
any given territory upon its own initiative by ordinance when it appears in the
best interest of the affected territory.

(2) Such contraction of limits within any territory shall not occur unless
a majority of the total membership of the city legislative body approves
such contraction.

(3) Such contraction of limits within any territory shall not occur if
opposed by a majority of the voters residing within the area to be
deannexed. The concurrence of a majority of the voters shall be
presumed unless a petition objecting to deannexation signed by ten
percent (10%) of the registered voters residing within the area proposed
to be deannexed is filed with the city recorder within seventy-five (75)
days following the final reading of the contraction ordinance. If such
a petition is filed, a referendum shall be held at the next general
election to ascertain the will of the voters residing in the area that the
city proposes to deannex. The ballot shall provide a place where voters
may vote for or against deannexation by the city. If a majority of those
voting in the referendum fail to vote for the deannexation, the
contraction ordinance shall be void and the matter may not be
considered again for two (2) years. If a majority vote for deannexation,
the ordinance shall become effective upon certification of the result of
the referendum.

This is the only statutory section regarding deannexation of property by a municipality.

The statutory provision allowing for a suit to be filed in the nature of quo warranto,
however, is found in the annexation statute, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-103(a)(1)(A) (Supp.
2013), which provides:

Any aggrieved owner of property that borders or lies within territory that is the
subject of an annexation ordinance prior to the operative date thereof, may file
a suit in the nature of a quo warranto proceeding in accordance with this part,
§ 6-51-301 and title 29, chapter 35 to contest the validity thereof on the ground

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 that it reasonably may not be deemed necessary for the welfare of the residents
and property owners of the affected territory and the municipality as a whole
and so constitutes an exercise of power not conferred by law.

(Emphasis added.)

Although we acknowledge that case law addressing the subject of deannexation is
virtually nonexistent in Tennessee, we observe that there is no precedent holding that quo
warranto is available to challenge deannexation. As this Court recognized in City of Bluff
City v. Morrell, 764 S.W.2d 200, 202 (Tenn. 1988), wherein the Court analyzed a
challenged annexation of territory, “[s]ection 6-51-201 is the only method by which such
territory may . . . be deannexed.” The Court proceeded to analyze the purpose of quo
warranto in the annexation context, but it did not apply quo warranto in the context of
deannexation. Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-103, detailed above, expressly provides
for a quo warranto action to be brought to oppose annexation by ordinance. There is no
corresponding statutory provision allowing for a quo warranto action to be brought
regarding deannexation.

According to the plain language of Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201,
deannexation may be accomplished in one of two ways, either through an election receiving
approval of three-fourths of the qualified voters or via an ordinance receiving support of a
majority of the city legislative body. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(a), (b). If
deannexation is initiated via ordinance, however, ten percent of citizens residing in the
affected area may file a petition opposing the deannexation, and a resultant referendum
election will be conducted. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3). If a majority of the
voters fail to vote for deannexation, “the contraction ordinance shall be void.” Id. This is
the sole method provided by statute for review of deannexation by ordinance.

Analogously, there are two statutory procedures by which annexation can be
accomplished: (1) annexation by ordinance and (2) annexation by resolution triggering a
referendum election. Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-101 et seq. In the case of annexation by
ordinance, courts may review whether the ordinance is a valid exercise of power in a quo
warranto proceeding. Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-103. As our Supreme Court has declared,
“‘[w]ithin the four corners of [the quo warranto] statute lies the entire jurisdiction and
authority of the Courts to review the actions of municipalities in enacting annexation
ordinances.’” Highwoods Props., Inc. v. City of Memphis, 297 S.W.3d 695, 708 (Tenn.
2009) (quoting City of Oak Ridge v. Roane County, 563 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1978)).
The Court also noted that the right to challenge an annexation is a “statutory right” that “in
its very origin is limited.” Highwoods Props., 297 S.W.3d at 708 (quoting Brent v. Town
of Greeneville, 309 S.W.2d 121, 123 (Tenn. 1957)).

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 Utilizing the same rationale, the legislature has provided a statutory mechanism to
challenge deannexation by ordinance, which is to file a petition opposing the ordinance that
has been signed by ten percent of the registered voters residing in the affected area. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3). A referendum shall then be held at the next general
election, and the voters shall decide the fate of the proposed deannexation. Id. Such is the
method of review provided by the legislature, and this Court is without authority to expand
this statutory remedy. See Mooney, 30 S.W.3d at 307.

