Filed 6/25/14 In re S.H. CA2/8
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
In re S.H., Person Coming Under the Juvenile B253796
Court Law.
(Los Angeles County
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT Super. Ct. No. CK65682)
OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
A.H.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Julie F.
Blackshaw, Judge. Affirmed.
John L. Dodd, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Jessica S. Mitchell, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
*******
Mother A.H. appeals from the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings under
section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b) of the Welfare and Institutions Code,1 concerning
her son, S.H. Father M.H. is not a party to this appeal. Mother contends the dependency
court’s conclusion that S.H. was at risk under section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b), is not
supported by substantial evidence, because father was able to care for and protect S.H.,
and therefore family court was the proper forum to resolve the family’s problems.
Mother also contends that even if there was evidence S.H. was at harm at the time the
family came to the attention of the Los Angeles County Department of Children and
Family Services (Department), the harm had been neutralized by the time the
jurisdictional hearing was held, and any risk of future harm was speculative. We find
substantial evidence supports the jurisdictional findings, and therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
The family came to the attention of the Department on May 26, 2013, after the
Department received a referral for emotional and physical abuse of then one- and a-half
year-old S.H. When S.H. was taken to the hospital for an accidental burn, mother
became so explosive during S.H.’s examination that she was forcefully medicated and
placed on an involuntary psychiatric hold.
1. The Department’s Investigation
Social workers Tasha Beard and Adrian Hawkins summarized their findings in the
detention report. On May 26, 2013, the Department investigated a referral that S.H. had
been burned by spilled coffee, and that mother was trying to leave the hospital before
S.H. had been treated. According to the reporting party, father placed his coffee cup on
top of a towel on the kitchen counter. S.H. was burned when he pulled on the towel,
spilling the coffee. At the hospital, mother “had the child in a blanket like a rag doll.”
She did not want S.H. to be examined, and wanted to leave the hospital before S.H. had
been treated. She accused the physician of being a “child molester” when he attempted to
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.
2
examine S.H.’s penis, which was close to the site of the burn. Mother became so
combative that she had to be sedated. According to the physician, father “was the only
rational person he could talk to about the incident.”
A Department social worker and police detectives went to the family home to
investigate the cause of S.H.’s burn. They ultimately determined the burn was accidental,
and S.H. was not immediately removed from mother and father.
On June 5, 2013, a Department social worker visited the family, and spoke with
mother. Mother was hostile, and refused to allow the social worker to see S.H. because
S.H. was sleeping.
On June 6, 2013, a Department social worker interviewed paternal aunt, who often
cared for S.H. Paternal aunt reported that mother smokes marijuana, and “can get angry
very quickly for no reason.” Mother also hits father. Mother recently punched father in
the eye while father was holding S.H., and father required medical treatment for his
injuries. Paternal aunt did not think mother abused S.H., however.
Mother rarely cares for S.H. A nanny looks after him Monday through Friday,
from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. while father works. Father is S.H.’s primary caregiver, even
though mother does not work. Father gets up with S.H. every morning, feeds him, and
changes his diaper, while mother is sleeping. Father is a licensed psychologist and “will
do anything to keep the child safe.” According to paternal aunt, father (who is
significantly older than mother) has contemplated calling the elder abuse hotline to report
mother. At the time of the detention report, mother was 24 years old and father was
66 years old.
On June 11, father left a voicemail message for a Department social worker,
stating that “mother is very violent and abusive toward him.” Mother breaks things in the
home while S.H. is present. She also physically abuses father and punches him when she
is upset or when he tells her “no.” Father allows mother to abuse him daily “for the well-
being of his son.” However, father said he was no longer willing to put his son in
jeopardy and he wanted the Department’s help.
3
On June 12, a Department social worker spoke with father by phone, and father
said he was available to meet with the Department in his home on June 14. Father was
very fearful of mother, and was scared what mother would do after the meeting with the
Department. Mother had threatened to kill father in his sleep, and threatened his life
when she did not get her way or father did not give her money. Several months earlier,
mother hit father in his face while father was holding S.H. The blow to his eye caused a
blood vessel to burst, which required medical attention. Mother also yells at S.H. and
tells S.H. to “shut the f--- up” when he cries.
