Blackburn Ltd. Partnership v. Paul

Blackburn Limited Partnership d/b/a Country Place Apartments, et al. v. Alicia Daley Paul,
Case No. 55, September Term, 2013, Opinion by Adkins, J.

TORT LAW — STATUTORY DUTY — STATUTORY DUTY APPLIES DESPITE
COMMON-LAW RULE THAT PROPERTY OWNERS OWE NO AFFIRMATIVE
DUTY TO TRESPASSERS: The Court of Special Appeals correctly held that the Circuit
Court for Montgomery County erred by granting Petitioners’ Motion for Summary Judgment.
A property owner’s duty to comply with COMAR provisions governing pool safety extends
to a child trespasser, despite the common-law rule that property owners owe no affirmative
duty to trespassers.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 346737-V
Argued: February 7, 2014
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 55

September Term, 2013

BLACKBURN LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
d/b/a COUNTRY PLACE APARTMENTS,
et al.

v.

ALICIA DALEY PAUL

Barbera, C.J.
Harrell
Battaglia
Greene
Adkins
McDonald
Eldridge, John C., (Retired,
Specially Assigned),

JJ.

Opinion by Adkins, J.

Filed: April 28, 2014
 This case involves the intersection of two distinct principles in our tort jurisprudence.

On one hand, Maryland law recognizes that property owners owe no affirmative duty of care

to trespassers. On the other hand, settled Maryland precedent acknowledges that, in some

instances, the duty of care in a negligence action may arise from statute or regulation. Our

task is to examine this intersection, and clarify the relationship between these two facially

divergent principles.

FACTS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Around 9 a.m. on June 13, 2010, three-year-old Christopher Paul and his ten-year-old

brother, Andre, went to play outside their parents’ apartment home at Country Place

Apartments (“Country Place”) in Burtonsville, Maryland. The two boys returned to the

apartment three times before going back outside to continue playing. A few minutes after

the boys went outside for the third time, Andre came to the apartment and asked the boys’

mother, Alicia Paul (“Respondent”), where Christopher was. Respondent and Andre went

outside to look for Christopher, with Respondent looking between cars in the parking lot

while Andre looked behind the apartment building. Respondent and Andre then began

walking on the sidewalk toward the apartment complex’s pool, all the while shouting

Christopher’s name and continuing to look between the cars in the parking lot.

Eventually Respondent decided to move toward the pool. Upon nearing the pool,

Respondent saw Christopher’s t-shirt and slippers just inside the pool’s gate. Respondent

attempted to push the gate open, but could not do so. At that time, the pool’s lifeguards

arrived, and Respondent asked them to open the gate. After one of the lifeguards unchained
the gate, Respondent ran to the pool and saw that Christopher was submerged in the water.

One of the lifeguards jumped into the pool and pulled Christopher out of the water. The

lifeguards began CPR while Respondent spoke to a 911 operator. Police officers responded

to the scene, relieving one of the lifeguards who was performing chest compressions while

the other lifeguard continued to perform rescue breaths. These efforts continued until

paramedics arrived and transported Christopher to the pediatric emergency room at Howard

County General Hospital.

As a result of this near drowning, Christopher sustained a severe anoxic brain injury.

He now has multiple, complex medical conditions. Christopher is dependent on others for

mobility and feeding, is largely unresponsive, and has neither volitional movements nor

functional vision. These conditions require continuous care. Doctors do not expect

Christopher’s various medical conditions to improve in the future.

On December 17, 2010, Respondent filed a complaint against Second Blackburn

Limited Partnership (“Second Blackburn”),1 Berkshire Property Advisors, L.L.C.

(“Berkshire”),2 and Community Pool Service, Inc. (“CPS”)3 (collectively, “Petitioners”) in

1
Second Blackburn was the owner of Country Place Apartments at the time of the
incident.
2
Berkshire was the manager of Country Place Apartments at the time of the incident.
3
CPS operated the pool at Country Place Apartments at the time of the incident.

2
the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.4 The complaint alleged negligence and negligence per

se, and sought compensatory damages for medical expenses in the amount of $15,000,000,

plus costs and interest. Respondent’s negligence action alleged that Petitioners breached “a

duty to maintain the Country Place pool in a reasonably safe condition for all residents of

Country Place Apartments, and particularly children of all ages, including Christopher.”

Respondent’s negligence per se action alleged that Petitioners breached statutory and

regulatory duties by failing to comply with pool regulations set forth in the Code of Maryland

Regulations (“COMAR”) 10.17.01.01 et seq.,5 Montgomery County Code § 51-1 et seq., and

Code of Montgomery County Regulations (“COMCOR”) 51.00.01 et seq.

