Filed 6/11/14 P. v. Ramos CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D065270
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. FSB058748)
RUDY RAMOS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County,
Kyle S. Brodie, Judge. Affirmed.
Doris M. LeRoy, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and Christine
Levingston Bergman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
A jury found defendant Rudy Ramos guilty of two counts of first degree murder
(Pen. Code,1 § 187, subd. (a), counts 1 & 2). The jury found true the allegations that
Ramos personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing death (§ 12022.53,
subd. (b)), personally and intentionally discharged a firearm ((§ 12022.53, subd. (c)) and
personally used a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). The court sentenced Ramos to 100
years to life in state prison.
On appeal, Ramos contends the court 1) abused its discretion when it ruled to admit
into evidence a letter he wrote his family shortly after he gave police what the court found
was a coerced confession during an interview at the police station; 2) erred by instructing
the jury with modified CALCRIM No. 1403 regarding the limited purpose of evidence of
gang activity; and 3) abused its discretion in denying in part his motion based on Pitchess
v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess) to examine for "all prior acts of
dishonesty" the personnel records of the detective who interviewed Ramos at the police
station.
As we explain, we disagree with Ramos's contentions and thus affirm his judgment
of conviction.
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
A. Prosecution Case
On an evening in October 2006, Francisco Avila—a North Side Colton gang
member who went by the moniker "Cisco"—testified he was hanging out smoking
marijuana and drinking beer with his "cousins," victims Robert Chavez, Jr. and Jesus
Hale, in the front yard at a house in Colton where Avila lived with his grandfather. At
some point during the evening, another of Avila's cousins, Crystal Moya, and a neighbor,
Mario Ruiz, a North Side Colton gang member who went by the moniker "Chuco" joined
them. According to Avila, Ruiz was a member of the "bloque," which was a clique from
North Colton whose members had committed murders.
Avila testified Chavez and Hale were Verdugo Flats gang members, a rival gang of
North Side Colton. Ruiz was armed that evening with a .38 special revolver that Avila
had purchased about two weeks earlier for $150. Avila previously had given Ruiz the
weapon because Ruiz did not have any money to buy a gun of his own. At some point
later in the evening, Ramos, who lived across the street, came over and smoked marijuana
and hung out with the group. Avila testified Ramos also was then an active member of the
North Side Colton gang who went by the moniker "Boogie." As discussed post, Ramos
denied he was then an active gang member.
2 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment of conviction.
(See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 690.) Portions of the factual and
procedural history related to the contentions raised by Ramos are discussed post.
3
Initially, the group just hung out and it seemed everyone was "getting along."
According to Avila, Ramos asked Hale and Chavez if they were "down for the block," and
the two in response said, "We'll be down for [the] block." About 20 minutes later, as
Avila was on his telephone making a drug sale, he saw Ruiz and Ramos talking near a
neighbor's house. Avila went over to Ruiz and Ramos, but Ruiz told Avila he wanted to
talk to Ramos alone, which Avila found odd because they were all part of the same gang.
Ramos then left and went back to his house.
Avila testified that a short time later, Ramos returned carrying a 30-30 rifle
partially concealed under his sweater. Ramos walked up to Avila, said, "Check this out"
and pointed the rifle at Avila while they stood on the sidewalk. Although the barrel of the
rifle was only about six inches from Avila's chest, Avila said he initially was not worried
because he believed Ramos was "playing around." Chavez, who was standing shoulder-
to-shoulder with Avila, told Ramos not to point the gun at his cousin and used his right
hand to swipe the rifle away. Avila testified that Ramos in response shot Chavez twice in
the torso at point-blank range, killing him. Ramos then turned the weapon on Hale, who
was standing on the grass about 20 feet away. Hale spun around as he was fatally hit by
gunfire from the rifle.
Avila testified he tackled Ramos. Ruiz, who was about 25 feet away, began
shooting in the general direction of Avila and Ramos, but according to Avila, Ruiz
purposely did not intend to hit anyone. Ramos got up, picked up the rifle he had dropped
on the ground and began running down the street. Ruiz also ran away.
4
A short distance from the shooting, Ramos dropped the rifle over a chain-link fence
into a neighbor's backyard. Police arrived and saw an individual, later identified as
Ramos, run from one side of the street, near the fence, to the other side of the street and
attempt to get into a minivan that had just arrived on the scene. Police repeatedly
demanded the individual stop, but the individual ignored those commands. An officer in
response drew his weapon and approached the minivan as the individual attempted to
enter the vehicle through a sliding door. The officer again demanded the individual exit
the vehicle and yelled at the driver to stop. A short time later, the individual exited the
minivan and police arrested him.
Shortly after police took the individual into custody, they went to the location near
the chain-link fence where they had first seen the individual and found a rifle. Police later
determined that Ramos's mother was the driver of the minivan and his grandmother a
passenger on the night they intercepted it.
B. Defense Case
Ramos testified in his own defense. He admitted to shooting Chavez and Hale, but
contended he did so in self-defense. As noted, Ramos denied being an active member of
the North Side Colton gang at the time of the shooting, although he admitted at the time he
sometimes hung out with gang members and went by the names "Boogie" and "Yeska"
(the latter a reference to marijuana). Following his arrest and incarceration, Ramos
testified he became a full-fledged North Side Colton gang member.
5
Ramos testified on the day of the shooting he slept for a good portion of the day
after working the late shift the night before. After waking up, he smoked marijuana alone
and then sometime after dark went across the street, where he met Avila, Chavez, Hale
and a girl (ostensibly Moya). Ramos testified he did not know Chavez or Hale. However,
he knew Avila. Ramos smoked marijuana and drank beer with the group. He felt "good"
at the time and "pretty high."