According to father, mother smokes marijuana around S.H. On June 11, mother
was high and dropped S.H. Father believed mother was too high to catch S.H. from
falling. Mother also drinks alcohol and drives while intoxicated. Father believes that
mother suffers from bipolar disorder. Father wanted mother out of the family home.
Father’s friend and handyman, Joseph Galvin, told the Department that he had
never seen mother hit father, but he heard her call him “stupid” and an “idiot” in S.H.’s
presence. Once, while S.H. was crying in his highchair, mother yelled at S.H., telling
him to “shut up” and “can you just f------ shut up.” Another time, mother yelled at S.H.
when he was crying because mother would not allow him to play with a toy. Mother
yelled for S.H. to “stop,” “shut up,” and then screamed “I can’t make him stop, make him
stop.” According to Mr. Galvin, mother often yelled at S.H. Even though father
employed a nanny to care for S.H., “at times the child is left alone with mother.”
However, most of the time, father took S.H. with him when he had to leave the home.
Father was S.H.’s primary caregiver because of mother’s behavior.
Department social workers visited the family home on June 14. Mother and father
were interviewed separately. When the allegations were explained to mother, mother
said she lost her temper at the hospital because S.H. had just fallen asleep when the
physician went to examine him. Mother admitted she called the physician a pedophile,
child molester, and a rapist. Mother was upset because she wanted to take S.H. to
another hospital due to how long they were forced to wait to have S.H. treated. Mother
believed her reaction was normal.
4
Mother denied any domestic violence between her and father. Mother denied that
she punched father in the eye, causing a blood vessel to burst. She claimed father’s
injury was caused when S.H. hit father with a toy. Mother then became extremely upset,
with no warning, and stormed into the room where father was being interviewed. She
yelled at father, asking whether he told the Department that she “caused that bruise on
your f------ eye?” Father responded, "‘you did.’” Mother could not control her temper
when her interview resumed in the other room. When asked about her mental health and
sexual abuse history, mother reported that “she was raped several times by random
people and most recently on a trip she took to Mexico alone to de-stress without the
baby.” She admitted suffering from mental health problems. Mother claimed to attend
weekly counseling to address her past and her anger issues. However, mother would not
sign a release form to allow the Department to communicate with her mental health
providers. Mother had no concerns about father, and reported that he is the “calm one” in
the relationship.
During father’s interview, father reported that mother was uncontrollable, and hit
him when she did not get her way, even if he was holding S.H. She last hit father on June
13, after he refused to allow her to travel to Paris alone. Mother told him she had been
raped while traveling in Mexico, but father was skeptical because mother did not make a
police report. Mother punched father in the face when he said she needed to travel with
someone else. Father denied hitting mother when she attacks him. Mother had attended
counseling, but not since March. Father expressed fear that mother will kill him, as she
has threatened his life before. He said that mother curses and yells at S.H. when he cries,
and she “smokes pot” and “sleeps all day.”
Mother, father, and the social workers then discussed a safety plan contract. The
social workers explained that mother would need to leave the family home, but that S.H.
could stay in the home with father. Mother initially refused to sign the contract, and
yelled at father for 10 minutes, threatening to divorce father and take all of his money.
She blamed father for the Department’s involvement, stating that father’s reports made
her “look bad” and that father should have “lied” to keep the Department out of their
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lives. Mother could not be calmed, and continued to cry, yell, scream, and blame father.
Mother told the Department that father was arrested for domestic violence. She then
admitted that father did not hit her, but she claimed to have a police report that says he
did. Father explained that when mother was seven months pregnant, she was upset and
started breaking things in the house. Father called police, and when they arrived the
police said someone would need to go to jail. Father took the “rap,” but the charges were
later dropped. Mother eventually signed the safety contract, and the Department arranged
for paternal aunt to monitor mother’s visits with S.H. Father agreed to contact police if
mother returned to the family home.
The Department spoke with the family’s nanny, America. America confirmed that
mother sleeps all day while America cares for S.H. Mother screams at S.H. when he
cries. Mother would also yell, curse, and scream at father, while father remained calm.
