Filed 5/6/14 In re Andrew S. CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re ANDREW S., JR., et al., Persons B248693
Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. CK73994)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
ANDREW S., SR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from findings and orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Veronica McBeth, Judge. Affirmed.
Megan Turkat Schirn, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, James M. Owens, Assistant County Counsel, and
Aileen Wong, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
Andrew S., Sr. (father) appeals from the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings
and dispositional orders. He contends that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the
juvenile court’s finding that his occasional marijuana use impacted his ability to care for
his children, Andrew S., Jr. (Andrew, born Mar. 2011) and Angelina S. (Angelina, born
Oct. 2012) (collectively the minors). He also argues that there was insufficient evidence
to sustain the allegation that he knew or reasonably should have known of Angelica C.’s
(mother) relapse. Further, he asserts that insufficient evidence supports the juvenile
court’s order requiring him to complete a parenting program, to submit to drug tests, and
to participate in monitored visits with the minors.
We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Prior Dependency History
On August 14, 2008, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (DCFS) filed a Welfare and Institutions Code section 3001 petition on behalf of
Samantha C. (Samantha), mother’s oldest child; the petition was filed under subdivisions
(a), (b), and (g), based upon mother’s use of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and
marijuana; domestic violence between mother and Samantha’s father, O.M.; and O.M.’s
failure to provide the necessities of life for Samantha.
Mother failed to reunify with Samantha. Her case was closed on September 20,
2010, with a family law order giving O.M. sole physical and legal custody of Samantha
and mother monitored visitation.
Detention Report
In October 2012, mother gave birth to Angelina. Both mother and Angelina tested
positive for methamphetamine. The following day, the minors were detained.
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.
2
Mother’s Statements
During her interview with the social worker, mother said that she knew DCFS
would be detaining her newborn child. She admitted that she had “‘messed up’” and used
methamphetamine three days prior to giving birth. Mother said that she was “hanging
out with a friend” and had “no idea why she decided to use drugs.” Mother also
disclosed that she had used drugs in May 2012, after she found out that she was pregnant.
Mother admitted that she had a problem with drugs in her past; she had a history
of marijuana and methamphetamine use. She had been ordered by the juvenile court to
attend a drug rehabilitation program based upon Samantha’s dependency case. Although
she enrolled in a program, she did not complete it. She claimed that DCFS contributed to
her drug usage by detaining Samantha.
Mother further disclosed that she would be turning herself in for incarceration to
the Pasadena criminal court by November 30, 2012, for charges of grand theft.
Father’s Statements
Father reported that he was unaware of mother’s drug usage. He said that mother
had been attending school to become a licensed vocational nurse and “had been clean.”
He claimed only to have found out that mother had used drugs again because Angelina
had been born with a positive toxicology screen for methamphetamine.
Father claimed that he quit using marijuana approximately three months ago. He
had been unemployed for the past year. He was unable to provide a current address or
any prior address. He also did not remember his telephone number. He denied having
any criminal arrest history, but he said that he would be turning himself in for
incarceration through the Pasadena court in the next couple of weeks. He did not recall
what the charges were. In response to the social worker’s inquiry regarding whether
father was turning himself in for the same crime as mother, he said it was “for the same
thing, theft.”
He was sad that mother had used drugs while pregnant, but he and mother wanted
to remain a family. He wanted the minors returned to mother’s care and custody.
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Maternal Grandmother’s Statements
The maternal grandmother could not believe that mother “did this again.” She had
not suspected that mother was using drugs; she thought mother appeared to be “on the
right path.” She was unaware if mother had received consistent prenatal care. She
reported that mother and Andrew had moved into her home about two months prior. She
only found out that mother was using drugs after Angelina was born.
Maternal Aunt’s Statements
The maternal aunt informed the social worker that she and her one-year-old child
resided with the maternal grandmother, mother, and Andrew. She “had a small
suspicion” that mother might have been using drugs. However, she never saw mother use
drugs or act differently since living with the maternal grandmother. She was unable to
elaborate why she was suspicious that mother was using drugs. She thought mother was
a good mother to Andrew.
Hospital Social Worker’s Statements
The hospital social worker informed the DCFS social worker that mother admitted
to using drugs on at least two occasions after knowing that she was pregnant. The last
time mother used drugs was three days prior to giving birth. She was inconsistent with
her prenatal care appointments and missed several of her appointments in July and
August 2012. And, mother tested positive for amphetamine on May 21, 2012.
