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New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'05- 09:47:51 2014.03.05
Certiorari Granted, February 7, 2014, No. 34,447
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2014-NMCA-028
Filing Date: November 13, 2013
Docket No. 32,405
JOSE LUIS LOYA,
Plaintiff,
v.
GLEN GUTIERREZ, Commissioned
Officer of Santa Fe County,
Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
COUNTY OF SANTA FE,
Third-Party Defendant-Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
Barbara J. Vigil, District Judge
Ray A. Padilla, P.C.
Ray A. Padilla
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellant
Law Office of Michael Dickman
Michael Dickman
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellee
OPINION
1
VANZI, Judge.
{1} In this case, the issue before us is whether the County of Santa Fe (the County) has
a duty to defend or indemnify a tribal police officer who, while exercising his authority as
a commissioned County sheriff’s deputy, unlawfully arrested a non-Indian person within the
exterior boundaries of the Pueblo of Pojoaque (the Pueblo). The district court concluded that
the County did not have a duty to defend and/or indemnify Officer Glen Gutierrez because
he was not a “public employee” or “law enforcement officer” of a “governmental entity” as
those terms are defined by the New Mexico Tort Claims Act (the TCA), NMSA 1978, §§
41-4-1 to -30 (1976, as amended through 2013). See § 41-4-3. We agree with the district
court and affirm.
BACKGROUND
{2} The parties do not dispute the facts. The essential allegations in the underlying
complaint are that Appellant Officer Gutierrez, while on official duty for the Pueblo police
department, made a traffic stop of Plaintiff Jose Luis Loya’s vehicle. The stop occurred on
U.S. Highway 84/285, a state-maintained road within the exterior boundaries of the Pueblo.
At the time of the stop, Officer Gutierrez was dressed in his full tribal police uniform,
displaying his tribal badge of office, and driving his tribally issued police vehicle. In
addition to acting under tribal law, Officer Gutierrez was also on duty as a duly
commissioned Santa Fe County Deputy Sheriff, which gave him the authority to arrest,
charge, and jail non-Indians, such as Loya, for violations of New Mexico state law.
{3} Ultimately, Officer Gutierrez, along with two other tribal officers, arrested Loya for
reckless driving under NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-113 (1987) and took him to the tribal
police department for processing. Loya was subsequently transported to the Santa Fe
County jail and later prosecuted for the offense in the Santa Fe County Magistrate Court.
{4} As a result of the incident, Loya filed a complaint against Officer Gutierrez and
brought claims against him under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1996) for false arrest, malicious
prosecution, and use of excessive force. In his answer to Loya’s complaint, Officer
Gutierrez filed a third-party declaratory judgment action against the County, stating that the
County was required to defend and indemnify him in the matter. On cross-motions for
summary judgment, and after hearing argument from the parties, the district court ruled that
the County did not have a duty to defend and/or indemnify Officer Gutierrez. The court
based its decision on the grounds that the issue was governed by the TCA and that to receive
the benefit of the defense and indemnification provisions of the TCA, Officer Gutierrez had
to be a “public employee” or “law enforcement officer” of a “governmental entity” as those
terms are defined. The district court found that Officer Gutierrez was not a full-time or part-
time salaried officer employed by the County, but rather, he was a police officer hired,
trained, supervised, subject to discipline, and employed by the Pueblo. Further, the court
found that the Pueblo is a sovereign Indian tribe that is not a “governmental entity” as
defined by the TCA. Therefore, the district court ruled that the County had no duty to
2
defend and/or indemnify Officer Gutierrez. This appeal timely followed.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
{5} “Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Self v. United Parcel Serv., Inc.,
1998-NMSC-046, ¶ 6, 126 N.M. 396, 970 P.2d 582. We review the grant of summary
judgment under a de novo standard of review. Id.; City of Albuquerque v. BPLW Architects
& Eng’rs, Inc., 2009-NMCA-081, ¶ 7, 146 N.M. 717, 213 P.3d 1146 (holding that “if no
material issues of fact are in dispute and an appeal presents only a question of law, we apply
de novo review”).