Mother would scream at father in S.H.’s presence. America has never seen mother hit
S.H. On a normal day, father cared for S.H. until America’s arrival, and father would
take care of S.H. after he returned home from work. Mother rarely was alone with S.H.
during the day.
On June 15, paternal aunt monitored a visit between mother and S.H. The visit
went well, but mother threatened to take S.H. to Mexico, and said she “was going to
poison the dogs because they bark too loud.”
Father reported that mother broke into the family home on the evening of June 14.
Father called police, and mother fled before police arrived. On June 16, mother sent
father an email with a picture of a self-inflicted wound to her wrist that was dripping
blood, with the message: “Happy Father’s Day.” On the morning of June 17, mother
broke into the family home through an open window while father was at work. America
contacted father and he called the police. Mother left before the police arrived. Mother
then went to father’s work and “caused a scene,” shouting and cursing and demanding to
speak with father. Mother refused to leave, and was escorted off the property by the
Pasadena police. The police advised father to obtain a protective order. Father said he
was in the process of doing so.
6
On June 19, father reported he obtained a protective order, protecting him and
S.H. from mother.
The Department’s detention report included a number of attachments, such as a
2011 letter from mother, recanting any allegation that father hit her (relating to his
arrest); a series of text messages from mother advising that she would take all of father’s
money if he tried to divorce her or obtain a restraining order; and a copy of father’s
request for a domestic violence restraining order.
The Department filed a petition on June 25, 2013, alleging ongoing domestic
violence between mother and father, that mother has mental and emotional problems and
abuses marijuana and alcohol, and that father failed to protect S.H.
At the June 25 detention hearing, the trial court found a prima facie case to detain
S.H., and released him to father. Mother was ordered to not reside in the family home,
and her visitation with S.H. was to be monitored, but not by father. The court ordered the
Department to provide domestic violence and individual counseling referrals to both
parents, and random drug testing referrals for mother.
The Department continued its investigation, and summarized its findings in a
July 23, 2013 jurisdiction and disposition report, portions of which we describe below.
Mother has a history with the department, as a dependent child. In 2000 and 2002,
petitions were sustained for abuse and neglect, and there were many other referrals for
abuse and neglect of mother in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2004.
Mother resisted the Department’s involvement with S.H. On June 20, 2013,
mother sent an email to a Department social worker with the subject heading, “California
Court Rules Medical Marijuana Is No Reason to Take A Child Away | The Weed Blog,”
with a link to the article. On June 28, the Department received a letter from a drug
testing facility requesting that mother test elsewhere after mother “was demanding, with
attitude, using profanity, disturbing our patients, banging on the windows screaming like
crazy ‘I need to pee.’ She was also threatening us and accusing us of altering her test.”
Mother’s test that day was positive for marijuana. On July 5, West Los Angeles
Department staff reported to the assigned social worker that they were “having great
7
difficulty with mother . . . due to her lack of cooperation and refusal to follow
instructions.” Mother’s behavior had resulted in the police being called.
During a July 8 interview with a Department investigator, mother reported that she
used marijuana medicinally, to treat insomnia. She told the investigator that she has a
medical marijuana card, but did not show it to the investigator. According to mother, it
was father who recommended that mother use marijuana because she did not respond
well to the psychotropic medicine that father’s friend prescribed for her. This friend and
business partner, a psychiatrist, prescribed Zoloft, Ativan, Ambien, and Ensam for
mother, notwithstanding the fact that he never treated her. She reported that father likes
it when she takes Ambien, as it makes her lethargic, and allows him to engage in
bondage, dominance, sadism and masochism with her. She said father does not enjoy
being intimate with her unless it involved inflicting pain on her. Father threatened her
with divorce if she did not do as he wished. She believed the Department became
involved because father was angry at her because she refused to augment her breasts and
dye her hair blonde. Father is very controlling and has isolated mother from her friends.
He does not respect women and sees them as “breeding machines.” He only married her
because he wanted a child.