Detention
DCFS took the minors into protective custody. Andrew was placed in a foster
home. Angelina was scheduled to be released from the hospital in a couple of days and
would be placed in a foster home.
Section 300 Petition
On October 17, 2012, DCFS filed a section 300 petition alleging that Angelina had
been born with a positive toxicology screen for amphetamine and methamphetamine;
mother had a substance abuse history, was currently using methamphetamine and
amphetamine, and Samantha had been a dependent of the juvenile court because of
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mother’s drug use; and father had a history of drug use and was a current user of
marijuana.
Jurisdiction/Disposition Report
DCFS reported that mother had a criminal history.
Father too had a criminal history. His case had been in “[w]arrants [s]tatus” since
August 3, 2012, when he failed to appear for a court date. Father informed the
dependency investigator that he was aware of the active warrant for his recent arrest and
that he planned to turn himself in after the next juvenile court hearing date.
Mother admitted to a history of drug abuse.
Mother had never seen father smoke marijuana, but she knew that he had used it.
About three months prior, father had “‘hit some resin of whatever was left.’” Regarding
marijuana, mother said that she and father “‘never really talked about it and it wasn’t
around or a part of [their] lives.’” She did not believe that father’s marijuana use affected
his parenting. According to mother, father is very shy and mostly lets mother take care of
everything. They had talked about him stepping up as a father and being able to do
things without her help. He loved his children and played well with Andrew.
Father said that he did not find out about mother’s drug use until his daughter was
born. The doctor had informed him that “‘the test was dirty.’” Father was surprised that
DCFS took the minors into protective custody. Mother was crying, and she admitted to
using methamphetamine when she “ran into ‘some old friends.’” Father said that he was
at the paternal grandmother’s home when mother used methamphetamine. He indicated
that mother did not tell him about the drug use until he was at the hospital.
Father knew that mother had a history of drug use, and he knew that mother had
lost Samantha as a result of her substance abuse. He and mother had been dating for
three years, but he had known her for eight years because they were neighbors. He did
not know when mother began using drugs, but he knew that she had used
methamphetamine. He did not think that she used marijuana. Father said that he was
unaware of mother’s positive drug test in May 2012. He indicated that he attended
prenatal visits with mother, but he must not have been there for the visit when she tested
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positive. He did not know about mother’s methamphetamine use the day before she gave
birth. He was aware that the probation department had asked mother to complete a
substance abuse program and was with mother when she was in her last outpatient
program.
Father disclosed that he had a history of marijuana use and first tried the drug at
the age of 16. He did not have a marijuana license. He did not use marijuana every day,
but he would use it “socially with his friends.” He thought that he had last used on
October 10, 2012, but “only used a little,” which was why he thought it did not show up
on his drug test. He denied ever using marijuana or any other type of drug around the
children.
He currently resided with the maternal grandmother. He did not have a job or
income, so he planned to apply for general relief. He needed a job and his license.
Father tested negative for drugs on October 15, 2012.
The maternal aunt informed the dependency investigator that she knew mother had
previously used drugs and that her drug of choice was methamphetamine. The maternal
aunt said that mother lost custody of Samantha, but faithfully attended monitored visits
every Tuesday. She was unaware if mother had used marijuana and she did not know
how recently mother had used drugs. She said that mother did not bring the drugs around
the children.
The maternal aunt had no concerns about father; she had never known him to use
marijuana or any other type of drug. She said that father helped with Andrew by
changing his diaper and feeding him. Despite mother being gone, father continued to
reside with her and the maternal grandmother, and he never caused any problems.
The foster mother was concerned that the family did not set limits for Andrew
during visits. They constantly brought him junk food. Although father played well with
Andrew, he never told Andrew anything when he misbehaved or ran around. He
appeared not to know what to do when Andrew had a tantrum.
DCFS recommended that father enroll in a fatherhood group, but he felt that he
did not need any type of parenting class; the juvenile court had not ordered him to
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participate in one. However, during monitored visits, DCFS observed that father had
limited knowledge about feeding and disciplining Andrew. When father asked about
how he previously took care of Andrew, he had limited responses. DCFS noted that
Andrew spoke and understood Spanish, but father did not speak Spanish, so it was
unknown how much father could communicate with his son. DCFS recommended that
father participate in a fatherhood group because he was a new father with two very young
children; the group would help him become a better parent. Furthermore, because the
children were being referred to the Regional Center for having some possible
developmental delays, father’s participation in a fatherhood group could help him learn
how to care for his children’s special needs.
