FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
May 20, 2014
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 13-3270
(D.C. No. 2:03-CR-20179-JWL-JPO-1)
JAMES DOUGLAS, (D. Kan.)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before GORSUCH, MURPHY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
James Douglas appeals from the district court’s imposition of a thirty-
six-month prison sentence following revocation of his supervised release. Mr.
Douglas contends that this sentence was procedurally unreasonable. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), we affirm.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has
decided unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered
submitted without oral argument.
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
I
In 2003, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Douglas on two counts of
distributing five grams or more of crack cocaine. Mr. Douglas pleaded guilty to
one count of the indictment; he was sentenced to 151 months’ imprisonment
followed by four years of supervised release. The district court subsequently
reduced his prison sentence to 130 months, and later to ninety-two months.
Mr. Douglas’s term of supervised release commenced on November 1,
2011. However, in 2013, his probation officer reported that Mr. Douglas had
violated court-imposed conditions of supervision. Consequently, on March 25,
2013, the government petitioned the district court to issue a warrant and
recommended the revocation of supervised release. Mr. Douglas’s probation
officer then prepared an Amended Violation Report which cited ten specific
infractions. The most serious of these was an “arrest[ ] by the Missouri Highway
Patrol for new criminal activity” on March 14, 2013, wherein Mr. Douglas was
found in possession of a controlled substance. R., Vol. III, at 10 (Sealed Am.
Violation Report, filed Oct. 18, 2013). Based upon this “Grade A violation and
[Mr. Douglas’s] criminal history category of VI,” the report computed an
imprisonment range of thirty-three to forty-one months. Id. at 13.
At an October 2013 hearing on the matter, the government introduced
testimony from Mr. Douglas’s probation officer and the Missouri State Trooper
who had arrested Mr. Douglas in March 2013. After hearing oral argument from
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both parties, the district court determined that Mr. Douglas had violated the
conditions of his supervised release and stated, “I intend to revoke it.” Id., Vol.
II, at 69 (Hr’g Tr., dated Oct. 21, 2013). 1 More specifically, the court concluded
that a thirty-six-month sentence was appropriate and explained its reasoning, in
relevant part, as follows:
I believe the evidence reflects from Mr. Douglas a number of
very troubling things:
First of all, as to the Class A violation, . . . how he was charged
in the Missouri court in reality perhaps understates his
culpability. [2] And I would feel differently if the evidence simply
reflected that Mr. Douglas engaged in some very imprudent and
also illegal behavior . . . , troubling as the event itself was, a
100-mile-an-hour chase through residential areas. But the
evidence leads me to believe that there was more afoot than that
and that Mr. Douglas was in a situation in which he was engaging
in drug distribution. And that’s based upon the scales, based
upon the packaging, and based upon the fact there’s absolutely
no indication of any other individual who is otherwise
responsible. And Mr. Douglas of course is a Criminal History
Category VI who was sentenced for drug distribution. It’s
troublesome to me that he has, in my opinion, at that point in
time fallen back into his old habits. And in looking at the other
violations here, the sort of technical violations [of supervision],
they also reflect a person who has not taken sufficiently seriously
the obligation to conform his favor [sic] to what he’s required to
do. And that is troublesome. Moreover, even what I heard him
say today in his own statement, I really drew the conclusion he
1
Mr. Douglas exercised the opportunity to make a statement before
the district court imposed sentence.
2
In the district court’s view, “[there was] a pretty good argument that
really [Mr. Douglas] should have been charged with possession with intent to
distribute under Missouri law,” which he was not. R., Vol. II, at 59.
3
was saying he was sorry he got caught as opposed to he was
really sorry that he did whatever he did back in March.
And I believe as a result of all of this the need to punish Mr.
Douglas is there and that a sentence of three years’ imprisonment
is not out of proportion with the entirety of the circumstances
that have been presented both in the evidence and in his criminal
history. And as a result I think that sentence makes sense.
Id. at 71–72.
Mr. Douglas lodged no contemporaneous objection. At the conclusion of
the hearing, he was remanded to the custody of the United States Marshal. This
timely appeal followed.
II
A
Mr. Douglas contends that the district court committed procedural error by
lengthening his term of imprisonment based on consideration of an impermissible
factor specified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A): promoting punishment for the
underlying offense of conviction. Because Mr. Douglas failed to object on this
basis in the district court, we review this claim for plain error. United States v.