Mother claimed father physically abused her in the past. He kicked her in the
stomach when she was seven months pregnant because she would not agree to have S.H.
circumcised. After father was arrested for this incident, he forced mother to sign a
declaration denying the abuse. Mother denied being violent with father and insisted that
father’s eye was injured by S.H.’s toy.
Mother denied she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, or any other
psychiatric disorder. She had consulted lawyers about the incident in the hospital, and
they agreed that her reaction was “perfectly normal” and that she could sue for being
involuntarily sedated. The email she sent to father was a joke. She had not cut herself;
the “blood” was really ketchup.
Mother believed the nanny, America, had made false statements to the
Department. Mother denied yelling at S.H.
8
In a June 23, 2013 email to a Department social worker, father provided additional
details about mother. On June 14, mother broke into the family home to take some
clothes. Father called the police, and mother left. On June 17, mother again broke into
the family home and took some clothes and $500 in cash. Again, the police were called.
On June 20, father received a message from a proprietor at a bed and breakfast where
mother had been staying. Mother made threats to the proprietor about getting a gun and
either killing herself or killing father. Mother also told the proprietor that she was
smoking methamphetamine.
On June 21, mother broke into the family home, even after father changed the gate
code and locks. She went directly to the drawer where father’s gun was stored, but it was
not there because father had already removed it. Mother took some clothes and $622
from S.H.’s piggy bank. Mother then grabbed S.H., ran out the front door, and climbed a
five foot tall wall with S.H. in her arms. She then sat in front of the house waiting for
police, who served her with the restraining order. America and paternal aunt witnessed
this incident.
Father sent the Department another email on June 29, 2013, reporting that the day
before, mother broke into paternal aunt’s house and had to be removed by the police.
Mother kicked paternal aunt’s dog, yelled at a child who was present in paternal aunt’s
home, and threatened paternal aunt’s maid with a fork.
Father was interviewed by a Department investigator on July 11, 2013. Father and
mother met in 2010 through their mutual eyebrow stylist. Mother told father she was
accustomed to dating older men, and had dated men in their 70’s. Two weeks into their
relationship, they went to Las Vegas. Mother wanted to get married. When father would
not agree to get married, mother got very angry and threw his mobile phone out the car
window, and kicked him. They were stopped by police, and mother calmed down and
apologized. After that incident, their relationship “thrived.” Mother moved in with
father after five months.
On Valentine’s Day in 2011, mother and father got into a verbal fight, and mother
lunged at father, grabbed his throat, and threatened to kill him. Mother had to be
9
restrained by her brother, who was visiting at the time. Mother again assaulted father in
March 2011, and father made a police report. Shortly thereafter, father learned mother
was pregnant, and he married her two weeks later “to ensure that mother . . . and [S.H.]
were taken care of financially in the event that something happened to him.” Father
reported that their relationship “thrived” during the pregnancy. He told the Department
investigator, “I want the woman I fell in love with back, I want [her] to get help so she
can be that woman again.” According to father, mother was stable during her pregnancy
and for the first three months after S.H.’s birth. She started to change in December
2011,2 yelling and screaming at father for hours at a time. In January 2012, mother took
S.H. to Palm Springs alone. She started to talk about S.H. as not being her baby; “he is
yours, he looks just like you. I was just a surrogate.”
Marijuana is mother’s drug of choice. Father discovered that she continued to
smoke it while she was pregnant with S.H., and while she was breastfeeding him. She
had smoked marijuana since she was 12 years old.
In the last six months, mother’s violent behavior had escalated significantly.
On July 9, 2013, mother kicked and broke the living room window of the family
home. She was placed in a police patrol car, and broke two of the car’s window’s with
her head. When the officers announced they were taking her to jail, she told them she
had taken 100 pills. After she was medically cleared, she was taken to jail.
Before mother met father, she had engaged in acts of prostitution. Since the
Department’s involvement with the family, mother admitted to father that she was again
prostituting herself. Father found an envelope in mother’s car containing $6,000 in cash,
detailing the sexual services she had performed to make the money. Father was
concerned for her safety, and became tearful during his interview.