According to Ramos, while they were hanging out Avila bragged about his recent
purchase of a gun. Ramos in response went home and grabbed his fully-loaded 30-30 rifle
that he also had recently purchased. He stated that he purposely avoided his mother and
grandmother while at the house. He then took the rifle and went back across the street to
meet the group. Ramos approached Avila while Avila was talking on the telephone and
pointed the rifle at Avila. Ramos testified his intent then was to "poke [Avila]" with the
rifle "to show him, like surprise, look what I go[t] too."
Ramos testified Chavez got angry when Ramos pointed the gun at Avila. Chavez
grabbed the barrel of the rifle and told Ramos, "Watch what the fuck [you're] doing"; "[I]
don't appreciate that shit" and Ramos "should try to ask someone from the 'V.' " Ramos
testified that he understood Chavez's reference to the " 'V' " to mean the Verdugo Flats
gang and that this statement was "not a good thing to hear." Ramos knew Chavez was a
member of that gang because Chavez had the word "Verdugo" tattooed on his neck.
Ramos testified he "got kind of scared" as he and Chavez began wrestling over the
rifle. Concerned that Chavez would take the rifle and use it against him, and because
Ramos knew Chavez was a gang member, Ramos fired the rifle at Chavez. Ramos did not
6
remember firing a second bullet at Chavez. Ramos testified he then saw Hale, about 18 to
20 feet away, reach into his pocket and pull out "something shiny." At about the same
time Ramos saw someone wearing a white or grey shirt standing by the driveway shoot at
him. Ramos in response continued shooting his rifle in Hale's direction. Scared, Ramos
testified he ran away, went near a fence by a house that appeared to be abandoned and
"ditched the rifle." He then called his mother.
Ramos testified he and Avila got into a fight about a week before Ramos's trial
started. According to Ramos, Avila head-butted him. Ramos denied slicing Avila with a
razor blade, although admitted he asked Avila before the head-butting incident what Avila
intended to "say when he takes the stand." Ramos also admitted he was responsible for
the gang graffiti in his jail cell.
On cross-examination, Ramos testified he got a North Side Colton gang tattoo in
2009 while in prison. Ramos said "pretty much" anybody can get a gang tattoo in prison,
and that it is not necessary to "earn" or "put in work" for the gang in order to obtain one.
Ramos denied that Avila tackled him after he shot Chavez and Hale. Ramos also
denied that Ruiz was present at the time of the shooting, denied Ruiz fired the gun after
Ramos shot Chavez and denied speaking to Ruiz that evening as Avila claimed in his
testimony. Ramos instead stated Ruiz left the group before Ramos went home to retrieve
his rifle. According to Ramos, other than himself, the only people present at the time of
the shooting was Avila, Chavez, Hale, Moya and the person in the driveway (not Ruiz)
that started shooting at him.
7
Dr. Ronald Markmam testified as a forensic psychiatrist that use of marijuana and
alcohol can facilitate impulsive, thoughtless behaviors in a stressful situation. He also
testified the use of such intoxicants can produce paranoia, so that events are
misinterpreted. Finally, he testified that regardless of whether a person is under the
influence, when a person thinks his or her life is being threatened, that person typically
will either run from the situation or react excessively and face and respond to it.
DISCUSSION
I
Admission of the Letter Ramos Wrote His Family
A. Additional Background
Police took Ramos to the station following his arrest. Colton police detective
Henry Dominguez interviewed Ramos in the early morning hour following the shooting.
The interview was recorded and was reviewed by this court. During the interview Ramos
confessed to the shootings. He moved pretrial to suppress the confession, claiming his
statements to police violated his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436
(Miranda) because the tape of his interview did not include the required Miranda warning
and he allegedly did not understand the warning as a result of his mental faculties and/or
impairment from alcohol and/or drugs that he had consumed near the time of the killings.
The record shows Detective Dominguez testified pretrial that he used Colton Police
Department Form 3603 and read Ramos his Miranda rights before he interviewed Ramos,
and that Ramos understood those rights and agreed to speak with him. Detective
Dominguez testified the station at that time had an old recording system, and another
8
officer sitting in a separate room did not start the recording until after Ramos had been
read his Miranda rights. It appears from the record the defense submitted on this issue
and the trial court found Ramos was properly given the Miranda warning, and that Ramos
voluntarily agreed to speak with Detective Dominguez.
The court nonetheless took up the issue of the voluntariness of the statements made
by Ramos during the interview. The court noted it had watched the video interview and it
appeared "that the police are saying that they have the defendant's grandmother and
mother in custody. There are repeated references to that fact." The defense next read a
portion of the transcript from the interview that summarized the detective's approach
during the interview:
" 'So we [i.e., the police] are arresting them [i.e., the grandmother and mother] right
now, unless we can figure out exactly what's going on.' That's just the first context where
this is, I would say, a direct threat to arrest a loved one. It's more aggressive and specific
than the way I think the Court illustrated it on the record. I just wanted to say that.
Submit it.
"The Court: I think it varies at different points in the interview, an unequivocal
threat to say we are arresting them. It appears from what I can glean from the interview,
that the defendant has admitted to calling his mother and grandmother after the incident,
and that they are, at least on the face of it, would appear to be suspects involved as,
perhaps, accessories. [¶] . . . [¶]
9
"[The prosecutor:] I think we have to look at the totality of the interview. I think we
have to look at the fact that the officer is being truthful to the defendant, as to the truthful,
legal consequences of what happened. You have mom or grandmom picking him up,
could legally be accessories after the fact. This officer had to have a way to determine
who was telling the truth. He told Mr. Ramos that he talked to grandma first and then
Rudy next to determine the truth of the matter here. And if you look at the length of the
interview, it wasn't lengthy. They gave him water. If you look at the interview, [the
officer] was respectful, was polite. There was no yelling, no outward threats, no outward
violence towards Mr. Ramos. And I think what we really have to focus on is, at the end,
everything [the officer] told Mr. Ramos was the truth, what could legally happen—what
the legal, truthful consequence of what can occur."