Mendiola, 696 F.3d 1033, 1036 (10th Cir. 2012). Under that standard, we will
reverse only if Mr. Douglas demonstrates “(1) an error, (2) that is plain, which
means clear or obvious under current law, and (3) that affects substantial rights.
If he satisfies these criteria, this Court may exercise discretion to correct the error
if [4] it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
4
proceedings.” United States v. McGehee, 672 F.3d 860, 876 (10th Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Failure to establish one or more of these
elements is fatal to a claim on plain-error review. See United States v. Romero,
491 F.3d 1173, 1179 (10th Cir. 2007).
B
We ultimately decide to affirm the judgment of the district court, but in so
doing, we take a different approach than that proposed by the parties. Their
arguments on appeal focus on the third prong of plain-error review. However, we
find it unnecessary to reach that stage in the analysis. Indeed, we harbor some
doubt whether Mr. Douglas’s challenge survives the first prong of plain-error
review—viz., we question whether the district court committed any error at all.
Nonetheless, even assuming that it did so, we are confident that any such error
was not “clear or obvious under current law,” see McGehee, 672 F.3d at 876.
Consequently, Mr. Douglas’s claim of error fails to satisfy the second prong of
the plain-error test.
Basing a sentence on an impermissible factor is a form of procedural error.
See United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d 800, 803–04 (10th Cir. 2008). As is relevant
here, “[b]efore deciding whether to revoke a term of supervised release and
determining the sentence imposed after revocation, the district court must
consider the factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C),
(a)(2)(D), (a)(4), (a)(5), (a)(6), and (a)(7).” United States v. McBride, 633 F.3d
5
1229, 1231 (10th Cir. 2011); see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). These factors are (1) “the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the
defendant,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1); (2) providing “adequate deterrence to
criminal conduct,” id. § (a)(2)(B); (3) “protect[ing] the public from further crimes
of the defendant,” id. § (a)(2)(C); (4) providing training, treatment, and care, id.
§ (a)(2)(D); (5) the sentencing ranges established by the United States Sentencing
Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.” or “the Guidelines”), id. § (a)(4); (6) the pertinent
Sentencing Commission policy statements, id. § (a)(5); (7) the need to avoid
unwarranted sentencing disparities, id. § (a)(6); and (8) restitution, id. § (a)(7).
The relevant policy statements are listed in Chapter 7 of the Guidelines. See
United States v. Vigil, 696 F.3d 997, 1002 (10th Cir. 2012).
Bearing the foregoing in mind, it is patent that the statutory scheme does
not require sentencing courts to consider § 3553(a)(2)(A) in concert with the
other enumerated factors. See McBride, 633 F.3d at 1231. Thus, when
sentencing a defendant who has violated his terms of supervision, the district
court need not focus upon “provid[ing] just punishment for the offense [of
conviction].” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A).
The parties’ arguments focus on this legal proposition and make much of
the fact that the district court referred to “the need to punish Mr. Douglas,” R.,
Vol. II, at 72, in its sentencing remarks. This “punish” language, reason the
parties, indicates that the district court relied on § 3553(a)(2)(A) in revoking Mr.
6
Douglas’s supervised-release term and fashioning his sentence and, in doing so,
committed clear or obvious procedural error—viz., error that satisfies the second
prong of the plain-error test. We disagree.
Assuming for the moment that a district court is prohibited from
considering § 3553(a)(2)(A) factors in revoking an offender’s supervised-release
term and imposing sentence on him, we are far from certain that the district court
committed such error here. The district court never explicitly invoked
§ 3553(a)(2)(A) in its fleeting nod to punishment. Nor did it focus on Mr.
Douglas’s drug-trafficking offense of conviction as an independent variable in its
sentencing calculus; it only alluded to that conviction in assessing the magnitude
of Mr. Douglas’s supervised-release misconduct. In particular, the court voiced
the view that Mr. Douglas’s supervised-release misconduct suggested that he had
reverted back to his former pattern of drug-trafficking delict. See R., Vol. II, at
72 (“It’s troublesome to me that he has . . . fallen back into his old [drug-related]
habits.”); cf. U.S.S.G. Ch. 7, pt. A, intro. cmt. (noting that “at revocation the
court should sanction primarily the defendant’s breach of trust, while taking into
account, to a limited degree, the seriousness of the underlying violation and the
criminal history of the violator”).