As our Supreme Court has explained:

When dealing with statutory interpretation, well-defined precepts apply. Our
primary objective is to carry out legislative intent without broadening or
restricting the statute beyond its intended scope. In construing legislative
enactments, we presume that every word in a statute has meaning and purpose
and should be given full effect if the obvious intention of the General
Assembly is not violated by so doing. When a statute is clear, we apply the
plain meaning without complicating the task. Our obligation is simply to
enforce the written language. When a statute is ambiguous, however, we may
refer to the broader statutory scheme, the history of the legislation, or other
sources to discern its meaning. Courts must presume that a legislative body
was aware of its prior enactments and knew the state of the law at the time it
passed the legislation.

Estate of French, 333 S.W.3d at 554 (internal citations omitted).

Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201 is clear and unambiguous. It provides for
only one method to review the passage of a deannexation ordinance: a referendum election.
Had the legislature intended for the allowance of a quo warranto action to challenge
proposed deannexation by ordinance, the deannexation statute would have expressly
provided for it. In the absence of such a provision, we cannot conclude that quo warranto
was applicable to the Plaintiffs’ claims herein. Therefore, the trial court properly dismissed
the quo warranto claim, albeit on different grounds. See Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Smith, 720
S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. 1986) (“Suffice it to say that this Court will affirm a decree correct
in result, but rendered upon different, incomplete, or erroneous grounds.”). Other issues
relating to quo warranto are pretermitted as moot.

V. Declaratory Judgment Claim

Plaintiffs also assert that the trial court erred in dismissing their claim seeking a
declaratory judgment regarding whether the City exceeded or fulfilled its statutory authority

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when it contracted its boundaries by ordinance. The trial court held that any procedural
issues regarding the passage of the ordinance should have been brought in a quo warranto
proceeding and dismissed Plaintiffs’ claim seeking a declaratory judgment. Having
determined that quo warranto is inapplicable in a deannexation proceeding, we will now
address whether Plaintiffs maintain a colorable claim for declaratory judgment.

As previously explained, the annexation statute provides that a quo warranto action
is the sole remedy for a citizen aggrieved by the passage of an annexation ordinance. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-101 et seq. Our Supreme Court has held: “[w]ithin the four
corners of [the quo warranto] statute lies the entire jurisdiction and authority of the Courts
to review the actions of municipalities in enacting annexation ordinances.” Highwoods
Props., 297 S.W.3d at 708 (quoting City of Oak Ridge, 563 S.W.2d at 897). Therefore, the
Court has concluded that a declaratory judgment action is not available to contest an
annexation ordinance, except where the following requirements are met: (1) the challenge
must relate to an ultra vires act, and (2) a quo warranto proceeding must not be available.
See Highwoods Props., 297 S.W.3d at 708; see also Allen v. City of Memphis, 397 S.W.3d
572, 581 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012); Cochran v. City of Memphis, No. W2012-01346-COA-R3-
CV, 2013 WL 1122803 at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 2013). The Court further explained,
“[s]ubject to some exceptions, a declaratory judgment action should not be considered where
special statutory proceedings provide an adequate remedy. ” Highwoods Props., 297
S.W.3d at 709 (quoting Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 838
(Tenn.2008)).

We conclude that the same rationale applies to a challenge to deannexation by
ordinance. When challenging deannexation by ordinance, the statute provides for a
referendum election as the only remedy. Where, as here, the statutorily provided review of
a referendum election was available to and successfully utilized by Plaintiffs, and where the
ordinance was invalidated by such election, there should be no further review by the courts
because such further review is not specifically provided by the statute. See, e.g., Highwoods
Props., 297 S.W.3d at 708. Further, Plaintiffs have not alleged that the passage of this
Ordinance constituted an ultra vires act. See Allen, 397 S.W.3d at 581 (explaining that
where there is no allegation the City “exceeded the authority delegated by the legislature,”
“errors in notice, public hearings and plans of service fall within the ambit of ‘procedural
defects’ and ‘courts have no power to vacate an annexation ordinance for purely procedural
defects.’”). We therefore conclude that the trial court properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims
for declaratory judgment as well.

Plaintiffs also assert that the trial court erred in reserving the quo warranto and
declaratory judgment claims for later hearing but then “denying [Plaintiffs] an opportunity
to present certain proof as to those claims.” Having determined that these claims are invalid

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in the present action, however, we determine this issue to be pretermitted as moot.