The record shows the court continued the hearing to read some additional
authorities provided by the parties. After the continuance, the court noted the issue of
coercion was "close enough" that the court wanted to give the issue more thought before
making a ruling. The court noted the officer conducting the interview told Ramos it
looked as if his mother and grandmother were guilty and that if they were not, "you [i.e.,
Ramos] might want to tell me about it. Nothing inherently coercive about just stating the
lay of the land as it sits." The court also noted it was not necessarily coercive for an
officer to say, " 'Hey, you got some people into this. You know, we all know this to be the
case. So if they are not involved in this, this might be the time to tell me that.' That seems
like a fairly unremarkable law enforcement technique that we see all the time."
10
The court subsequently ruled as follows to exclude a portion of the interview on the
grounds it was coercive:
"I recognize it's a fact-specific inquiry, and I recognize the nature of the question
presented. Specifically, the question is, whether or not the defendant's admission of guilt
is coerced? I will say that in the Court's mind, there's no question that much of the
statements that the defendant makes are not coerced. The concern the Court has had is
that the . . . defendant is repeatedly told that his mother and grandmother are going to be
arrested unless the defendant says what happens . . . .
"And I will say there's certain statements that give the Court pause more than
others. For example, [the] question by [the officer], 'You got to help your family.' The
response, 'So what do I got to say for them to leave?' And the officer responds, basically,
well, talk to me; and the defendant says, at that point, he did it. Now the question of
whether or not subjectively, was the defendant, in fact, influenced by the threat to arrest
his grandmother and mother? In the Court's view, the answer is that seems to be the case,
in that, later in the interview, the defendant says something to the effect, I told you what
you wanted, now, let them go. Now, it's not the clearest case in the world, I will say,
because I will note that the defendant also says—expresses some skepticism about
whether or not the police had his mother and grandmother in custody. That is something
on the other side of the scale.
"So it's not a clear case, and it's one that—one that I have struggled with. But
based on my review of the relevant authority, I am going to exclude the . . . statement —
exclude at least part of the statement on the grounds that it was not voluntary. I will say
11
one thing for the record, and I think it is important, and I alluded to this at one point
earlier in the trial, the transcript reads very different from the actual video recording of the
interview. The interview does appear to be cordial. It . . . appears that the officers were,
you know, in a sense, polite. They were not what I would call particularly aggressive.
And I say 'officers' because there's another officer that briefly appears in the interview, as
well. So I did not see anything, frankly, that I would call out. I didn't see anything that
looked like outrageous law enforcement conduct, and I think that is important to
emphasize.
"It appears that, in fact, the police did have reason to believe that the mother and
grandmother were involved. I don't think there's any dispute about that. But in the Court's
view, the truth of the representations, namely that the . . . defendant's mother and
grandmother would likely be arrested based on the state of the evidence that the police
had, does not mitigate its potential, coercive nature. Especially in light of the fact that
there was, you know, a repeated return to that subject. So . . . that is the Court's ruling on
that. It remains to [be] determined precisely which part of the interview would be
excluded. I understand the People would like to use parts of it, and certainly I . . . don't
think that the statement was coerced in it's entirely or involuntary. I use the term coerced,
but really am using that more in a legal sense than anything.
"I don't think that applies to the entire statement. I guess what I would ask is, if
there are certain parts of the statement that the People wish to use, that we address those. I
would say tentatively, I think most of the statement would be admissible. The exact
contours of the admissibility will have to be determined as the trial progresses."
12
Pertinent to the instant issue, the court next found the letter written by Ramos
shortly after he confessed was not the product of police coercion:
"I [i.e., the court] agree with the People on this . . . . I think the officer had
indicated by this point there would be no consequences to his mother and grandmother.
He offered to let the defendant write a letter, did not insist that he do so. And, 'So if you
want to write them a letter, or whatever you want to tell them'—this is reading from the
officer's statement—'I don't care what you want to say, man, that's between you guys. It's
a letter for your grandmom or you mom, whoever wants to get it. If you want to pass on a
letter to your girlfriend or whatever or anybody else, I will give them that, too, and they
can pass it on.'
"So this appears to be entirely—an entire voluntary statement—entirely voluntary
choice by the defendant to write a letter. It's addressed to his grandmother and mother and
looks like Ryan and Jimmy. I don't know who that is. But so I'm going to allow the
People to admit that over the defense's objection."
Later during trial, the court revisited the issue of the letter, noting it had read recent
California Supreme Court authority that emphasized that coercive behavior "only requires
that a statement be excluded if that statement is . . . [c]ausally related to the statement in
question. [¶] My view of the interview is that the statement that or—I'm sorry—behavior
that I found coercive, and I will say it's still a very close question to me. And I will also
say that some of the authority I read in connection with this issue made me wonder that
actually that behavior was as coercive as I found it to be. But [in] any event, I'm not going
to revisit that issue. But I am also going to find that the coercive behavior here, which
13
was specifically the threat to arrest the defendant's grandmother and mother as being
involved in the case was not causally related to Mr. Ramos's decision to write a letter. By
the time he wrote that letter, the threat to arrest the defendant's family had lapsed. And I
just see no meaningful nexus between that behavior and Mr. Ramos's decision to write the
letter.
"So over defense's objection, I am going to find that letter is not the product of the
officer's behavior. And I am going to allow the People to introduce it."