In addition, at least arguably, the district court’s reference to punishment
could be read as relating to the need to sanction Mr. Douglas—not for his offense
of conviction, which would be within § 3553(a)(2)(A)’s purview, but for his
7
supervised-release misconduct, which violated the trust of the court. See United
States v. Contreras-Martinez, 409 F.3d 1236, 1241 (10th Cir. 2005) (noting that a
“violation of a condition of supervised release is a breach of trust . . . that is
sanctioned”). Accordingly, we harbor no small measure of doubt whether the
district court committed the challenged error in the first place. Put another way,
we question whether Mr. Douglas has even satisfied the first prong of the plain-
error test.
However, if we do assume that the district court considered the
§ 3553(a)(2)(A) factors in imposing a supervised-release revocation sentence on
Mr. Douglas and that such consideration was error, we still would be hard-pressed
to conclude that any such error was clear or obvious. Recent decisions issued by
panels of this court indicate that the Tenth Circuit has not definitively resolved
the question of whether it is error for a district court to consider § 3553(a)(2)(A)
factors when revoking an offender’s supervised release. See United States v.
Chatburn, 505 F. App’x 713, 717 (10th Cir. 2012); United States v. Lockhart, 421
F. App’x 877, 880 n.1 (10th Cir. 2011). In Lockhart, the panel stated that a
“district court is not required to consider [§ 3553(a)(2)(A) factors] when imposing
a sentence upon revocation of supervised release. However, the fact that the
district court did consider these factors does not render the sentence plainly
unreasonable.” 421 F. App’x at 880 n.1 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
Moreover, the Supreme Court has not yet spoken to the issue.
8
This lack of controlling precedent on the question creates a “fundamental”
problem for Mr. Douglas in his effort to establish that the district court clearly or
obviously erred. United States v. Schneider, 704 F.3d 1287, 1304 (10th Cir.)
(Holmes, J., concurring, joined by Martinez, J.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 133 S.
Ct. 2868 (2013); see, e.g., United States v. DeChristopher, 695 F.3d 1082, 1091
(10th Cir. 2012) (“In general, for an error to be contrary to well-settled law,
either the Supreme Court or this court must have addressed the issue.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). Furthermore, in Chatburn, the panel observed that
“[t]he circuits are divided on whether consideration of a § 3553(a)(2)(A) factor is
error” and concluded that “the law [was] sufficiently unsettled,” such that it could
not conclude that any error regarding the consideration of § 3553(a)(2)(A) factors
was clear or obvious (i.e., plain). 505 F. App’x at 717. And, “[o]ur circuit
precedent has repeatedly noted that a circuit split is strong evidence that an error
is not plain.” United States v. Story, 635 F.3d 1241, 1248 (10th Cir. 2011).
Lastly, there is no alternative ground upon which we might otherwise
conclude that the district court’s statutory “interpretation was clearly erroneous,”
United States v. Poe, 556 F.3d 1113, 1129 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation
marks omitted). On its face, § 3583(e) does not expressly prohibit district courts
from considering § 3553(a)(2)(A) factors; it simply does not require them to do
so. In sum, even if the district court here considered the § 3553(a)(2)(A) factors
in imposing a supervised-release revocation sentence on Mr. Douglas, and such
9
consideration was error, we conclude that it was not clear or obvious error.
Consequently, Mr. Douglas cannot satisfy the second prong of the plain-error test,
and we are constrained to uphold the district court’s order. 3
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. Douglas’s sentence.
Entered for the Court
JEROME A. HOLMES
Circuit Judge
3
For the reasons explicated above, we consider it unnecessary to reach
(as the parties do) the third prong of the plain-error test. But, even assuming that
we were to reach this phase of the analysis, we would arrive at the same result.
In other words, we would affirm the district court in any event because, insofar as
it committed any clear or obvious error, that purported error did not affect Mr.
Douglas’s substantial rights. In brief, we are satisfied that the thrust of the
district court’s reasoning relates to permissible factors. To the extent that the
court erred in looking to § 3553(a)(2)(A) factors, it did so only to bolster its
reasoning as to those permissible factors. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)
(directing sentencing courts to consider § 3553(a)(1), which in turn permits
review of “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant”); see generally U.S.S.G. Ch. 7, pt. A, intro. cmt.
There is no reasonable probability that Mr. Douglas would have received a
different, lesser sentence.
10