Blackburn and Berkshire filed a motion for summary judgment with respect to all of

Respondent’s claims, arguing that because Christopher was a trespasser, they only owed a

duty to refrain from willfully or wantonly injuring Christopher. Blackburn and Berkshire

further stated that the alleged violations of state and county codes could not create a duty to

Christopher because he was a trespasser, and argued that Christopher’s unsupervised play

was the intervening, superseding cause of his injuries. CPS also filed a motion for summary

judgment, arguing that as Blackburn’s agent, it could not have owed Christopher a duty

4
On November 8, 2011, the parties filed a Stipulation of Substitution of Party, stating
that Blackburn Limited Partnership (“Blackburn”) was actually the owner of Country Place
Apartments, and should be substituted for Second Blackburn.
5
The COMAR provisions we cite were those in effect at the time of the injury in this
case, June 13, 2010. Amendments to COMAR 10.17.01.01 et seq. that took effect as
emergency provisions on January 3, 2014 are not relevant to the resolution of this case.

3
greater than the duty that Blackburn owed to him.

After a hearing, the Circuit Court issued an order granting Petitioners’ motions for

summary judgment. The Circuit Court held that Christopher’s status changed from invitee

to trespasser when he entered the pool area, and as a result, the only common-law duty owed

“was to avoid willful and wanton misconduct or entrapment.” The Circuit Court found no

evidence to support a breach of that duty. Concerning the alleged statutory duty, the court

first held that “a potential violation of a statutory regulation is relevant only if the Court

found that the Defendants owed [a] duty beyond that of a trespasser.” The court also held

that the alleged statutory violations did not set forth a prima facie case of negligence because

the regulations at issue only became effective on February 10, 1997 and did not require the

Country Place pool, built in 1978, to comply with the new requirements. Finally, the court

stated that a prima facie case of negligence required finding that the violation of a regulation

was a proximate cause of the injury, but “[w]ithout a scintilla of evidence demonstrating

exactly how Christopher circumvented the fence, the Court cannot consider a possible

violation as prima facie evidence of negligence.”

Respondent appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. The intermediate appellate

court reversed the Circuit Court, holding that Petitioners were required to comply with the

1997 COMAR regulations and the 1997 Montgomery County statutory provisions concerning

pool barriers. See Paul v. Blackburn Ltd. P’ship, 211 Md. App. 52, 105–06, 63 A.3d 1107,

1139 (2013). The court adopted those regulations as the standard of care, concluding that

4
“the statutes and regulations were designed to create a cause of action in tort for the

protection of the swimming public.” Paul, 211 Md. App. at 106–08, 63 A.3d at 1139–40.

The court firmly rejected the notion that a defendant must owe a common-law duty to a

plaintiff before violation of a statute can be used as evidence of negligence. Paul, 211 Md.

App. at 109, 63 A.3d at 1141. Finally, the intermediate appellate court held that the trial

court erred in “finding there was not a ‘scintilla of evidence demonstrating exactly how

Christopher circumvented the fence,’ and in granting summary judgment on the issue of

causation.” Paul, 211 Md. App. at 112, 63 A.3d at 1142.

Petitioners appealed to this Court, and we granted certiorari to answer the following

questions:

1. Has the opinion of the Court of Special Appeals abrogated
more than eighty years of law holding that property owners owe
no duty to trespassers onto their property?

2. Did the Court of Special Appeals improperly conclude that
evidence of violation of regulations created a duty from a
property owner to a trespasser?

3. Has the Court of Special Appeals improperly applied
COMAR regulations enacted more than twenty years after a
swimming pool was constructed, contrary to the legislative
history and the specific language of the regulations?

For the reasons described below, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Special

Appeals.

DISCUSSION

“A trial court may grant summary judgment if there is no genuine dispute as to any

5
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Ross v.

Housing Auth. of Baltimore City, 430 Md. 648, 666–67, 63 A.3d 1, 12 (2013) (citing Md.

Rule 2-501(f)). When reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we determine “whether the

parties properly generated a dispute of material fact and, if not, whether the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Myers v. Kayhoe, 391 Md. 188, 203, 892 A.2d 520,

529 (2006) (citation omitted). This Court considers “the record in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party and construe[s] any reasonable inferences that may be drawn from

the facts against the moving party.” Id. (citations omitted). A plaintiff’s claim must be

supported by more than a “scintilla of evidence[,]” as “there must be evidence upon which

[a] jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Beatty v. Trailmaster Products, Inc., 330

Md. 726, 738–39, 625 A.2d 1005, 1011 (1993) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

U.S. 242, 252, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2512 (1986)).

If the trial court decision turns on a question of law, not a dispute of fact, we review

the trial court’s decision for legal correctness without deference. See Mathews v. Cassidy

Turley Maryland, Inc., 435 Md. 584, 598, 80 A.3d 269, 277 (2013).

Petitioners present three arguments that the Court of Special Appeals erred in

reversing the Circuit Court. The first argument is based on Maryland law that has

consistently and unambiguously held that property owners do not owe an affirmative duty

to trespassers. This argument unfolds as follows: (1) in premises liability cases, legal duties

are contingent on a person’s “status” on the premises; (2) there was no dispute of material

6
fact that Christopher was a trespasser at the pool; and (3) given Christopher’s status as a

trespasser, Petitioners had no duty to protect Christopher from injury caused by his trespass

into the pool.