In response to the defense's contention that Ramos's mother and grandmother were
still in custody when Ramos wrote the letter, the court found:
"My view of the video tape of the interview leaves me with a distinct impression
that the officers had indicated, if not expressly, by every implication the way that the
conversation happened, that the relatives would be released. I don't know, that's the
impression that plainly leaves me with. That seems to be the impression that the
defendant had. I grant you that I'm making inferences about, you know, about the
defendant's mental state there. But that's the impression that it leaves me with."
Detective Dominguez—who conducted the interview in October 2006—read to the
jury the contents of the letter written by Ramos:
"Grandma, Mom and Michelle, Mom and Ryan and Jimmy. I love you guys. I'm
sorry for all this. I don't want you to worry. Tell Ryan to stay out [of] Colton or to have
Richard watch out for him and Little Manuel. I fucked up. But tell Ryan to keep his head
high. It was Jackie's cousins that I shot, so watch out. Ryan listen to Mom [and] [stay]
the fuck away from lame with .38 on our block. Fuck that motherfucker. Ryan I will
14
write all the time—you have—I will write you all the time. You have out there I have in
here. Let's do this. Also bum the—I can't some SPMCD for me. Mom . . . Linda, I love
you and I'm sorry I turned out worse than your boy. To Jimmy thanks for the job. I
should have listened to you. Also tell Randy at work to . . . fuck off. To my mom, I'm
sorry I left, but go to the toy store for Ryan please. I didn't want to hurt you, but thanks
for trying. To Richard, watch my brother fool and put it down. . . .To Manuel, man up
fool and watch my brother and hook me up with so [sic] bitches fool.
"Take care you were [the] best family I could ever have. Tell Jake and Carisse I
love them, Dominic too. Bye, also Auntie and Rayn from Boogie. Love you forever.
Ryan you're the best friend homie brother of all time. Put it down. Be careful."
Ramos contends the letter also should have been excluded as a result of the coerced
confession. Specifically, he contends that only a few minutes passed between the
conclusion of his interview where he confessed to being the shooter and when police
provided him with paper and a pen to write a letter if he desired. He further contends at
the time he wrote the letter he was merely 18 years old, attended school only through the
11th grade and wrote the letter at the suggestion of the detective that coerced his
confession, which he contends played into the emotions created by such tactics.
B. Supplemental Briefing regarding Ramos's Confession He Was the Shooter
We note the People initially did not challenge on appeal the ruling to suppress
Ramos's videotaped statements confessing to the killings as a result of the alleged coercive
behavior of Detective Dominguez. However, on our own motion we sought and received
supplemental briefing from the parties regarding (i) whether Ramos's excluded confession
15
was in fact involuntary and (ii) the standard we should apply in reviewing that
determination.3
Ramos in his supplemental brief relies on section 1252 and contends this court
lacks the power to address the voluntariness of his videotaped confession, which was
excluded by the trial court, because the People did not raise the propriety of the trial
court's ruling in this appeal. We disagree with this contention for two reasons.
First, the plain language of section 1252 does not support Ramos's contention.4
Second and more importantly, however, although the People did not directly raise the
issue whether the trial court correctly excluded Ramos's statements in the videotaped
interview that he shot the victims, Ramos in fact has put that issue front and center before
this court when he contends the letter he wrote to his family shortly after he confessed to
the shootings was also the product of his alleged involuntary confession resulting from
undue police coercion, and thus also should have been excluded by the trial court. We
thus turn to that issue next.
3 In connection with this supplemental briefing, we granted the People's unopposed
request to augment the record to include the transcript of Ramos's videotaped interview
with Detective Dominguez at the police station on the morning after the shooting.
4 Section 1252 provides: "On an appeal in a criminal case, no continuance shall be
granted upon stipulation of counsel, and no continuance shall be granted for any longer
period than the ends of justice shall require. On an appeal by a defendant, the appellate
court shall, in addition to the issues raised by the defendant, consider and pass upon all
rulings of the trial court adverse to the State which it may be requested to pass upon by the
Attorney General."
16
1. Governing Law
It is axiomatic that " '[b]oth the state and federal Constitutions bar the prosecution
from introducing a defendant's involuntary confession into evidence at trial.' [Citations.]
As with Miranda waivers, the People bear the burden of establishing by a preponderance
of the evidence the voluntariness of a confession. [Citations.]
"In reviewing the trial court's denial of a suppression motion on . . . involuntariness
grounds, ' " 'we accept the trial court's resolution of disputed facts and inferences, and its
evaluations of credibility, if supported by substantial evidence. We independently
determine from the undisputed facts and the facts properly found by the trial court whether
the challenged statement was illegally obtained.' " ' [Citations.] Where, as was the case
here, an interview is recorded, the facts surrounding the admission or confession are
undisputed and we may apply independent review." (People v. Duff (2014) 58 Cal.4th
527, 551 (Duff).)
" ' "A statement is involuntary if it is not the product of ' "a rational intellect and
free will." ' [Citation.] The test for determining whether a confession is voluntary is
whether the defendant's 'will was overborne at the time he confessed.' " ' [Citation.] In
assessing whether statements were the product of free will or coercion, we consider the
totality of the circumstances, including ' " 'the crucial element of police coercion,' " ' the
length, location, and continuity of the interrogation, and the defendant's maturity,
education, and physical and mental health." (Duff, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 555.)
17
2. Analysis
The record shows at the time the police made the allegedly coercive statements
they reasonably could believe that Ramos's grandmother and mother were involved in
some manner in the shooting and/or in Ramos's attempt to flee the scene, as also noted by
the trial court, including at a minimum as accessories after the fact.