Mother told the Department investigator that father is a good father, and that he
brings stability to S.H.’s life. Mother believes that she is a good parent as well, and that
2 The report states December 2012, but this appears to be a typographical error.
10
she brings “fun and affection” into S.H.’s life. She does not believe her visitation with
S.H. should be monitored, and she feels that S.H. should be allowed to live with her.
The Department investigator concluded that S.H. was at a “very high risk” for
future abuse based on mother’s violent and impulsive behavior, and father’s “inability to
set and enforce proper limits and boundaries” with mother. Specifically, the Department
investigator was concerned that father failed to take active steps to limit mother’s access
to S.H., and that he continued to reach out to mother, and romanticized their relationship,
even though it was fraught with violence from the very beginning.
Mother continued to deteriorate. On July 15, 2013, mother texted father that she
was going to kill herself, and had taken “a bunch of drugstore Pills.” On July 19, 2013,
mother emailed a Department social worker: “I refuse to waste my precious life on all
the numerous classes and programs you are requesting I do for the sake of my son[.] I
love my son dearly and I am showing that by moving away and taking care of myself
independently. [¶] . . . As all this stress can have damaging effects on ones [sic] body
and I refuse to let ‘dcfs’ or my ex husband destroy what young and promising life I have.
I [sic] much rather live in another state and get my life back to balance and harmony then
[sic] to submit to anything a agency like dcfs recommeneds [sic] I do based solely on
allegations of lies. [¶] So once again how would I give full custody to my husband
without terminating my rights?”
In a November 6, 2013 last minute information for the court, the Department
indicated that father had become “hostile” and “uncooperative,” and had not returned the
Department’s phone calls. After the Department contacted him by email, father
responded and denied he had ever received any phone calls. Father requested “written
documentation informing [him] of exactly what [the Department’s] expectations [are].”
Father also indicated that he had made a complaint against one of the social worker’s
assigned to his case, and that he had “been subjected to a great amount of un-needed
stress” by the Department. When a Department social worker responded that home visits
by the Department are court ordered, and that messages were left on the phone number
provided by father, father responded “by law I can refuse entry according to my attorney
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and am perfectly legal and advised to do so. So please don’t make this difficult for you[.]
I asked you for documentation and I will gladly bring [S.H.] to your office but I will not
tolerate any home visits at the moment[.] [I]t’s too disruptive and . . . too traumatic . . . .”
When threatened with a removal warrant for S.H., father agreed to a scheduled home visit
with the Department.
The last minute information for the court also indicated that the Department had
not received any information concerning mother’s case plan compliance, or the quality
and quantity of her visits with S.H.
2. The Adjudication and Disposition Hearing
At the November 6, 2013 adjudication and disposition hearing, the trial court
received the Department’s reports and their attachments into evidence.
After considering the evidence, the trial court sustained the following allegations
under section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b):
“[Counts a-1, b-1] [¶] The child [S.H.’s] mother . . . and father . . . have a
history of engaging in violent altercations in the child’s presence . . . . The father
failed to protect the child in that the father allowed the mother to reside in the
child’s home and have unlimited access to the child. Such violent conduct on the
part of the mother against the father, and the father’s failure to protect the child
endangers the child’s physical health and safety and places the child at risk of
physical harm, damage, danger and failure to protect.
“[Count b-2] [¶] The child [S.H.’s] mother . . . has mental and emotional
problems, and suicidal ideation and self-mutilation, which renders the mother
unable to provide regular care and supervision of the child. . . . The mother has
failed to regularly attend the mother’s counseling program. Such mental and
emotional condition on the part of the mother endangers the child’s physical health
and safety and places the child at risk of physical harm and damage.
“[Count b-3] [¶] The child [S.H.’s] mother . . . has a history of illicit drug
abuse and is a current abuser of marijuana and alcohol, which renders the mother
incapable of providing regular care of the child. . . . The child’s father . . . failed
12
to protect the child in that father knew of mother’s illicit drug and alcohol abuse,
and allowed the mother to reside in the child’s home and have unlimited access to
the child. The mother’s substance abuse and the father’s failure to protect the
child endangers the child’s physical health and safety and creates a detrimental
home environment for the child, placing the child at risk of physical harm, damage
and failure to protect.”