Petitioners’ second argument is that the regulations regarding fencing and barriers did

not alter the limited common-law duty that Petitioners owed to Christopher as a trespasser.

Asserting broadly that regulatory violations cannot create a duty where none exists under

common law, Petitioners specifically contend that under Maryland law, regulations regarding

fencing around pools or bodies of water will not create a duty from a property owner to a

trespasser. Petitioners allege that in order to create a legal duty, a statute must expressly state

that it is doing so—something the regulations at issue here fail to do. Indeed, Petitioners

state that only one case, Allen v. Dackman, 413 Md. 132, 991 A.2d 1216 (2010), has held that

a statute expressly created a duty from a landowner to a trespasser. Thus, Petitioners contend

that the long-standing common-law rule limiting a property owner’s duty to a trespasser has

only been abrogated in the narrow context of lead paint.

Finally, Petitioners argue that even if the relevant COMAR regulations were construed

to create a legal duty to trespassers, the plain language, legislative history, and

implementation of those regulations by the Montgomery County Health Department evince

that pre-existing pools, like that at Country Place, were not required to retrofit or change

barriers to comply with the barrier provisions enshrined in COMAR 10.17.01.21.

Respondent urges us to affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. She

7
contends that our inquiry cannot end with an examination of Petitioners’ duty to Christopher

under the common-law duty of property owners to trespassers. Rather, she asks us to focus

on the statutory duty that Petitioners owed to Christopher. Respondent advances that under

Maryland law, the applicable test for her negligence claim is whether Petitioners violated a

statute, ordinance, or regulation that was designed to protect a specific class of persons,

which includes Christopher, and whether that statutory violation proximately caused

Christopher’s injuries.

According to Respondent, duties arising from statutory violations have been

recognized in Maryland for almost a century, and are not confined to cases involving lead

paint. Respondent further alleges that a review of the language, legislative history, and

purposes of the relevant COMAR and County regulations compels the conclusion that

Christopher is within the class of persons that these pool safety regulations were designed

to protect. Respondent rejects Petitioners’ claim that they are exempt from Maryland’s pool

safety barrier regulation, thus rejecting their invocation of COMAR’s grandfathering

provisions. Respondent claims that the inapplicability of the grandfathering provisions is

further bolstered by the compliance schedule set forth in COMAR 10.17.01.54, as well as

COMAR 10.17.01.03D, which precludes grandfathering that “jeopardizes the health or safety

of the public.”

Respondent concludes by arguing that Petitioners’ construction of the regulations

would have dangerous implications for Maryland public pools, and that Petitioners waived

8
any argument that the Montgomery County Codes and The Building Officials & Code

Administrators Basic Building Code of 1970 (“BOCA”) do not create a duty to Christopher.

Respondent alleges that Petitioners have no viable argument that their violation of the

statute—a breach of their statutorily-derived duty of care to Christopher—was not the

proximate cause of Christopher’s injuries. Finally, Respondent characterizes the cases cited

by Petitioners as inapplicable and outdated.

Duty To Trespassers And Statutory Duty

We now turn to the first question. Petitioners argue that any putative duty of care

derived from statute cannot trump the limited, common-law duty that property owners owe

to trespassers. The starting point of this argument is unobjectionable, for in a variety of

cases, we have indeed affirmed a property owner’s right to exclude others from, and to

control the use of, their property. See Weems v. Cnty. Comm’rs of Calvert Cnty., 397 Md.

606, 619, 919 A.2d 77, 85 (2007) (“The Supreme Court has remained consistent in asserting

that included amongst a property owner’s ‘bundle of rights’ is the right to exclude others.”);

Landay v. Cohn, 220 Md. 24, 28, 150 A.2d 739, 741 (1959) (“[A landlord’s] responsibility

for the reasonably safe condition of premises retained under his control is limited to the

confines of his invitation to use them, express or implied. It does not extend to the use of

such premises for an unintended purpose.”); Levine v. Miller, 218 Md. 74, 79, 145 A.2d 418,

421 (1958) (“One may be an invitee or business visitor as to one portion of the premises, or

for a limited time, and be a licensee or trespasser as to another portion of the same premises

9
or, without changing location, undergo the same change in status by the lapse of time.”).

These precepts form the basis of our common-law rule concerning the limited duty of

property owners to trespassers. See Levine, 218 Md. at 79, 145 A.2d at 421 (“The Maryland

law is firmly established that the owner of land owes no duty to a trespasser or licensee, even

one of tender years, except to abstain from wilful [sic] or wanton misconduct and

entrapment.”).

But another strand of law is relevant here. Our examination of this strand begins with

Brooks v. Lewin Realty III, Inc., 378 Md. 70, 79, 835 A.2d 616, 621 (2003). Brooks

concerned a tenant’s tort action against a landlord based upon a child’s consumption of lead-

based paint in leased premises that were in violation of the Baltimore City Housing Code.