VI. Determination of Qualified Voters

Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in making a determination concerning
qualified voters in the referendum election. Plaintiffs assert that the trial court should not
have decided this issue at all, and further, that the court’s determination regarding who was
qualified to vote was erroneous.

We note at the outset that Plaintiffs cannot properly complain to this Court regarding
the fact that the trial court rendered a decision on this issue. The election contest phase of
the trial was held on September 25 and 26, 2012, and a great volume of testimony was
elicited by Plaintiffs’ counsel regarding who should and should not have been allowed to
vote in the referendum. At one point during the trial, the court commented: “One of the
things I’m going to have to do sometime, as I understand it, is to determine who is a
qualified voter to vote in this deannexation and who is not a qualified voter.” None of the
attorneys objected to the trial court’s observation. Further, in his closing argument,
Plaintiffs’ counsel stated: “This Court has to make a determination about who are the
registered voters residing within the area proposed to be deannexed.”

As our Supreme Court has previously stated:

Nothing is better settled than that a “plaintiff in error will not be permitted to
take advantage of errors which he himself committed, or invited, or induced
the trial Court to commit, or which were the natural consequence of his own
neglect or misconduct.” 4 C.J. p. 700 . . . .

Gentry v. Betty Lou Bakeries, 100 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tenn. 1937). In this cause, Plaintiffs
clearly invited the trial court to determine who should properly vote in the referendum
election at issue. Plaintiffs cannot now complain to this Court that it was improper for the
trial court to make this adjudication.

We now turn to the propriety of the trial court’s ultimate decision regarding who
should vote in the referendum. The contraction statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3),
provides that contraction “shall not occur if opposed by a majority of the voters residing
within the area to be deannexed.” (emphasis added). The trial court interpreted this phrase
to mean “anyone registered to vote in either Hamilton or Marion County, who resides on a
lot, any part of which is part of the area to be deannexed.” In making this determination,
the trial court relied upon our Supreme Court’s opinion in Comm. to Oppose the Annexation
of Topside & Louisville Rd. v. City of Alcoa, 881 S.W.2d 269, 272 (Tenn. 1994).

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 In Topside & Louisville Rd., the Court was called upon to make a determination
regarding the proper interpretation of the phrase, “qualified voters who reside in the territory
proposed for annexation,” in relation to a referendum election pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated § 6-51-105(a), the annexation statute. 881 S.W.2d at 270. Determining that the
phrase should be interpreted broadly, the Court held that the concept of residing “in the
territory proposed for annexation” would include any qualified voter who resided on
property whose curtilage extended into the area proposed for annexation. Id. at 273. The
Court defined curtilage, inter alia, as “the space of ground adjoining the dwelling house,
used in connection therewith in the conduct of family affairs and for carrying on domestic
purposes.” Id. at 272. The Court therefore held that “those residents . . . whose curtilage
extended into the territory proposed for annexation were entitled to vote in the referendum.”
Id. at 273.

The trial court applied the same principle announced in Topside & Louisville Rd.
to the case at bar, holding that the proper interpretation of the phrase, “voters residing within
the area to be deannexed,” see Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3), would be “those persons
who reside on a lot which is wholly or partially to be deannexed and are registered to vote
in either Hamilton or Marion County.” The trial court reasoned that other possible
interpretations advanced by the parties, such as only allowing voting by those registered to
vote in Hamilton County or those residents whose homes were situated within the area to
be deannexed, would be too narrow an interpretation pursuant to the Supreme Court’s
reasoning espoused by Topside & Louisville Rd. See 881 S.W.2d at 270.

The trial court also noted that an election regarding a deannexation ordinance would
“invoke the protections against infringements to the fundamental right to vote.” See, e.g.,
Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15, 395 U.S. 621, 629 (1969) (quoting Harper v.
Virginia Bd. Of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 665 (1966) (“once the franchise is granted to the
electorate, lines may not be drawn which are inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment.”). The court reasoned that allowing voting by those who (1)
were registered in either Hamilton or Marion County and (2) reside on a lot which is wholly
or partially to be deannexed would ensure that the constitutional requirement of equal
protection was met by ensuring that all of those citizens residing in the affected area were
able to vote.