{6} In addition, we review the district court’s interpretation of the TCA as a question of
law subject to de novo review. Am. Fed’n of State, Cnty. & Mun. Emps., Council 18 v. City
of Albuquerque, 2013-NMCA-012, ¶ 6, 293 P.3d 943, cert. quashed, 2013-NMCERT-008,
309 P.3d 101. “In construing a statute, our charge is to determine and give effect to the
Legislature’s intent.” Marbob Energy Corp. v. N.M. Oil Conservation Comm’n, 2009-
NMSC-013, ¶ 9, 146 N.M. 24, 206 P.3d 135. “In discerning the Legislature’s intent, we are
aided by classic canons of statutory construction, and we look first to the plain language of
the statute, giving the words their ordinary meaning, unless the Legislature indicates a
different one was intended.” Id. (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
“We will not depart from the plain wording of a statute, unless it is necessary to resolve an
ambiguity, correct a mistake or an absurdity that the Legislature could not have intended, or
to deal with an irreconcilable conflict among statutory provisions.” Regents of Univ. of N.M.
v. N.M. Fed’n of Teachers, 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 28, 125 N.M. 401, 962 P.2d 1236.
The New Mexico Tort Claims Act
{7} The TCA is the primary vehicle by which the state may be held liable for injuries
caused by the negligence of its employees. The TCA entitles public employees to a legal
defense provided by his or her employer or the state when a plaintiff alleges that the
employee committed certain enumerated torts for which immunity has been waived, or if the
employee violated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See § 41-4-4(B). Similarly, a state
employer must pay a judgment or a settlement entered against a public employee if the
employee acted within the scope of his duties. See § 41-4-4(D).
{8} In this case, Loya’s lawsuit against Officer Gutierrez alleges only violations of
federally protected constitutional rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See § 41-4-4(A) (noting the
state’s immunity from tort liability and its exceptions). The parties agree that the question
of whether the County must defend and/or indemnify Officer Gutierrez is governed by the
TCA. Section 41-4-4(B) of the TCA requires that, unless an insurance carrier provides a
defense, governmental entities shall provide a public employee a defense for:
3
(2) any violation of property rights or any rights, privileges or
immunities secured by the constitution and laws of the United States . . .
when alleged to have been committed by the public employee while acting
within the scope of his duty.
Likewise, the governmental entity must provide indemnification to a public employee who
has been sued for damages. Section 41-4-4(D) provides:
A governmental entity shall pay any settlement or any final judgment entered
against a public employee for:
...
(2) a violation of property rights or any rights, privileges or
immunities secured by the constitution and laws of the United States . . . that
occurred while the public employee was acting within the scope of his duty.
{9} At issue is whether Officer Gutierrez, acting in his capacity as a commissioned
County Sheriff’s Deputy, is a “public employee” of a “governmental entity” entitled to the
defense and indemnification provisions above. See § 41-4-4(B), (D). The TCA defines a
“public employee,” in pertinent part, as “an officer, employee or servant of a governmental
entity, excluding independent contractors[.]” Section 41-4-3(F). This definition goes on to
include fourteen categories of persons who are considered “public employees,” including,
as we discuss further below, “law enforcement officers” and those working “on behalf or in
service of a governmental entity in any official capacity[.]” See § 41-4-3(F)(2), (3). A
“governmental entity” means the State of New Mexico and its agencies, or any local public
body and its agencies. See § 41-4-3(B), (C), (H). It does not include sovereign Indian
pueblos and tribes.
{10} Here, Officer Gutierrez seeks the benefit of a defense and/or indemnification for
claims involving the conduct of law enforcement officers. Officer Gutierrez concedes that
he is not a “law enforcement officer” within the meaning of the TCA; however, he argues
that he fits within another of the enumerated definitions of “public employee.” For the
reasons that follow, while we agree that Officer Gutierrez is not a “law enforcement officer”
within the meaning and definitions of the TCA, we disagree that he meets any alternate
definition of a “public employee.”