378 Md. at 72, 835 A.2d at 617. There, we recognized that a different common-law

rule—that landlords have no duty to repair or inspect premises before or during a lease

term—was trumped by Maryland’s rule concerning applicable statutory schemes:

[U]nder the common law and in the absence of a statute, a
landlord ordinarily has no duty to keep rental premises in repair,
or to inspect the rental premises either at the inception of the
lease or during the lease term. There are, however, exceptions
to this general rule.

Moreover, where there is an applicable statutory scheme
designed to protect a class of persons which includes the
plaintiff, another well-settled Maryland common law rule has
long been applied by this Court in negligence actions. That rule
states that the defendant’s duty ordinarily “is prescribed by the
statute” or ordinance and that violation of the statute or
ordinance is itself evidence of negligence.

10
Brooks, 378 Md. at 78, 835 A.2d at 620–21 (quoting Brown v. Dermer, 357 Md. 344,

358–59, 744 A.2d 47, 55 (2000)).

The Brooks Court observed that this rule was first announced in Flaccomio v. Eysink,

129 Md. 367, 380, 100 A. 510, 515 (1916), nearly one hundred years before the dispute here.

378 Md. at 78, 835 A.2d at 621. To give flesh to this long-standing rule (“the Statute or

Ordinance Rule”),6 the Brooks Court went on to describe both its requirements and effect:

Under this principle, in order to make out a prima facie case in
a negligence action, all that a plaintiff must show is: (a) the
violation of a statute or ordinance designed to protect a specific
class of persons which includes the plaintiff, and (b) that the
violation proximately caused the injury complained of.
“Proximate cause is established by determining whether the
plaintiff is within the class of persons sought to be protected,
and the harm suffered is of a kind which the drafters intended
the statute to prevent. * * * It is the existence of this cause and
effect relationship that makes the violation of a statute prima
facie evidence of negligence.”

Brooks, 378 Md. at 79, 835 A.2d at 621 (quoting Brown, 357 Md. at 359, 744 A.2d at 55).

A subsequent case in the Brooks line, Allen, 413 Md. 132, 991 A.2d 1216 (2010),

clarified the reach of the Statute or Ordinance Rule.7 In Allen, this Court considered an

6
In Polakoff v. Turner, we referred to this rule as “the ‘statute or ordinance’ rule.” 385
Md. 467, 476, 869 A.2d 837, 843 (2005) (citing Brooks v. Lewin Realty III, 378 Md. 70,
78–79, 835 A.2d 616, 621 (2003)). For purposes of clarity and to conform to this precedent,
we will refer to the two-part Brooks test (“the Statute or Ordinance Rule”) in the same
manner.
7
In Allen v. Dackman, this Court discussed the North Carolina Supreme Court’s
decision in Bell v. Page, 271 N.C. 396, 156 S.E.2d 711 (1967). 413 Md. 132, 158 n.18, 991
A.2d 1216, 1231 n.18 (2010). In Bell, a child drowned in a motel swimming pool that was
(continued...)

11
argument that lead paint statutes in the Baltimore City Housing Code “imposed no duty on

owners of property in regard to individuals who have no legal right to possess the property.”

413 Md. at 156, 991 A.2d at 1230. The property owners in that case argued that because a

court had determined that plaintiffs “were wrongfully in possession of the property [. . .]” in

question, no duty applied. Id. This Court rejected that argument, first observing that

common-law limitations on the duty owed to trespassers were “inapplicable” in a case

“based on the Housing Code, not the common law.” Allen, 413 Md. at 157, 991 A.2d at

1231 (emphasis added). After examining the purposes and language of the Housing Code,

this Court determined that the Allen plaintiffs were within the class to be protected by the

statute. Allen, 413 Md. at 157–58, 991 A.2d at 1231. Thus, the tort action in that case

survived summary judgment, despite the plaintiffs’ status as trespassers under the common

law. See Allen, 413 Md. at 160, A.2d at 1233.

Petitioners nevertheless persist that “regulations regarding fencing around pools or

bodies of water will not create a duty from the premises owner to a trespasser.” They

primarily rely on Osterman v. Peters, 260 Md. 313, 272 A.2d 21 (1971), in which this Court

considered the case of a four-and-a-half-year-old boy who drowned while trying to retrieve

7
(...continued)
not surrounded by a fence, as required by a local municipal ordinance. 271 N.C. at 397–98,
156 S.E.2d at 714–15. Although the court considered the child a trespasser, it nevertheless
held that the defendant owed a duty under the ordinance because the law was intended “to
provide protection for children without reference to whether they were legally entitled
to use the pool.” Bell, 271 N.C. at 399, 156 S.E.2d at 715 (emphasis added).

12
a ball from a pool at his neighbor’s vacant house. Basing its holding on this Court’s decision

in State v. Longeley, 161 Md. 563, 158 A. 6 (1932), the Osterman Court held that because

the boy was a trespasser, the boy’s father could not bring a negligence action based on the

defendant’s violation of a fencing ordinance. Osterman, 260 Md. at 317, 272 A.2d at 23.