Indeed, the record shows Detective Dominguez 's statements to Ramos that police
were going to arrest his grandmother and mother were not based on idle threats, but rather
on the fact that his grandmother and mother arrived at the crime scene to pick up Ramos at
the same time police arrived and saw an individual, later identified as Ramos, matching
the description of one of the suspects given by dispatch; that police first spotted Ramos
near a fence where, shortly thereafter, police found the rifle used in the shooting; that as
the minivan approached, Ramos at gunpoint refused the repeated commands of a
uniformed police officer to stop; that despite such commands, the sliding door of the
minivan opened and Ramos got inside; that the officer at gun point approached the
minivan, continued to yell at Ramos to stop and also yelled at the driver of the minivan,
who police later determined was his mother; that the officer at gun point stood in front of
the minivan, which the officer said was beginning to move slowly despite being told to
stop; that if the officer had not blocked the path of the minivan, according to the officer it
would have left the scene with Ramos inside; that Ramos finally followed the commands
of police, got out of the minivan and police arrested him; that Ramos's grandmother and
mother also exited the minivan at gun point; and that police took all of them to the police
station for questioning.
18
We independently conclude from these facts that during the interview when
Detective Dominguez told Ramos they were going to keep his grandmother and mother in
custody and perhaps even arrest them as a result of their involvement in the shootings
unless Ramos told them the truth regarding his and their involvement, if any, such
statements did not make Ramos's subsequent confession he was the shooter involuntary.
(See Duff, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 551.) As such, we disagree with Ramos that cases such
as People v. Trout (1960) 54 Cal.2d 576 (Trout), overruled on another ground as stated in
People v. Cahill (1993) 5 Cal.4th 478, 509, fn. 17, require that his confession be
suppressed on the ground it was involuntary.
Briefly in Trout, the police went to the defendant's home at about 10 or 11 p.m. and
entered the house through an unlocked door with drawn guns after they suspected the
defendant had been involved in an armed robbery and kidnapping. The defendant and his
wife were watching television while their three young children slept in their bedrooms.
The police then took the defendant and his wife to the police station. The defendant's wife
gave police a written statement that on the night of the crimes, she was at a church
Christmas party and did not return home until about 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. The police
interviewed the defendant four times the following day, including twice in the presence of
his wife. During the interrogation the police told the defendant's wife to speak with the
defendant about the crimes. Finally, at about 3:30 p.m., after not sleeping and not being
given breakfast, the defendant confessed to the crimes. Immediately following the
confession, the police released the defendant's wife. (Trout, supra, 54 Cal.2d at pp. 579-
580.)
19
Our high court in Trout concluded the defendant's wife was placed and held in
custody for the purpose of securing a confession from the defendant "although they [i.e.,
the police] had no grounds for her arrest." (Trout, supra, 54 Cal.2d at p. 584.) Moreover,
our high court dismissed the contentions of the People that the police had grounds to
believe the defendant's wife was a suspect in the crimes, noting that if the police actually
had considered her a suspect they would not have allowed her in the interview room when
police questioned her defendant husband or asked her to speak alone with her husband at
various points in time during the interrogation. (Id. at pp. 584-585.) Thus, because at a
minimum police implied the defendant's wife would be released from custody if the
defendant confessed to the crimes that police had no grounds to believe the wife
committed, the Trout court concluded the confession of the defendant "resulted from
improper pressure by the police and should not have been received in evidence." (Id. at p.
585.)
In contrast to the facts of Trout where the police detained a person (i.e., the
defendant's wife) despite having no grounds to believe that person was involved in or a
suspect in the crimes, here the record shows the police, when interviewing Ramos, did
have reasonable grounds to believe Ramos's grandmother and mother were involved in
some capacity in the shootings and/or in his escape. Indeed, the record shows the Ramos
interview began at about 4:35 a.m. the morning after the shooting—when the police
investigation undoubtedly was in its infancy—just a few hours after the shooting the night
before. Moreover, as noted ante, Ramos's grandmother and mother arrived near the crime
scene just minutes after the shooting to pick up Ramos, who was a suspect in the shooting
20
and who refused the repeated commands of the police to stop as he attempted to flee the
scene in the minivan driven by his mother.
Although we agree with the trial court that the issue is "close," we nonetheless
independently conclude on this record that the statements made by Detective Dominguez
during Ramos's interview regarding detaining and perhaps even arresting his grandmother
and mother unless he told them the truth about his and their involvement in the shooting,
if any, were not unduly coercive. (See People v. Montano (1960) 184 Cal.App.2d 199,
210 [observing that the " 'fact, alone, that the principal motive for a confession is that it
will probably result in the exoneration of another person who is suspected of complicity in
the offense does not render the confession involuntary' "]; cf. People v. Rand (1962) 202
Cal.App.2d 668, 670, 674 [reversing the conviction of the defendant based on coercive
statements by a police officer who told the defendant if the defendant did not know who
owned 35 marijuana cigarettes police found in his apartment after a warrantless search, the
officer would have to arrest the defendant's wife and have their children "lock[ed] up" in
juvenile hall]; People v. Mellus (1933) 134 Cal.App. 219, 223-224 [reversing the
conviction of the defendant after he confessed to stealing chickens because the police
officer told the defendant if he did not "come clean" about stealing the chickens and
"exonerate[ing]" his mother they were going to hold both of them because they "naturally
presume[d]" she was with the defendant when he took the chickens].)
Based on the totality of the circumstances—including as noted by the trial court
that Detective Dominguez treated Ramos in a respectful and professional manner
throughout the relatively short one hour and 10 minute interview, that Detective
21
Dominguez merely told Ramos what was happening and what could happen regarding his
grandmother and mother given the circumstances then known to the detective in what was
the very beginning of the police investigation—we conclude Ramos's statements to the
police that he was the shooter were not coerced.