Officer Gutierrez Is Not a “Law Enforcement Officer” of a “Governmental Entity”
{11} As we have noted, the County’s obligation to provide Officer Gutierrez a defense
4
and/or indemnification arises only if he is a “public employee” of a “governmental entity.”1
And the TCA defines “public employee” to include law enforcement officers. Section 41-4-
3(F)(2). In relevant part, Section 41-4-3(D) more precisely defines a “law enforcement
officer” as
a full-time salaried public employee of a governmental entity, or a certified
part-time salaried police officer employed by a governmental entity, whose
principal duties under law are to hold in custody any person accused of a
criminal offense, to maintain public order or to make arrests for crimes[.]
Our courts have construed this definition strictly. See, e.g., Silva v. State, 1987-NMSC-107,
¶ 17, 106 N.M. 472, 745 P.2d 380 (holding that the secretary of corrections is not a “law
enforcement officer” under the TCA); Coyazo v. State, 1995-NMCA-056, ¶¶ 14-19, 120
N.M. 47, 897 P.2d 234 (concluding that district attorneys and staff were not “law
enforcement officers”); Dunn v. State ex rel. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 1993-NMCA-059,
¶ 11, 116 N.M. 1, 859 P.2d 469 (holding that the director of the New Mexico Motor Vehicle
Department, who has statutory authority to make arrests, was not a law enforcement officer
because the “vast majority of [his] time and effort are involved in administrative matters”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
{12} Here, Officer Gutierrez agrees that he does not meet the definition of “law
enforcement officer” under Section 41-4-3(D). We nevertheless address this provision of
the TCA because our analysis settles the present dispute with regard to the County’s duty
to defend and/or indemnify Officer Gutierrez. We start with the facts.
{13} Officer Gutierrez was on duty as a full-time Pueblo tribal law enforcement officer,
acting in his capacity as a commissioned Deputy Sheriff for the County, when he made the
traffic stop of Loya’s vehicle in September 2009. At the time of the stop, Officer Gutierrez
was dressed in his tribal police uniform, including wearing his tribal badge, and driving his
tribally issued police vehicle. Officer Gutierrez, assisted by two other tribal officers,
ultimately arrested Loya for the misdemeanor crime of reckless driving under Section 66-8-
113. Loya was taken to the tribal police department for processing and then transported to
the Santa Fe County jail by another tribal officer.
1
Under a similar factual scenario, this Court has previously held that the TCA’s
definition of “public employee” under Section 41-4-3(F) and “governmental entity” under
Section 41-4-3(B) did not include a cross-deputized Navajo police officer who was sued
after issuing a Navajo speeding ticket to a non-Indian on a state right of way through the
Navajo Nation. Williams v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of San Juan Cnty., 1998-NMCA-090, ¶¶
2, 26, 125 N.M. 445, 963 P.2d 522. Although Williams is arguably dispositive, it did not
address any of the enumerated definitions raised by Officer Gutierrez on appeal. We
therefore proceed to consider those arguments.
5
{14} As a result of the stop and arrest, Loya brought a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
against Officer Gutierrez, alleging that Officer Gutierrez “violently attacked [him]” during
the incident leading to the arrest and that Officer Gutierrez pinned Loya by his neck to his
vehicle and then kicked him, causing Loya to have neck spasms and injuries. The complaint
also asserted that Officer Gutierrez was a law enforcement and commissioned officer for the
County and that he was “acting under color of state law, in patrolling a state highway and
enforcing state criminal statutes.”
{15} The above facts establish that Officer Gutierrez was performing traditional law
enforcement duties when he stopped and arrested Loya. Moreover, the claims against
Officer Gutierrez—unreasonable seizure and deprivation of liberty, prosecution without
probable cause, and excessive force—can only be understood to come within Section 41-4-
12’s waiver of immunity for “law enforcement officers.” Section 41-4-12 provides:
The immunity granted pursuant to Subsection A of Section 41-4-4 .
. . does not apply to liability for personal injury, bodily injury, wrongful
death or property damage resulting from assault, battery, false imprisonment,
false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander,
defamation of character, violation of property rights or deprivation of any
rights, privileges or immunities secured by the constitution and laws of the
United States or New Mexico when caused by law enforcement officers
while acting within the scope of their duties.