In State v. Longeley, this Court declined to hold quarry owners liable for the drowning

of a trespassing twelve-year-old. 161 Md. at 570, 158 A. at 8. The Court examined the

defendant’s violation of an ordinance requiring that abandoned quarries be enclosed by a

fence with certain characteristics. Longeley, 161 Md. at 566, 158 A. at 7. In holding that the

quarry owners owed no statutory duty to the child, the Longeley Court set forth a two-part

test: “(1) [t]hat the violation of the ordinance was the proximate cause of the injury. (2) That

the person injured, at the time of the injury, had the right to be on the property of defendant

and was not a trespasser.” Longeley, 161 Md. at 569, 158 A. at 8. The Court declared that:

The ordinance in this case was passed for the benefit of the
public. Any violation of it subjects the owner of a quarry to a
fine. But, before an individual can hold [a property owner]
liable for an injury alleged to have resulted from [a statutory
violation], there must be shown a right on the part of the
plaintiff, a duty on the part of the defendant with respect to that
right, and a breach of that duty by the defendant whereby the
plaintiff has suffered injury. A trespasser can acquire no such
right except in case of willful injury. The mere violation of a
statute would not give it. The effect of such violation is only to
raise a presumption of negligence in favor of one entitled to
assert it.

Longeley, 161 Md. at 569–70, 158 A. at 8 (citations omitted; emphasis added); see also

Murphy v. Baltimore Gas and Elec. Co., 290 Md. 186, 194–95,428 A.2d 459, 464 (1981)

13
(applying Longeley and Osterman in a similar abandoned quarry case), overruled on other

grounds by Baltimore Gas and Elec. Co. v Flippo, 348 Md. 680, 705 A.2d 1144 (1998).

As our discussion of Longeley, Osterman, and Murphy highlights, none of these cases

involved a statute or ordinance designed to protect a specific class of persons.8 Whereas

those cases dealt with ordinances “passed for the benefit of the public,” the statute at issue

here, as we shall explain, aims to protect a more targeted class of persons. That is why those

courts did not engage in a careful application of the Statute or Ordinance Rule, and why we

must do so here. It is also why those courts relied on the plaintiff’s status as trespasser to

deny relief. As we stated in Allen, the Statute or Ordinance Rule places no significance on

the legal status of plaintiffs on the premises. What matters is that they are members of the

class to be protected by the statute.

Petitioners attempt to characterize Allen as “a rare instance of the court finding that

a statute created a specific duty from one group of persons to another.” They argue that “this

Court held in Allen that the long-standing law that a premises owner owes no duty to a

trespasser had been abrogated solely in the narrow confines of the Baltimore City Housing

Code lead paint statutes, which expressly created a duty to abate lead paint between premises

owners and all occupants, whatever their status.” We find no reason in law or logic to so

8
In explicating its reasoning in Osterman v. Peters, 260 Md. 313, 316, 272 A.2d 21,
23 (1971), this Court relied on State v. Longeley, 161 Md. 563, 158 A. 6 (1932), which
denied a plaintiff relief because “‘[t]he ordinance in this case was passed for the benefit of
the public.’” Thus, the issue of a statutorily protected class was not addressed in the
Osterman Court’s analysis.

14
cabin our holding in Allen. There, the common-law rule that a landowner owes a limited

duty to trespassers was trumped by the Statute or Ordinance Rule. See supra. Here, the same

rationale applies.9

Moreover, the Statute or Ordinance Rule has never been confined to the context of

lead paint cases. This Court has identified the Statute or Ordinance Rule as the right rule to

apply in a variety of settings. See Wietzke v. Chesapeake Conference Ass’n, 421 Md. 355,

395, 26 A.3d 931, 955 (2011) (holding that a jury could apply the Statute or Ordinance Rule

to regulations concerning sediment control regulations); Gourdine v. Crews, 405 Md. 722,

758, 955 A.2d 769, 791 (2008) (holding that protections contained in product branding

statutes targeted too broad a class to satisfy the Statute or Ordinance Rule); Remsburg v.

Montgomery, 376 Md. 568, 587, 831 A.2d 18, 29 (2003) (holding that the Statute or

Ordinance Rule was not satisfied by hunting regulations that were not intended to prevent

the injury at issue); Moore v. Myers, 161 Md. App. 349, 365–66, 868 A.2d 954, 964 (2005)

(holding that the Statute or Ordinance Rule was satisfied by the violation of an animal control

statute). This variety indicates that the Statute or Ordinance Rule has broad applicability,10

and need not be cabined by common-law rules that are unique to the premises liability

9
Petitioners have pointed to no authority indicating that when a protected class is
specified, a class member’s legal status on property affects the straightforward application
of the Statute or Ordinance Rule.
10
In this regard, we observe that “[t]he law in this State regarding the breach of a
statutory duty remains the same today as it has for over ninety years.” Polakoff, 385 Md. at
483, 869 A.2d at 847 (2005).