DCFS reported that father did not appear to understand the effects of marijuana, a
mind altering substance, when he has two very young children. Thus, DCFS
recommended that father continue to randomly drug test and complete a program if he
tested positive for drugs.
First Amended Section 300 Petition; Hearing
On or about December 3, 2012, DCFS filed a first amended section 300 petition,
adding language to counts b-1 and b-2 that father knew or reasonably should have known
about mother’s substance abuse and father failed to protect the minors.
At the hearing, the juvenile court ordered father to test on demand.
Last Minute Information for the Court (Feb. 25, 2013)
The dependency investigator reported that she met with mother on February 5,
2013. She was doing well in her program at Tarzana Treatment Center. She expected to
complete the program by April 1, 2013. She wanted to extend her stay for an additional
six months to help her complete school and get a job. While she tested negative for drugs
on December 21, 2012, and January 17, 2013, she failed to test on December 4, 2012, and
January 7, 2013.
Father told the dependency investigator that he turned himself in to clear his
warrant, and he remained incarcerated for a few days. He was arrested on December 15,
2012. He was released for “work release” and needed to complete 32 days of work
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before his criminal case “cleared up.” If he did not complete his work release, he would
have to go back to jail.
He had not enrolled in parenting education, counseling, or any other tests. He said
that he was calling daily to drug test, but he did not have an explanation for missing a
drug test on January 29, 2013. He visited the children that day, but he did not know that
he had missed a drug test. He had also missed a drug test on November 28, 2012. But,
he tested negative for drugs on December 6, 2012.
Father missed the January 20, 2013, visit with the minors and did not call to
cancel, so the children and foster parents were waiting at the church for father. On
February 5, 2013, the dependency investigator went to observe a family visit, which was
monitored by a church volunteer. The parents brought healthy snacks for Andrew and
fed and changed the diapers of both children. Andrew enjoyed playing with the toys in
the large children’s room. The parents held Angelina or placed her in the swing seat.
The parents said that they enjoyed their visits at the church visiting centers. They were
sometimes late because of the bus; but, they would try to borrow someone’s cellular
telephone on the bus to call and let the foster parents know that they were on their way.
Attached to the Last Minute Information for the Court was the Multi-Disciplinary
Assessment Team (MAT) report. Mother informed the MAT assessor that father lived
with her and the maternal grandmother until a few months prior to November 2012. The
maternal grandmother expressed a desire for father to work and improve his life
following a police raid that occurred due to stolen merchandise in the home. After that
incident, father moved into a friend’s home.
Mother had struggled with drug issues since she was 15 years old. While father
previously engaged in marijuana use, he had no history of any other drug or alcohol
abuse problems.
The foster mother informed the MAT assessor that father visited weekly with no
concerns. During one visit, Andrew engaged in tantrum-like behavior. Eventually, he
was able to visit with father and had less tantrums. Andrew tended to engage with father
and father appeared to be able to redirect Andrew’s low frustration tolerance by engaging
8
him in activity. Father appeared to be attuned to Andrew, but showed very limited
interaction with Angelina. When father tried to engage Angelina, Andrew got frustrated
and would yell to redirect attention back to him. The MAT assessor observed that when
Andrew cried, father easily and immediately soothed him. Father was very loving to
Andrew and provided him with physical affection; he did not display such affection to
Angelina. Ultimately, Andrew recognized father as his father and was able to establish
good eye contact and engage in reciprocal interactions. The MAT assessor opined that it
would be beneficial for father to be able to bond more with Angelina as he appeared to
have a clear bond with Andrew.
The MAT assessor reported that father needed to be able to support his children’s
healthy growth and development. She recommended that father attend parenting classes
in order to identify ways to address the behaviors of his children with unique needs and to
attend regular drug testing as requested. Father was provided with referrals, but he
refused to participate in parenting education.
The MAT assessor noted that Andrew had no major medical concerns. However,
he had some communication delays and he was unable to say any words coherently. The
MAT assessor recommended that Andrew be evaluated by the Regional Center to address
his delays in communication. The foster mother informed the MAT assessor that
Angelina had tremors and shaking in her arms and legs as a result of her drug exposure in
utero. She recommended that Angelina be referred to the Regional Center for an
evaluation to ensure that she progresses developmentally despite being drug-exposed.