Finally, the trial court explained that its interpretation of Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 6-51-201(b)(3) would comply with the District Court’s ruling in Brown v. Bd. of Comm’rs
of City of Chattanooga, Tenn. by only allowing voting by those who live on an affected lot.
See 722 F. Supp. 380, 399 (E. D. Tenn. 1989) (ruling that the Chattanooga city charter
violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by giving nonresident
property owners the right to vote in municipal elections.). The court noted that its

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interpretation would include tenants and lessees who reside on affected lots, rather than just
property owners.

We agree with the trial court’s analysis on this issue. Tennessee Code Annotated §
6-51-201(b)(3) utilizes the phrase, “voters residing in the area to be deannexed.” As
previously explained, this Court must apply the plain meaning of a clear and unambiguous
statute and “simply . . . enforce the written language.” Estate of French, 333 S.W.3d at
554. The most reasonable interpretation of this clear language is to allow those voters who
reside on a lot anywhere within the area proposed for deannexation to vote, regardless of
whether they are registered in Hamilton or Marion County or whether their actual home is
within the proposed area. The interpretation imposed by the trial court comports with all
applicable law and enforces the language of the statute. Therefore, we conclude that the
trial court made a proper determination regarding who was qualified to vote in the
referendum election regarding the challenged deannexation ordinance.

VII. Final Order

Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by certifying its November 1, 2012 order (as
amended by its November 13, 2012 order) to be final pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 54.02. Plaintiffs assert that no analysis or evidence existed supporting the court’s
determination that there was “no just reason for delay.” Defendants contend that the trial
court properly granted HCEC’s motion seeking a certification of the election contest and
voter eligibility ruling, thus enabling HCEC to go forward with preparations for a new
election. We agree with Defendants.

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02 provides:

When more than one claim for relief is present in an action, whether as a
claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party claim, or when multiple
parties are involved, the Court, whether at law or in equity, may direct the
entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or
parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for
delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence
of such determination and direction, any order or other form of decision,
however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights
and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to
any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject
to revision at any time before the entry of the judgment adjudicating all the
claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

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 Regarding Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02, our Supreme Court has
explained:

Rule 54.02 requires as an absolute prerequisite to an appeal the certification
by the trial judge, first, that the court has directed the entry of a final judgment
as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims, and, second, make an
express determination that there is no just reason for delay. Such certification
by the trial judge creates a final judgment appealable as of right under Rule
3 T.R.A.P.

Fox v. Fox, 657 S.W.2d 747, 749 (Tenn. 1983). This Court quoted Fox with approval in
Huntington Nat’l Bank v. Hooker, 840 S.W.2d 916, 922 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991), wherein this
Court ruled:

There is no requirement in Tennessee that the trial court state the underlying
reasons for certification pursuant to Rule 54.02. We can think of no
compelling reason to adopt such a rule. We do state that it is the better
practice for the trial court to provide a finding of fact showing the basis of its
decision to grant the Rule 54.02 certification.

This Court ultimately held in Huntington that, based on a thorough review of the record, the
trial court’s basis for stating there was “no just reason for delay” was apparent and justified.
Id.

In another decision involving the issue of whether certification pursuant to Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02 was proper, this Court further elucidated:

Our review of a Rule 54.02 certification of a judgment as final is conducted
under a dual standard. Carr v. Valinezhad, M2009-00634-COA-R3-CV, 2010
WL 1633467 at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2010)(citing Brown v. John
Roebuck & Assocs., Inc., No. M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
4878621, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.16, 2009)). First the appellate court must
determine whether an order disposed of one or more but fewer than all of the
claims or parties, which is a question of law we review de novo. Id. (citing
Gen. Acq., Inc. v. GenCorp., Inc., 23 F.3d 1022, 1027 (6th Cir.1994)). If the
order properly disposes of one or more but fewer than all of the claims or
parties, we are then required to determine whether there is no just reason for
delay, a question which is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.
Carr at *2 (citing Brown, 2009 WL 4878621 at *5).

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The Tennessee Supreme Court explained the abuse of discretion standard in
Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82 (Tenn. 2001): “Under the abuse of
discretion standard, a trial court abuses its discretion only when it applies an
incorrect legal standard, or reaches a decision which is against logic or
reasoning that causes an injustice to the party complaining.” Eldridge at 85.
The application of the abuse of discretion standard does not allow the
appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Id.

...