15
context.

Importantly, part (a) of the Statute or Ordinance Rule already sets a meaningful

limitation on a court’s ability to apply it. See, e.g., Wietzke, 421 Md. at 388, 26 A.3d at 951

(“[W]e have always required the statute or ordinance allegedly violated to ‘set forth

mandatory acts’ that are ‘clearly for the protection of a particular class of persons’ and not

merely for ‘the public as a whole.’” (quoting Remsburg, 376 Md. at 584, 831 A.2d at 27

(2003) (italics in original)));11 see also Muthukumarana v. Montgomery Cnty., 370 Md. 447,

499–500, 805 A.2d 372, 403 (2002) (holding that a statute designed to protect “the safety and

well-being of the citizens of Maryland” referenced too broad a protected class to satisfy the

Statute or Ordinance Rule (quoting Md. Code (1957, 1997 Repl. Vol.), Art. 41, §

18–101(a))).

Despite the relative clarity of the Statute or Ordinance Rule, Petitioners also argue that

the creation of a legal duty must be expressly stated in a statute for the Statute or Ordinance

Rule to apply. Petitioners rely on our recent decision in Warr v. JMGM Group, LLC, 433

Md. 170, 70 A.3d 347 (2013). In Warr, this Court rejected several arguments to impose

dram shop liability, including an assertion “that the tavern owners owed a duty to refuse to

serve an intoxicated patron[] because there is a criminal statute prohibiting the sale of alcohol

11
We agree with the intermediate appellate court’s observation that the use of the
Statute or Ordinance Rule must be “carefully circumscribed.” Joseph v. Bozzuto
Management Co., 173 Md. App. 305, 322, 918 A.2d 1230, 1239 (2007). Part (a) of the
Statute or Ordinance Rule provides this needed check.

16
to visibly intoxicated persons.” Warr, 433 Md. at 195, 70 A.3d at 362. This Court observed

that it “ha[d] not extrapolated civil liability from criminal statutes regulating the sale of

alcohol, unlike some of our sister states.” Warr, 433 Md. at 197, 70 A.3d at 363. The Court

then stated the Statute or Ordinance Rule—that in order to premise civil liability on a

violation of a statute, a party need show “‘(a) the violation of a statute or ordinance designed

to protect a specific class of persons which includes the plaintiff, and (b) that the violation

proximately caused the injury complained of.’” Warr, 433 Md. at 198, 70 A.3d at 364

(quoting Brooks, 378 Md. at 79, 835 A.2d at 621). This Court rejected the application of the

Statute or Ordinance Rule, finding that the statute in question was enacted “‘for the

protection, health, welfare and safety of the people of this State[,]’” not a particular class.

Warr, 433 Md. at 198, 70 A.3d at 364 (quoting Md. Code (1957, 2011 Repl. Vol.), Article

2B, Section 1-101(a)(3)). Thus, Warr only reinforced part (a) of the Statute or Ordinance

Rule, and did not set forth any requirement that statutes must expressly state the creation of

a legal duty in order to represent the standard of care in a negligence action. In Warr, the

applicable statute failed to define a particular class to be protected. That infirmity is not

present here.

Existence Of A Statutory Duty

Although we hold that the Statute or Ordinance Rule can apply irrespective of a

property owner’s duty to trespassers under the common law, we must still determine whether

a statutory duty arose in this case. The intermediate appellate court concluded that:

17
 [T]he 1997 COMAR regulations governing public swimming
pools, and specifically COMAR 10.17.01.21 governing pool
barriers, as well as the 1997 Montgomery County statutory and
regulatory provisions, were applicable to the Country Place pool
at the time of the incident in this case—i.e. [Petitioners] were
required, by statute and regulation, to comply with the
regulations and code provisions relevant to public swimming
pools, in general, and pool barriers, in particular. That the
circuit court found otherwise was error.

Paul, 211 Md. App. at 105–06, 63 A.3d at 1139. Petitioners argue that the trial court was

correct in holding that no statutory duty arose from the COMAR regulations because

Petitioners were not required to comply with them. We now turn to that question, warning

the reader that a good amount of patience will be required.

COMAR 10.17.01.01 et seq. became effective on February 10, 1997. The stated

purpose of the chapter “is to enact regulations that protect and promote the public health and

safety of individuals at public spas and pools in Maryland. Public pools include . . .

recreational pools[.]” COMAR 10.17.01.01. Under COMAR 10.17.01.05B(19)(f)(v),

Petitioners’ pool meets the definition of a recreational pool. (“[A recreational pool includes

those at] [a]n apartment complex, housing subdivision, or mobile home park with more than

ten units[.]”).12 COMAR 10.17.01.13, entitled “Standards for Recreational and Semipublic

Pools[,]” provides that “[a]n owner shall ensure that an existing, newly built, or altered

recreational or semipublic pool is in compliance with: A. This chapter; B. Applicable State

and local codes; and C. The American National Standard for Public Swimming Pools.”