{16} Although Officer Gutierrez was exercising his authority as a commissioned County
Sheriff’s Deputy when he stopped and arrested Loya, the district court found—and Officer
Gutierrez does not dispute—that he does not come within the TCA’s definition of a “law
enforcement officer” as that term is defined in Section 41-4-3(D). The district court found
that Officer Gutierrez was neither a full-time nor part-time salaried officer employed by the
County. The court further found that Officer Gutierrez was hired, trained, supervised, and
subject to discipline by the Pueblo. In addition, Officer Gutierrez does not challenge the
district court’s finding that the Pueblo is a sovereign Indian tribe that is not a “governmental
entity” as defined by the TCA. The district court therefore concluded that Officer Gutierrez
was not a “law enforcement officer” within the plain language of the definition in the TCA.
Accordingly, the TCA’s employee defense and indemnification provisions were not
available to him on this basis. Based on the undisputed facts, we affirm the district court’s
ruling in this regard.
Officer Gutierrez Is Not a “Public Employee” Under Section 41-4-3F(3)
{17} As we have discussed above, Officer Gutierrez freely admits that he does not meet
Section 41-4-3(D)’s definition of “law enforcement officer,” yet he seeks the benefit of a
defense and/or indemnification by contending that he instead fits within another definition
of a public employee under the TCA. In particular, he argues that Section 41-4-3(F)(3) is
applicable to any person that has “been authorized to exercise and who [does] exercise state
6
law enforcement powers” regardless of whether he receives compensation. We disagree.
{18} Section 41-4-3(F)(3) includes as “public employees” those persons “acting on behalf
or in service of a governmental entity in any official capacity, whether with or without
compensation[.]” In construing a statute, we seek to achieve the intent of the Legislature.
Grine v. Peabody Natural Res., 2006-NMSC-031, ¶ 17, 140 N.M. 30, 139 P.3d 190. “The
first guiding principle in statutory construction dictates that we look to the wording of the
statute and attempt to apply the plain meaning rule, recognizing that when a statute contains
language which is clear and unambiguous, we must give effect to that language and refrain
from further statutory interpretation.” United Rentals Nw., Inc. v. Yearout Mech. Inc., 2010-
NMSC-030, ¶ 9, 148 N.M. 426, 237 P.3d 728 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and
citation omitted). We do not read a statute in such a way that “would lead to injustice,
absurdity, or contradiction.” Otero v. State, 1987-NMCA-054, ¶ 11, 105 N.M. 731, 737 P.2d
90.
{19} Accepting Officer Gutierrez’s interpretation of Section 41-4-3(F)(3) would require
us to expand the definition of “public employee” to include law enforcement officers acting
within the scope of their police duties but who are not salaried employees of a governmental
entity subject to the TCA. See § 41-4-3(D). In essence, Officer Gutierrez is asking this
Court to create two classes of law enforcement officers within the TCA’s definitional section
of “public employee”—one that is salaried and works for a governmental entity and one that
is not. We decline to do so for several reasons. First, such an interpretation would go
beyond the plain language of Section 41-4-3(F)(3). That section makes no mention of
providing an alternate or different definition of “public employee” to include those persons
exercising state law enforcement powers but who are not salaried employees of a
“governmental entity.” See id. Second, reading the statute to say that a police officer who
fails to meet the definition of a “law enforcement officer” under Section 41-4-3(D) can then
allege that his same conduct falls within another definition in order to trigger the duty to
defend and indemnify is an illogical distinction that makes no sense. See Ramirez v. IBP
Prepared Foods, 2001-NMCA-036, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 559, 28 P.3d 1100 (stating that “[i]n
interpreting a statute, we look to the statute as a whole [and] . . . attempt to achieve internal
consistency” (citation omitted)), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Baca
v. Los Lunas Cmty. Programs, 2011-NMCA-008, 149 N.M. 198, 246 P.3d 1070. In other
words, Officer Gutierrez cannot claim that he was acting in his capacity as a law
enforcement officer yet disclaim that he must fit within the TCA’s definition for conduct
involving a law enforcement officer. Finally, if the New Mexico Legislature had intended
to protect commissioned tribal officers discharging their duties under state law, it could
readily have demonstrated such an intent by including language to that effect. See Starko,
Inc. v. Presbyterian Health Plan, Inc., 2012-NMCA-053, ¶ 49, 276 P.3d 252 (noting that if
the Legislature wanted to condition the applicability of a payment scheme on the dispensing
of the lesser expensive, therapeutic equivalent drug, it would have included those terms
within the statute), cert. granted, 2012-NMCERT-003, 293 P.3d 184. Indeed, our Legislature
recently amended the TCA to include “certified part-time salaried police officer[s] employed
by a governmental entity” within the definition of “law enforcement officer.” Section 41-4-
7
3(D). Thus, the Legislature could have—but did not—include non-salaried commissioned
officers working on behalf or in the service of a governmental entity subject to the TCA.