The Court in Tuturea v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., W2006-02100-
COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2011049 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 12, 2007) stated that
although a trial court’s decision regarding whether to certify a judgment as
final under Rule 54.02 is generally reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard, “this Court has noted that ‘[t]he rule itself establishes the basic legal
standard,’ and our Supreme Court has stated that it does not encourage the
practice of “certifying interlocutory judgments as final under Rule 54.02,
thereby requiring a litigant to file an appeal while the remainder of the
litigation is ongoing. . . .” Tutuerea at *3 (citing Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d
741, 745, n. 3 (Tenn. 2000)). The Tennessee Supreme Court in Harris v.
Chern stated that “[p]iecemeal appellate review is not favored” and that
“[o]rders certifying interlocutory judgments as final “should not be entered
routinely” and “cannot be routinely entered as a courtesy to counsel.”
Huntington Nat’l Bank at 921.

This Court has adopted from the federal jurisprudence a list of factors that a
trial court should consider in deciding whether or not to certify an
interlocutory judgment as final under Rule 54.02 in Cates v. White, 03A01-
9104-CH-00130, 1991 WL 168620 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 4, 1991). In that
case the Court looked to federal law for guidance because Tenn. R. Civ. P.
54.02 is substantially identical to the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b).
The Cates Court then stated:

The purpose of the certification rule is to enhance judicial
economy and “to prevent piecemeal appeals in cases which
should be reviewed only as single units.” Curtiss-Wright Corp.
v. General Electric Co., 100 S.Ct. 1460 at 1466, 446 U.S. 1 at
10 (1980); see also Solomon v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 782 F.2d
58, 62 (6th Cir.1986). An order or judgment is certifiable “only
if it disposes of at least one claim” or party. Rudd Construction

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Equipment Co., Inc. v. Home Ins. Co., 711 F.2d 54, 56 (6th
Cir.1983). T.R.C.P. 54.02.

The factors which must be weighed in determining whether a
certification is proper are set out in full in Allis Chalmers Corp.
v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 521 F.2d 360 at 364 (3d
Cir.1975):

(1) the relationship between the adjudicated and
unadjudicated claims; (2) the possibility that the
need for review might or might not be mooted by
future developments in the district court; (3) the
possibility that the reviewing court might be
obliged to consider the same issue a second time;
(4) the presence or absence of a claim or
counterclaim which could result in set-off against
the judgment sought to be made final; (5)
miscellaneous factors such as delay, economic
and solvency considerations, shortening the time
of trial, frivolity of competing claims, expense,
and the like. Depending upon the facts of the
particular case, all or some of the above factors
may bear upon the propriety of the trial court’s
discretion in certifying a judgment as final under
Rule 54(b).

The existence of one factor does not automatically make
certification improper. Curtiss-Wright Corp., supra, at 1465.
Instead, the trial court must weigh the existence of all the
factors in making its determination.

In reviewing a 54.02 certification, deference must be given to
the trial court’s determination. “The question in cases [of 54(b)
certification] is likely to be close, but the task of weighing and
balancing the contending factors is peculiarly one for the trial
judge, who can explore all the facets of a case.” Curtiss-Wright
Corp. v. General Electric Co., 100 S.Ct. 1460 at 1467, 446 U.S.
1 (1980). See also Solomon v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 782 F.2d 58,
61 (6th Cir.1986). However, deference rests on the assumption
that, in reaching the certification decision, the trial court has

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 weighed the factors listed above. Solomon, at 61. “[A]ny
abuse of that discretion remains reviewable by the Court of
Appeals.” Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Mackey, 76 S.Ct. 895, 901,
351 U.S. 427, 437 (1956). If the certification is deemed
improper, the appellate court then vacates the judgment and
remands for further disposition. Bayberry, at 559.

Cates at *3 (citing Allis Chalmers Corp. v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 521
F.2d 360 at 364 (3d Cir.1975)).

FSGBank, N.A. v. Anand, No. E2011-00168-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 554449 at *3-6 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2012).

In the case at bar, the trial court clearly disposed of one but not all of Plaintiffs’
claims by ruling that the prior election was void and ordering a new election to be held. The
trial court also expressly directed that its order regarding the election be deemed final and
declared that there was no just reason for delay. A thorough review of the record
demonstrates that this certification was requested by HCEC to facilitate preparations for the
new election. An examination of the factors listed above does not demonstrate an abuse of
discretion by the trial court in certifying the order as final. As Defendants note, Plaintiffs’
other claims were ultimately dismissed by the trial court. We have now affirmed this
dismissal. Therefore, there is no basis for ruling that the trial court improperly certified the
order regarding the election contest claim as final.