12
Country Place Apartments consists of over 300 units.

18
 COMAR 10.17.01.05B(3) defines a “barrier” as “a fence or wall or a combination of

a fence and wall that completely surrounds and obstructs access to the pool or spa.”

COMAR 10.17.01.21, entitled “Barriers[,]” mandates the following requirements for a

recreational pool:

A. Except as set forth in §§ B, C, and D[13 ] of this regulation,
an owner shall ensure that a recreational pool . . . including the
required deck area, is completely surrounded by a barrier that
complies with the following requirements[.]

***

(3) Except when the entrance gate is open, an
opening in the barrier and in the gate does not
allow passage of a sphere 4 inches in
diameter[.]

COMAR 10.17.01.21A (emphasis added).

Under the plain language of COMAR 10.17.01.21A(3), a barrier’s entrance gate

cannot allow the passage of a sphere 4 inches in diameter. This requirement aligns with

standards set forth in the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s SAFETY BARRIER

GUIDELINES FOR HOME POOLS, which state that “[a] successful pool barrier prevents

a child from getting OVER, UNDER, or THROUGH and keeps the child from gaining access

to the pool except when supervising adults are present.” These same guidelines explain that

13
Section B concerns barriers for semipublic pools or spas. COMAR10.17.01.21B.
Section C states that “an owner may surround a pool and spa, multiple pools, or multiple spas
at one facility with one barrier instead of separate barriers for each pool or spa.” COMAR
10.17.01.21C. Section D concerns barrier standards for wading or infant pools. COMAR
10.17.01.21D.

19
the 4-inch sphere requirement is “based on the head breadth and chest depth of a young child

and is intended to prevent a young child from passing through an opening.”

But Petitioners vigorously dispute that the barrier requirements in COMAR

10.17.01.21 mandated modification of their pool fence, built in 1978. We do not quarrel with

Petitioners’ observation that under the COMAR regulations “existing pools would be exempt

from parts of the new regulations.” (Emphasis added). The question is whether the barrier

provisions are among those parts.

The exemptions provided by COMAR 10.17.01.03 for pools constructed before

February 10, 1997 are as follows:

A. Except as provided in §§ D and E of this regulation, the
owner of a pool or spa that was approved by the Secretary for
construction before the adoption of this chapter is exempt from
bringing the previously approved pool or spa into compliance
with:

(1) Regulations .13C, .14A(3), .17C, .18A(3), .22,
.24, and .35 of this chapter;[ 14 ] and

(2) Notwithstanding an exemption set forth at
§A(1) of this regulation, the diving area
dimensions of Regulation .27B of this chapter[.]

***

14
These enumerated exemptions cover the following requirements: .13C (“An owner
shall ensure that an existing, newly built, or altered recreational or semipublic pool is in
compliance with . . . The American National Standard for Public Swimming Pools.”);
.14A(3) (standards for public spas); .17C (standards for public wading pools); .18A(3)
(standards for public therapy pools); .22 (standards for decks); .24 (standards for pipe
material); and .35 (standards for toilet, hand sink, and shower facilities).

20
 B. The owner of a pool . . . that was approved by the Secretary
for construction before the adoption of this chapter shall
maintain the pool . . . including appurtenant structures and
equipment as originally approved and may complete a repair that
restores the pool . . . to its original condition before damage or
deterioration without complying with the requirements of this
chapter, except for Regulations .06C and .28 of this chapter,
when the repair:

(1) Costs less than 25 percent of the replacement
value of the pool . . . ;

(2) Consists of the same or equivalent materials
and components . . . ; and

(3) Does not create a danger or allow a danger to
continue that threatens the health and safety of an
individual using the pool[.]

***

D. The exemptions in §§A and B of this regulation do not apply
if:

(1) The previously approved pool or spa has a
condition that jeopardizes the health or safety of
the public, in which case the owner shall ensure
that the condition is corrected to meet the
requirements of this chapter[.]

Petitioners argue that the “exemptions for ‘appurtenant structures and equipment’

necessarily include [Petitioners’] fencing by the terms and definitions of the regulations,

enshrined in COMAR 10.17.01.03 Previously Approved Pools and Spas.” Observing that

COMAR defines a pool as “an artificial enclosure of water that is used for the immersion of

the human body for recreation, therapy, or exercise, including a structure that is installed in

21
the ground, above ground, outside, or in a building or portable structure[,]” Petitioners

contend that the “pool” is merely the container of water. COMAR 10.17.01.05B(15). In

contrast, “Barrier” is defined as “a fence or wall or a combination of a fence and wall that

completely surrounds and obstructs access to the pool or spa.” COMAR 10.17.01.05B(3).

Petitioners point to this distinction as evidence that a barrier is an appurtenant

structure or equipment for purposes of finding exemptions under COMAR 10.17.01.03 B,

C, and D. Consequently, Petitioners contend that COMAR 10.17.01.03B applies to its pool

barrier, mandating only that the owner of a pre-existing pool “shall maintain the pool or spa

including appurtenant structures and equipment as originally approved[.]” Petitioners

attempt to bolster their argument by observing that under COMAR 10.17.01.03C and

10.17.01.03D(2), certain repairs and alterations need not comply with the new COMAR

requirements.