{20} Officer Gutierrez relies on several cases and statutes as support for his contention
that he fits within the definition of Section 41-4-3(F)(3). However, none of these cases or
statutes have any bearing on the issue on appeal. For example, he cites to Celaya v. Hall,
2004-NMSC-005, 135 N.M. 115, 85 P.3d 239, for the proposition that he, like the volunteer
chaplain in that case, is an uncompensated person working “on behalf of or in service of a
governmental entity.” However, the issue in Celaya was not whether the police
department’s volunteer chaplain came within the definition of “law enforcement officer”
under Section 41-4-3(F)(3). Instead, that case dealt with whether the chaplain, who had been
given a vehicle by the Bernalillo County Sheriff’s Department to drive to and from official
functions, could be acting within the scope of his duties if he was driving to or from an
official function when he ran over a teenager’s foot in a Wal-Mart parking lot. Celaya,
2004-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 1-3. Furthermore, in Celaya, the tort for which immunity was waived
by the TCA came under the exception of negligent operation of a motor vehicle. See § 41-4-
5. In contrast, here, the only section of the TCA that waives immunity for the claims
asserted against Officer Gutierrez is the law enforcement provision of Section 41-4-12, and
he identifies no other exception. Consequently, Celaya has no bearing on this case.
{21} Officer Gutierrez also cites to 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) (2006) of the Federal Tort Claims
Act (FTCA) to support his argument that he is a “public employee.” We fail to see the
relevance of the FTCA here when the statutory language defining a “public employee” under
the various provisions of the TCA is clear and unambiguous. Further, the many federal cases
cited by Officer Gutierrez are also not pertinent. The crux of those cases is not whether a
tribal officer enforcing state law pursuant to a commission is a “law enforcement officer”
entitled to a defense and/or indemnification under the TCA, but whether he may become a
“state actor” for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See, e.g., Romero v. Peterson, No. CIV-89-
128-JC, 1993 WL 375746, at *1-3 (10th Cir. Sept. 27,1993); Romero v. Peterson, 930 F.2d
1502, 1503-04 (10th Cir. 1991); Hebert v. United States, 438 F.3d 483, 486-87 (5th Cir.
2006); Ouart v. Fleming, No. CIV-08-1040-D, 2010 WL 1257827, at *3 (W.D. Okla. Mar.
26, 2010).
{22} There is no dispute that once commissioned as a sheriff’s deputy, Officer Gutierrez
was authorized to discharge all the law enforcement powers of a Santa Fe County sheriff,
including with respect to the Motor Vehicle Code. We conclude however, that in this case,
such a commission did not make Officer Gutierrez a “public employee” of the County but
merely conferred upon him jurisdiction to act lawfully when enforcing state and local laws.
Accordingly, the County has no duty to defend Officer Gutierrez in this lawsuit or indemnify
him for tortious acts committed under color of his commission. We affirm the district
court’s decision.
CONCLUSION
8
{23} We affirm the decision of the district court.
{24} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge
____________________________________
CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
Topic Index for Loya v. Gutierrez, No. 32,405
APPEAL AND ERROR
Standard of Review
CIVIL RIGHTS
Section 1983 Actions
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Excessive Force
CRIMINAL LAW
Reckless Driving
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Cross-commissioned Officer
Peace Officer
GOVERNMENT
Officers
Public Employees
INDIAN LAW
Indian Lands
Tribal and State Authority and Jurisdiction
TORTS
Public Employee Torts
Tort Claims Act
9