Last Minute Information for the Court (Mar. 1, 2013)
The dependency investigator met with father at the Men’s Central Jail. He stated
that he had been incarcerated on February 11, 2013, because he did not comply with his
work release. As a result of his incarceration, he had not seen the minors since the first
week of February. He did not know when he would be released, but he planned to return
to the maternal grandmother’s home and try to do better.
The foster mother said that the children were “doing great” and Andrew had been
greatly improving his behavior and speech.
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Adjudication Hearing (Mar. 1, 2013)
The juvenile court sustained counts b-22 and b-33 of the amended section 300
petition. In so doing, the juvenile court stated that it was concerned about father having
some missed drug tests.
The juvenile court declared the minors dependents of the court and ordered them
removed from the parents’ custody. It ordered reunification services for father, including
parenting education and a fatherhood class, and random drug testing. Father was granted
monitored visits two to three times a week for two to three hours minimum, with
discretion to DCFS to liberalize visitation.
Father’s timely appeal ensued.
DISCUSSION
I. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court’s Jurisdictional Findings
A. Standard of Review
As the parties agree, we review the juvenile court’s order for substantial evidence.
(In re Sheila B. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 187, 199.)
2 Count b-2 provides, in relevant part that mother “has a history of illicit drug use
which interferes with mother’s ability to provide regular care for the children. The
mother used illicit drugs during her pregnancy with the child. . . . [[B]oth the mother]
and [Angelina] had. . . positive toxicology screens for amphetamine and
methamphetamine at [Angelina’s] birth. On 5/12/2012, . . . mother had a positive
toxicology screen for amphetamine. . . . Samantha . . . was a dependent of the Court, due
to mother’s illicit drug use. [Father] knew or reasonably should have known of the
mother’s substance abuse and the father failed to protect the children. The mother’s
illicit drug use and the father’s failure to protect the children endangers the children’s
safety and places the children at risk of harm.”
3 Count b-3 provides, in relevant part, that father “has a history of illicit drug use
and is a current abuser of marijuana, which renders the father incapable of providing
regular care for the children. The father’s illicit drug use endangers the child’s physical
health and safety and creates a detrimental home environment, placing the children at risk
of physical harm and damage.”
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B. Analysis
“The purpose of section 300 ‘is to provide maximum safety and protection for
children who are currently being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused, being
neglected, or being exploited, and to ensure the safety, protection, and physical and
emotional well-being of children who are at risk of that harm.’ [Citation.]” (In re
Giovanni F. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 594, 599.)
With that in mind, section 300 provides, in relevant part: “Any child who comes
within any of the following descriptions is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
which may adjudge that person to be a dependent child of the court: [¶] . . . [¶] (b) The
child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical
harm or illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent or guardian to
adequately supervise or protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the child’s
parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child from the conduct of the
custodian with whom the child has been left, or by the willful or negligent failure of the
parent or guardian to provide the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical
treatment, or by the inability of the parent or guardian to provide regular care for the
child due to the parent’s or guardian’s mental illness, developmental disability, or
substance abuse.” (§ 300, subd. (b), italics added.)
To find a minor a person described in section 300, subdivision (b), there must be
proof of neglectful conduct, causation, and a substantial risk of serious physical harm.
(In re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 814, 820.)
Here, there is ample evidence that the minors were at a substantial risk of serious
physical harm as a result of father’s failure to protect. Certainly, Angelina was at
substantial risk of harm as a result of father’s failure to protect—mother used drugs when
she was pregnant with Angelina; in fact, she was born with a positive toxicology screen.
Father complains that it was unreasonable to conclude that he knew or should have
known about mother’s drug use. He is mistaken. There was ample evidence that father
knew about mother’s history of using methamphetamine. He told the dependency
investigator of mother’s history of drug use, and he knew that mother had lost custody of
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Samantha as a result of her substance abuse. He also knew that mother was supposed to
complete a drug abuse program. Moreover, he was with mother when she was in her last
outpatient program and therefore knew or should have known that she was terminated
from that program as a result of a positive drug test, demonstrating that she had relapsed.
In re James R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 129 is distinguishable. In that case, the
mother had a negative reaction to taking ibuprofen and drinking beer. (In re James R.,
supra, at p. 136.) Here, mother was abusing amphetamine and methamphetamine while
she was pregnant, causing the infant to have tremors and shaking in her arms and legs.
Despite this evidence, after the children were taken into protective custody, father still
believed that the children should be returned to mother’s care and custody. Under these
circumstances, there is a substantial risk of serious physical harm to the minors as a result
of father’s failure to protect them from mother’s substance abuse.