As to disposition, the court clarified that father was to allow the Department to
have unannounced visits. The court ordered S.H. to be removed from mother, and
released to father. Mother’s visitation with S.H. was to remain monitored, and those
visits were not to be monitored by father. Father was ordered to participate in individual
counseling. Mother was ordered to participate in counseling, random drug and alcohol
testing, and parenting classes.
This timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Mother contends there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
jurisdictional findings under section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b). Specifically, mother
contends there is no substantial evidence that S.H. was at risk of harm because father
adequately protected S.H. from mother by obtaining a restraining order, calling the
police, and by employing a nanny and acting as S.H.’s primary caregiver. Mother
maintains the petition should have been dismissed with exit orders for the family law
court. We disagree, and find the evidence amply supports the trial court’s exercise of
jurisdiction in this case.
“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, we look to the entire
record to determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the findings of the
juvenile court. We do not pass judgment on the credibility of witnesses, attempt to
resolve conflicts in the evidence, or determine where the weight of the evidence lies.
Rather, we draw all reasonable inferences in support of the findings, view the record in
the light most favorable to the juvenile court’s order, and affirm the order even if there is
other evidence that would support a contrary finding. [Citation.] . . . [Citation.] The
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appellant has the burden of showing that there is no evidence of a sufficiently substantial
nature to support the order.” (In re Cole C. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 900, 916.)
We will affirm the jurisdictional order if any of the grounds cited by the
dependency court is supported by substantial evidence. (In re Jonathan B. (1992) 5
Cal.App.4th 873, 875 [“[a] reviewing court may affirm a juvenile court judgment if the
evidence supports the decision on any one of several grounds”]; see also In re Alexis E.
(2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451.)
The sustained petition alleged that “[t]he child [S.H.’s] mother . . . and father . . .
have a history of engaging in violent altercations in the child’s presence. . . . The father
failed to protect the child in that the father allowed the mother to reside in the child’s
home and have unlimited access to the child.” Exposure to domestic violence has been
held to support jurisdiction under both section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b). (See In re
Giovanni F. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 594, 598-599 [jurisdiction proper under subd. (a)];
In re E.B. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 568, 574-575 [jurisdiction proper under subd. (b)]; In
re Basilio T. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 155, 168 [jurisdiction proper under subd. (b)].)
It is undisputed that mother violently attacked father on multiple occasions, and at
times when father was holding S.H. Moreover, father had endured years of abuse from
mother without making any effort to protect himself, or S.H. The only reason the
Department became involved was because the hospital made a report of suspected child
abuse due to mother’s violent and irrational behavior. Although father initially
cooperated with the Department, it was clear that mother was still a threat, as she
repeatedly broke into the family home (once to obtain a gun to purportedly kill father),
and even attempted to abduct S.H. As the dependency proceedings carried on, father
became uncooperative and would not allow the Department to have access to S.H. to
assess his safety. He also continued to romanticize his relationship with mother,
notwithstanding the fact that it was pervaded with domestic violence and instability from
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the beginning. These facts are substantial evidence of a serious and continuing threat to
S.H.’s safety.3
Mother contends this case is like In re A.G. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 675, where
the court found that jurisdiction, based solely on the mother’s mental illness, was not
warranted where the father was able to protect the children from mother by caring for the
children and providing a nanny. (Id. at pp. 686-687.) This case is nothing like In re A.G.
Here, jurisdiction was based not only on mother’s mental illness, but also on her
substance abuse and domestic violence, as well as father’s failure to protect S.H. And, in
any event, having found that the family’s domestic violence supports jurisdiction, we
need not address mother’s argument that her mental health (or her substance abuse) did
not support jurisdiction. (In re Jonathan B., supra, 5 Cal.App.4th at p. 875.)
DISPOSITION
The orders are affirmed.
GRIMES, J.
We concur:
BIGELOW, P. J.
RUBIN, J.
3 Father has not appealed. We have no occasion to address father’s conduct except
to the extent he may not have been in a position to protect S.H. because father was a
victim of domestic abuse and faced additional threats from mother when he tried to
protect S.H.
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