VIII. Metes and Bounds Description

Plaintiffs also assert that the trial court erred by failing to require in the Ordinance
a metes and bounds description of the property to be deannexed. Plaintiffs argue that if, as
the trial court found, the filing of their petition opposing the Ordinance “caused the
procedure for deannexation to change from contraction by adoption of the Ordinance by the
City Council to contraction by referendum,” then a metes and bounds description of the
territory to be deannexed was required to be reported pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 6-51-202.

We note first a flaw in the trial court’s analysis that the contraction-by-ordinance
procedure was somehow converted to a contraction-by-election procedure when Plaintiffs
filed a petition seeking review of the Ordinance. As previously stated, there are two
methods by which a municipality may contract its boundaries: (1) an election receiving
approval of three-fourths of the qualified voters or (2) an ordinance receiving support of a
majority of the city’s legislative body. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 6-51-201(a), (b). When the

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municipality chooses to contract its boundaries by passing an ordinance, the voters residing
in the area to be deannexed may oppose the ordinance by filing a proper petition. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3). If such a petition is filed, a referendum election must be held
during the next general election. Id. If a majority of those voting in the referendum fail to
approve the deannexation ordinance, it shall be deemed void. Id.

This is precisely what occurred in the case at bar. The City Council passed a
deannexation ordinance, and Plaintiffs filed a petition opposing the Ordinance that was
signed by ten percent of the voters residing in the area to be deannexed. The filing of this
petition triggered the statutory review of the Ordinance by referendum election. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 6-51-201(b)(3). It did not, however, convert the procedure to contraction by
election pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(a). The contraction-by-election
procedure is a completely distinct process requiring the approval of a super-majority of
voters. Id.

Because the deannexation process utilized by the City was not the contraction-by-
election procedure provided for in Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(a), the metes and
bounds description was not required. Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-202 provides:

The election provided for in § 6-51-201, shall be held under the provisions of
an ordinance to be passed for that purpose. A full report of the election shall
be spread upon the minutes of the board, if three fourths ( ¾ ) of the voters
assent to the contraction, and in the report the metes and bounds of the
territory to be excluded must be fully set forth.

While we observe that this statutory section has never been interpreted by our appellate
courts, we conclude that it is referring to the contraction-by-election procedure provided in
Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-201(a), rather than the referendum review of the
contraction-by-ordinance procedure provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-
201(b)(3). Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-202 refers to an election receiving approval
of three-fourths of the qualified voters, which is only applicable to Tennessee Code
Annotated § 6-51-201(a). Further, we note that Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-202 is
virtually identical to former code section 6-305, and under that prior version of the statute
there was only one means to deannex property: contraction by election. Therefore, we
conclude that Tennessee Code Annotated § 6-51-202 does not apply to this action based on
contraction by ordinance.

IX. Geographic Information System Data

Plaintiffs assert that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence Geographic

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Information System data and witnesses’ testimony regarding that data. Plaintiffs refer
specifically to Exhibits 12, 56, 57, 70, and 71 and the testimony related thereto. Defendants
contend that the GIS data was introduced initially by Plaintiffs and that Plaintiffs should not
now be allowed to complain regarding its use at trial. We agree with Defendants.

A review of the transcript demonstrates that Plaintiffs first introduced the GIS map
that was marked as Exhibit 12 during the deposition testimony of Charlotte Mullis-Morgan,
representative of the HCEC. Plaintiffs later criticized the use of this map, asserting that it
was not “to scale” and that it contained a disclaimer stating that it was not a legal document.
Plaintiffs also introduced Exhibit 56, entitled “Master Interlocal Agreement & Growth
Boundaries Maps.” Plaintiffs utilized this map to show that, pursuant to the map, Ms.
Rich’s home was located within the City of Chattanooga.

Exhibits 70 and 71 were marked for identification only. Exhibit 57 was apparently
an aerial map that was retained by the trial court and does not appear in the appellate record.
The only testimony that was elicited from this map concerned the location of Ms. Rich’s
property, as well as the general location of property belonging to David and Laurel
Krishock. These facts were also established by other evidence.