Additionally, substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings regarding
father’s marijuana use.4 He had used marijuana since the age of 16; he never had a
marijuana license, but would use “socially with his friends.” He last used on October 10,
2012. He missed his random drug tests on November 28, 2012, and January 29, 2013,
without explanation. And, his recurrent substance abuse resulted in his failure to fulfill
his major role obligations. He did not have employment for the past year. He was unable
to fulfill his work release, which would have allowed him to be released from custody
much earlier. He was late for visits with the minors. He was unable to provide a current
address or any prior address to the social worker; he could not remember his telephone
number. And, he had legal problems, including a criminal history, a case in “warrant
status,” and a recent police raid for stolen property. It follows that the juvenile court had
prima facie evidence of father’s instability to provide regular care to his two young
4 It is well-established that we may affirm a juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings
if substantial evidence supports any of the counts involving the children. (In re
Jonathan B. (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 873, 875–877.) Thus, there is jurisdiction over the
minors even if there is substantial evidence to support only one of the two allegations
sustained against father. (Id. at p. 876.)
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children, resulting in a substantial risk of serious physical harm. (In re Alexis E. (2009)
171 Cal.App.4th 438, 453 [although the use of medical marijuana, without more, cannot
support a jurisdiction finding, here there is substantial evidence of the “more” necessary
to support jurisdiction].)
Father’s reliance upon In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754 is misplaced.
In that case, the Court of Appeal determined that the child was not at substantial risk of
harm as a result of the father’s use of medical marijuana. After all, the evidence there
showed that the father had fulfilled his work obligations; the father had a valid
recommendation from a physician to use marijuana to treat chronic knee pain; the father
did not have a criminal history; and there was plenty of food in the home and the utilities
were working. (Id. at pp. 767–768.) Here, father has not been employed for a year and
could not fulfill his work release obligations; he had not been prescribed marijuana by a
physician; and he has an extensive criminal history.
II. The Juvenile Court Made the Correct Disposition Orders
The juvenile court “has broad discretion to determine what would best serve and
protect the child’s interest and to fashion a dispositional order” accordingly. (In re
Christopher H. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1006.) “On appeal, this determination
cannot be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion.” (In re Baby Boy H. (1998) 63
Cal.App.4th 470, 474.)
The juvenile court did not err in ordering father to attend a fatherhood program
and participate in random drug tests. He admitted to using marijuana since the age of 16.
He did not have a marijuana license and would use with friends. He used on October 10,
2012, and failed to drug test at least twice, without explanation. It follows that the
juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in ordering father to participate in random drug
testing.
Ordering father to participate in parenting education was proper as well. DCFS
observed during monitored visits that father had limited knowledge about feeding and
disciplining Andrew. When father was asked how he previously took care of Andrew, he
had limited responses. Mother also had discussed with father his need to step up as a
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father and be able to do things without her help. The MAT assessor recommended that
father attend parenting classes in order to identify ways to address the behaviors of his
children with unique needs; Andrew needed to be evaluated by the Regional Center to
address his delays in communication, and Angelina needed an evaluation because she had
been exposed to drugs in utero.
Father’s reliance upon In re Jasmin C. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 177 is misplaced.
In that case, a nonoffending parent was improperly ordered to attend a parenting class (In
re Jasmin C., supra, at p. 181); here, father, is offending—as set forth above, there is
evidence of his failure to protect, his substance abuse, and his extensive criminal history.
Similarly, the juvenile court did not err in limiting father to monitored visitation.
The visitation order was made in light of the entire record, including father’s criminal
history (even if that history was not a basis for dependency jurisdiction). (§ 361.2.) And,
as set forth above, father failed to protect the minors from mother’s substance abuse;
even after he found out about mother’s relapse, he still wanted the children returned to
her custody. He also was an abuser of marijuana. And, he has an extensive criminal
history. At the time the case came before the juvenile court, he had an active warrant for
his arrest, and he was incarcerated twice during these proceedings. In fact, he was
incarcerated during the time of the jurisdictional hearing. He also endangered the
children prior to DCFS’s involvement by bringing a police raid into the family home
because he had stolen merchandise in the home. Finally, he was uncooperative with
DCFS by refusing to participate in parenting education. Taken together, all of this
evidence supports the juvenile court’s order for monitored visitation.
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DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s findings and orders are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
______________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
_______________________________, P. J.
BOREN
_______________________________, J.*
FERNS
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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