Moreover, even if the detective's statements to Ramos during the interview
threatening to detain and even arrest his grandmother and mother could be deemed unduly
coercive, we still would independently conclude that Ramos' confession should not have
been excluded. The record shows that after Ramos confessed to being the shooter, he told
the detective he did not believe the police had actually detained his grandmother and
mother. As such, we conclude the requirement of a causal nexus or connection between a
defendant's statement confessing to a crime and the alleged coercive police conduct is
absent in the instant case. (See People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 436-437 [noting
a "confession is not involuntary unless the coercive police conduct and the defendant's
statement are causally related"].)
C. The Letter Was Independently Admissible Irrespective of Ramos's Confession
Assuming arguendo Ramos's confession to the detective was the product of
unlawful police coercion and thus properly excluded from evidence, we nonetheless
would still independently conclude the trial court did not err when it ruled to admit into
evidence the letter he wrote to his family. We turn now to that issue.
1. Guiding Principles
"Previous decisions have acknowledged that where—as a result of improper police
conduct—an accused confesses, and subsequently makes another confession, it may be
22
presumed the subsequent confession is the product of the first because of the
psychological or practical disadvantages of having ' "let the cat out of the bag by
confessing." ' [Citations.] Notwithstanding this presumption, 'no court has ever "gone so
far as to hold that making a confession under circumstances which preclude its use,
perpetually disables the confessor from making a usable one after those conditions have
been removed." ' [Citations.] Thus, the foregoing presumption is rebuttable, with the
prosecution bearing the burden of establishing a break in the causative chain between the
first confession and the subsequent confession. [Citations.]
"A subsequent confession is not the tainted product of the first merely because, 'but
for' the improper police conduct, the subsequent confession would not have been obtained.
[Citation.] As the United States Supreme Court has explained: '[N]ot . . . all evidence is
"fruit of the poisonous tree" simply because it would not have come to light but for the
illegal actions of the police. Rather, the more apt question in such a case is "whether,
granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is
made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently
distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint." ' [Citations.] The degree of attenuation
that suffices to dissipate the taint 'requires at least an intervening independent act by the
defendant or a third party' to break the causal chain in such a way that the second
confession is not in fact obtained by exploitation of the illegality." (People v. McWhorter
(2009) 47 Cal.4th 318, 359-360 (McWhorter).)
23
2. Analysis
The record shows that at the conclusion of the interview and before the police
provided Ramos with a pen and paper, Detective Dominguez expressly told Ramos they
were going to release his grandmother and mother and told him they were going to
communicate that fact to them. The record also shows about five minutes later, Detective
Dominguez returned and told Ramos that police would be conducting a search of his
residence. When Ramos expressed concern about the search, Detective Dominguez told
Ramos the search would be conducted in an orderly manner and it would not be a "raid"
by police.
The record further shows Detective Dominguez then told Ramos he had
unsuccessfully attempted to bring his mother and grandmother into the interview room to
speak to Ramos. The detective, however, gave Ramos a pen and paper and told Ramos if
he wanted to, he could write his grandmother and/or his mother, or even his girlfriend if
he had one, and that the detective would make sure any such letters would be delivered.
The detective also told Ramos it was up to him whether to write anything or anybody.
Assuming for present purposes only the police engaged in coercive behavior that
rendered Ramos's confession during the interview involuntary, we nonetheless
independently conclude such alleged coercive behavior ended when Detective Dominguez
told Ramos at the conclusion of the interview his grandmother and mother would be
released. As such, we further independently conclude that the removal of the threat that
they could be detained and even arrested broke the causal connection between the
24
allegedly improper confession by Ramos during the police interview and any alleged
confession he subsequently made in the letter. (See McWhorter, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
p. 360.)
D. Harmless Error
Perhaps equally if not more importantly, we also conclude any error by the court in
admitting the letter was harmless under any standard. Indeed, the record shows Ramos
testified he and Chavez wrestled over the rifle after Ramos pointed it at Avila merely in an
attempt to show off to Avila. Accepting Ramos's testimony on this issue, Ramos said he
became scared after Chavez made a statement that Ramos interpreted as a gang threat.
Ramos in response shot Chavez because he believed Chavez would take the loaded rifle
and use it against him. Ramos testified he also shot Hale after he saw Hale allegedly pull
out something shiny.
The record also shows that when questioned about the letter, Ramos stated its
purpose was to tell his family he "love[d] them" and was "sorry for putting them in this
situation." He testified he did not finish the letter and wrote it in a rush.
Moreover, during closing argument the defense noted there were only three
witnesses to the shooting: Avila, who the defense noted had recanted his testimony
and had become the People's "star witness"; Moya, who the defense noted claimed in
testimony that she did not see what happened and in any event lacked credibility, as also
stated by the prosecutor; and Ramos. The defense argued the letter written by Ramos was
about love and to say "I'm [i.e., Ramos] sorry, mom. I'm sorry, mother, that I'm in this
situation and I got you in the situation."
25
Important to the issue of harmless error, the defense also argued the letter was not a
confession: "If you [i.e., the jury] can tell me that's a confession [i.e., the letter], then find
him [i.e., Ramos] guilty. But there is no way because I even asked the detective that and
they said, no. That letter is someone who has been charged with two counts of murder"
who was saying "I'm sorry. I'm sorry I got you arrested, Mom. I'm sorry I hurt Grandma.
And I'm sorry that I am involved in a shooting and bad things have happened."
In addition, during closing the defense argued as follows that Ramos's testimony
was more credible than Avila's:
"And by the way, about Mr. Ramos, think about this. What sounds more—this [is]
what it all comes down to. I'm going to just say it right now. Here's the issue. What do
you think sounds more believable? That Mr. Ramos woke up one day and says, I'm going
to be an executioner because I'm going to be down on the block and now I want to be an
active gang member, so I'm going to kill my neighbor's relatives. Or something happened
outside that triggered something ugly?