Plaintiffs now object to the use of all GIS data and maps, stating that these maps and
data are based upon “hearsay and assumptions about the accuracy of third-party vendor’s
efforts.” As noted previously, a party cannot be “permitted to take advantage of errors
which he himself committed, or invited, or induced the trial Court to commit, or which were
the natural consequence of his own neglect or misconduct.” See Gentry, 100 S.W.2d at 231.
Plaintiffs thus cannot complain about the admission and use of exhibits that they introduced
and utilized. See, e.g., Thomas v. State, 113 S.W. 1041, 1042 (Tenn. 1908) (“[I]f a party
opens the door for the admission of incompetent evidence, he is in no plight to complain that
his adversary followed through the door thus opened.”). Further, all evidence regarding
maps and property boundaries related to the question of who properly should have voted in
the August 2012 election. Regarding the August 2012 election, however, the trial court
stated:

although the issue of eligibility certainly affects the validity of the
deannexation referendum vote, the procedural deficiencies within the way the
referendum was handled are sufficient to render the deannexation referendum
void, without having to address in detail whether all those who voted were
eligible to vote under the Court’s interpretation of T.C.A. § 6-51-201(b)(3).

Therefore, any alleged error involving the trial court’s use of GIS data and maps in the
determination of who was properly qualified to vote in the August 2012 election is harmless,

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as it in no way affected the ultimate outcome of the case.

X. Assessment of Costs

Finally, Plaintiffs take issue with the trial court’s assessment of court costs. Plaintiffs
assert that the trial court abused its discretion by assessing forty percent of the court costs
against the Plaintiffs when they were the prevailing “private citizens who courageously
sought to uphold the integrity of an election.” Plaintiffs and Defendants agree, however,
that the decision regarding assessment of court costs is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court.

It is well settled that Tennessee appellate courts review a trial court’s assessment of
costs utilizing an abuse of discretion standard. See Lewis v. Bowers, 392 S.W.2d 819, 823
(Tenn. 1965); see also Long v. Long, 957 S.W.2d 825, 833-34 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).
Tennessee Code Annotated § 20-12-119 provides:

(a) In all civil cases, whether tried by a jury or before the court without a jury,
the presiding judge shall have a right to adjudge the cost.

(b) In doing so, the presiding judge shall be authorized, in the presiding
judge’s discretion, to apportion the cost between the litigants, as in the
presiding judge’s opinion the equities of the case demand.

Further, Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.04 states that “costs included in the bill of
costs prepared by the clerk shall be allowed to the prevailing party unless the court
otherwise directs . . . .”

Plaintiffs contend that the trial court should not have assessed any court costs to
them, as they were the “substantially prevailing” parties. A similar argument was made by
the plaintiff in LeBrun v. Elmore, No. E1999-01523-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 224628 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2000), who asserted that to tax costs against the prevailing party
constitutes an abuse of discretion. In response to that argument, this Court explained:

[O]n appeal Plaintiff must show extraordinary circumstances to overcome the
presumption in favor of the discretionary purview of the Trial Court in taxing
the costs of the Trial Court. “Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-12-119 and Tenn. R. Civ.
P. 54.04 give trial courts the authority to tax the costs incurred in the trial
court. These determinations are within the trial court’s discretion, and they
will be reviewed on appeal only under very extraordinary circumstances.”
Rogers v. Russell, 733 S.W.2d 79, 88 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986). No such

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 extraordinary circumstances appear in the record before us. The Judgment of
the Trial Court as to the issue regarding taxation of court costs is affirmed.

LeBrun, 2000 WL 224628 at *6.

Similarly, in this case, there has been no showing of extraordinary circumstances or
an abuse of discretion by the trial court. “Under the abuse of discretion standard, a trial
court abuses its discretion only when it applies an incorrect legal standard, or reaches a
decision which is against logic or reasoning that causes an injustice to the party
complaining.” Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001). The abuse of
discretion standard of review does not allow the appellate court to substitute its judgment
for that of the trial court. Id. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the trial court applied
an incorrect legal standard or reached a decision against logic or reasoning in this matter.
This issue is without merit.

XI. Conclusion

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed to appellants,
Susan E. Rich, Janis S. Burger, and Carole Klimesch. This case is remanded to the trial
court, pursuant to applicable law, for enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and
collection of costs assessed below.

_________________________________
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

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