"That's exactly what Mr. Avila said and Mr. Ramos. The difference is we never
knew it, I knew it through Mr. Ramos. I'm his lawyer. But we never knew that because
Mr. Avila's original statement never mentioned the confrontation with Mr. Chavez
grabbing the rifle. If we would have known that in the beginning, it changes the case, in
my opinion. Because there is no way, based on the fact pattern, there is any intent to kill
Mr. Chavez. So what sounds more believable though. Mr. Ramos being young and stupid
and foolish and trying to show off a rifle that has recently been acquired. And the two
26
victims who happen to be also under speed and highly intoxicated, misinterpreting that.
That makes sense to me. I hope it makes sense to you."
Here, we conclude that even if the court erred in admitting the letter in which
Ramos acknowledged his involvement in the shooting, that error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. (See Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 (Chapman).) We
reach this conclusion because the record shows Ramos did not dispute at trial that he shot
and killed Chavez and Hale. In addition, because the defense portrayed the letter as
communicating Ramos's sentiments to his family of "I'm sorry" and "I love you" and
specifically argued it was not a confession, we further conclude the letter in any event was
not relevant to the overarching issue at trial—as reflected ante both in Ramos's own
testimony and in the closing argument of defense counsel—whether Ramos was justified
in the killings because among other reasons he felt threatened as a result of Chavez's
and/or Hale's affiliation with Verdugo Flats, a rival gang of North Side Colton.
Finally, we also conclude any error in admitting the letter was harmless under
Chapman for the separate reason because, even absent the letter, the evidence in support
of his conviction was strong, including the fact Ramos took the witness stand and
admitted he was the shooter but claimed he shot the victims in self-defense (a claim that
the jury clearly rejected). In addition, after Ramos shot the two victims he fled the scene
and hid the rifle near a fence. (See Evid. Code, § 1127c [noting the "flight of a person
immediately after the commission of a crime, or after he is accused of a crime that has
been committed, is not sufficient in itself to establish his guilt, but is a fact which, if
proved, the jury may consider in deciding his guilt or innocence," and noting the "weight
27
to which such circumstance is entitled is a matter for the jury to determine."]; see also
People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535, 584.) And several .30-30 rounds were later found
in Ramos's home. In light of the overwhelming evidence that Ramos was the shooter, we
conclude any error in admitting the letter when he acknowledged shooting "Jackie's
cousin" was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
II
Jury Instructions
Ramos next contends the court prejudicially erred in giving CALCRIM No. 1403
as modified. Specifically, Ramos contends the instruction as given prevented the jury
from considering gang evidence as it related to his fear when he fired the rifle, which he
contends went to his defense of self-defense.
The court instructed the jury as follows with modified CALCRIM No. 1403:
"You may consider evidence of gang activity only for the limited purpose of
deciding whether the defendant had a motive to commit the crimes charged or whether
any of the witnesses had a motive to testify in a particular way.
"You may also consider this evidence when you evaluate the credibility or
believability of a witness and when you consider the facts and information relied on by an
expert witness in reaching his or her opinion.
28
"You may not consider this evidence for any other purpose. You may not conclude
from this evidence that the defendant is a person of bad character or that he has a
disposition to commit crime."5
First, because the instruction given did not omit or withdraw an element from the
jury's determination, we conclude Ramos had the burden to request an additional or
clarifying instruction if he believed that the instruction was incomplete or needed
elaboration. (See People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 426; see also People v. Cox
(1991) 53 Cal.3d 618, 669, disapproved on another ground as stated in People v. Doolin
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22.) However, the record shows Ramos did not seek an
additional or clarifying instruction with respect to modified CALCRIM No. 1403.6
5 Unmodified CALCRIM No. 1403 provides: "You may consider evidence of gang
activity only for the limited purpose of deciding whether: [¶] [The defendant acted with
the intent, purpose, and knowledge that are required to prove the gang-related (crime[s]/
[and] enhancement[s]/ [and] special circumstance allegations) charged(;/.)] [¶] [OR] [¶]
[The defendant had a motive to commit the crime[s] charged(;/.)][¶] [OR] [¶] [The
defendant actually believed in the need to defend (himself/herself)(;/.)] [¶] [OR]
[The defendant acted in the heat of passion(;/.)] [¶] [OR] [¶] [ .] [¶] [You may also consider this evidence when you evaluate
the credibility or believability of a witness and when you consider the facts and
information relied on by an expert witness in reaching his or her opinion.] [¶]
You may not consider this evidence for any other purpose. You may not conclude from
this evidence that the defendant is a person of bad character or that (he/she) has a
disposition to commit crime."
6 The record shows the defense objected to modified CALCRIM No. 1403 ostensibly
during an unreported chambers conference between counsel and the court. The record
thus does not show the reason or reasons the defense objected to CALCRIM No. 1403, but
it is clear from the record that the defense did not request an additional or clarifying
instruction in connection with CALCRIM No. 1403.
29
Second, although in giving modified CALCRIM No. 1403 the court excluded from
that instruction the language that gang evidence could be used to show Ramos "actually
believed in the need to defend [himself]" or "acted in the heat of passion" (see CALCRIM
No. 1403, fn. 5, ante), we note the court did properly instruct the jury on the defenses of
self-defense (CALCRIM No. 505), imperfect self-defense (CALCRIM No. 571) and
provocation (CALCRIM No. 522).
CALCRIM No. 505 provided in part that in determining whether a defendant acted
in self-defense the jury had to determine among other things whether the defendant
"reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of being killed or suffering great
bodily injury." CALCRIM No. 505 further provided that when deciding "whether the
defendant's beliefs were reasonable," the jury was to "consider all the circumstances as
they were known to and appeared to the defendant and consider what a reasonable person
in a similar situation with similar knowledge would have believed." (Italics added.)
Similarly, in CALCRIM No. 571 pertaining to imperfect self-defense, the jury was
instructed that in evaluating whether the defendant's beliefs he was in imminent danger of
being killed or suffering great bodily injury, it should "consider all the circumstances as
they were known and appeared to the defendant." (Italics added.)
Here, we independently conclude the court did not err and if there was error, it was
harmless when it instructed the jury using modified CALCRIM No. 1403, in light of the
other instructions the jury received which required the jury to consider all the
circumstances as they were known to and/or appeared to defendant Ramos in connection
with self-defense and imperfect self-defense. It is axiomatic that "the correctness of jury
30
instructions is to be determined from the entire charge of the court, not from a
consideration of parts of an instruction or from a particular instruction." (People v.
Burgener (1986) 41 Cal.3d 505, 538-539, disapproved on other grounds as stated in
People v. Reyes (1998) 19 Cal.4th 743, 753-754.) "We assume that the jurors are ' "
'intelligent persons and capable of understanding and correlating all jury instructions . . .
given.' " ' " (People v. Franco (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 713, 720.) When a criminal
defendant alleges instructional error, our standard of review is de novo. (See People v.
Burgener, at pp. 538-540, disapproved on other grounds as stated in People v. Reyes, at
p. 754.)
Moreover, we note that the defense in closing repeatedly referenced the fact that
Chavez and Hale were known gang members from a rival gang and thus were the "type of
people that carry weapons." The defense argued the gang evidence was crucial in this
case because it went to Ramos's state of mind when he and Chavez (allegedly) wrestled
over the rifle and when Ramos subsequently shot Hale, after Ramos (allegedly) saw Hale
pull out something shiny that Ramos ostensibly believed was a weapon. The defense also
argued Ramos's state of mind was influenced by the fact he lived in an area "infested"
with gangs and some of his relatives were gang members.
We thus conclude the defense's closing argument further supports our
determination that when viewed in context, there was no instructional error in connection
with modified CALCRIM No. 1403, and even if such error did exist, it was harmless
because it is not reasonably likely that a reasonable jury ignored the gang evidence when
considering whether Ramos acted in self-defense or imperfect self-defense in connection
31
with the shooting. (See People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 37 [noting it was not
reasonably likely a jury was misled by a "surplus implied malice instruction" based in part
on the prosecutor's closing argument that special circumstances required intent to kill;] see
also People v. Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, 526 [noting closing arguments can be
considered in evaluating potential prejudice from erroneous jury instruction]; People v.
Moore (1988) 47 Cal.3d 63, 87-89 [noting closing arguments can be considered in
determining adequacy of instruction on issue of corroboration required for accomplice
testimony].)7
III
Pitchess Motion
Ramos requests—and the People agree—that we conduct an independent review of
the personnel records of Detective Dominguez to determine whether the trial court erred
when it found no such records were discoverable. Ramos and the People do not agree,
however, regarding the scope of that review.
On the one hand, Ramos contends the trial court erred when it limited its review of
these records to complaints of falsifying prior statements of witnesses. He instead
contends the court should have reviewed the records for "all prior acts of dishonesty,"
The People, on the other hand, disagree and contend the court properly limited its review
to any reports of falsifying prior statements from witnesses.
7 Defendant also contends the cumulative error doctrine requires reversal. Because
we have found no errors, that doctrine is inapplicable. (See People v. Bradford (1997) 15
Cal.4th 1229, 1344.) In addition, assuming arguendo the trial court erred, as we noted
none were prejudicial and as such, there is no reasonable probability that a result more
favorable to Ramos would have been obtained absent any such alleged error.
32
A defendant is entitled to discovery of a police officer's confidential personnel
records if those files contain information that is potentially relevant to the defense.
(Pitchess, supra, 11 Cal.3d at pp. 537-538; see also Evid.Code, §§ 1043-1045.) The
discovery procedure has two steps: a defendant first files a motion seeking such records
along with affidavits "showing good cause for the discovery or disclosure sought, setting
forth the materiality thereof to the subject matter involved in the pending litigation."
(Evid. Code, § 1043, subd. (b)(3).) Second, if good cause is shown, the court reviews the
records in camera and discloses only those records and information that are relevant and
not subject to exclusion from disclosure. (Evid. Code, § 1045, subds. (a) & (b); see also
People v. Thompson (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1312, 1316.) The threshold for having the
trial court conduct an in camera review is relatively low. (City of Santa Cruz v. Municipal
Court (1989) 49 Cal.3d 74, 83-84.)
A trial court is granted broad discretion when ruling on a motion to discover police
officer records (People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 832) and we review that ruling
for abuse of discretion. (Alford v. Superior Court (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1033, 1039).
Here, as noted the trial court granted in part Ramos's motion and conducted an in
camera review of the materials. After examining the custodian of records and reviewing
the applicable records, the court found no discoverable material and ordered the transcript
sealed.
33
As requested, we have reviewed the sealed transcript and conclude the trial court
properly conducted a Pitchess document review hearing. However, because the personnel
records produced during the in camera hearing were not included as part of the record on
appeal, on our own motion we sought those records and reviewed them not only with
respect to complaints of falsifying prior statements of witnesses but for "all acts of
dishonesty."
Based on our independent review of the sealed augmented records reviewed in
camera by the trial court, we conclude that the court properly exercised its discretion in
determining that the documents produced complied with the scope of the Pitchess motion
and that no additional documents or information should be disclosed to the defense.
DISPOSITION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
BENKE, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
McDONALD, J.
O'ROURKE, J.
34