In examining Petitioners’ argument, we first observe that the standards concerning

pool barriers in COMAR 10.17.01.21 are not among the listed exemptions in COMAR

10.17.01.03A. Therefore, we focus on whether the grandfathering provisions laid out in

COMAR 10.17.01.03B apply to Petitioners.

Under the plain language of COMAR 10.17.01.03B, Petitioners would be able to

maintain or even repair their barrier without complying with the requirements of COMAR

10.17.01.21, so long as the maintenance and repair actions followed the guidelines set forth

in COMAR 10.17.01.03B(1)–(3). See supra. If these provisions governed, a court would

22
not be able to hold that Petitioners’ barrier violated COMAR 10.17.01.21.

But we do not look at this subsection in isolation, and a different subsection carves

out an exception to the exemption. COMAR 10.17.01.03D(1) states that the exemptions

listed in COMAR 10.17.01.03B do not apply when “[t]he previously approved pool or spa

has a condition that jeopardizes the health or safety of the public, in which case the owner

shall ensure that the condition is corrected to meet the requirements of this chapter[.]”

(Emphasis added). Petitioners argue that this exception does not apply to their fence because

the language focuses solely on the pool, and does not mention the appurtenant structures or

equipment.

We reject this argument based on the plain language of COMAR 10.17.01.03D(1).

The fundamental danger of a pool is posed by its water. And it hardly needs saying that,

without a fence that bars entry by a three-year-old child, the pool, located in the midst of 300

residential apartments, poses a risk which “jeopardizes the health or safety of” such a child,15

who might accidentally access the pool unsupervised. The quality and compliance of the

fence is simply crucial to safety. The COMAR subsection also states that when such a

condition is present, “the owner shall ensure that the condition is corrected to meet the

requirements of this chapter[.]” (Emphasis added). Thus, the provision does not in any

15
Although we hold that COMAR 10.17.01.03D(1) prevents Petitioners from invoking
the grandfathering provisions of COMAR 10.17.01.03, we underscore that COMAR
10.17.01.03D(1) does not identify the specific class to be protected under the Statute or
Ordinance Rule. We turn our attention to that issue infra.

23
way limit the “requirements of this chapter” to mean solely the requirements that deal with

the pool structure itself.

In addition to the plain language of COMAR 10.17.01.03D(1), we draw support from

the purposes and context of the chapter as a whole. As we stated in Comptroller of the

Treasury v. John C. Louis Co., Inc., “[s]tatutes are to be construed reasonably and with

reference to the purpose to be accomplished.” 285 Md. 527, 538, 404 A.2d 1045, 1052

(1979) (citing Curtis v. State, 284 Md. 132, 142, 395 A.2d 464, 470 (1978)). Whenever

possible, the various parts of a statute should “be reconciled and harmonized to be consistent

with the statute’s object and scope.” John C. Louis Co., 285 Md. at 538–39, 404 A.2d at

1053 (citations omitted). Our interpretation should avoid illogical, absurd, or anomalous

results. John C. Louis Co., 285 Md. at 539, 404 A.2d at 1053 (citations omitted).

COMAR 10.17.01.04D incorporates by reference the “American National Standard

for Residential Inground Swimming Pools (ANSI/NSPI-5 1995) including Appendix E,

Model Barrier Code for Residential Swimming Pools, Spas, and Hot Tubs[.]” (“Model

Barrier Code”). We find it significant that Appendix E begins with a “Preamble to NSPI

Model Child Protection/Barrier Code.” (Emphasis added). The Preamble states:

Protecting young children from accidental drownings and
near-drownings in all aquatic environments, whether natural
or constructed, is a primary concern of parents, the aquatic
industry, health and safety organizations and regulatory groups.

***

While supervision is the key to accomplishing the objective of

24
 reducing the number of submersion incidents, it is well-known
that, at times, children may do the unexpected, catching their
supervisors off guard. But being caught off guard does not have
to mean being unprepared. For those instances when the
unexpected does occur and there may be a lapse in supervision,
the National Spa and Pool Institute (NSPI) has developed the
Model Child Protection/Barrier Code. This Model Code
establishes layers of protection to supplement and complement
the requirement for constant adult supervision of young children
around aquatic environments.

Model Barrier Code at 37 (emphasis added).

The Model Barrier Code further states, in its “Scope” and “Purpose” sections:

SCOPE

These requirements establish layers of protection for young
children against the potential for drowning and near drowning
in residential swimming pools, spas and hot tubs by limiting or
delaying their access to swimming pools, spas, and hot tubs.

PURPOSE

The objective of these requirements is to establish provisions
that address supervision, the foremost deterrent to a young
child’s access to a pool, spa or hot tub and to potential
accidental drowning, both at times when a pool, spa or hot tub
is in use, and at times when it is not in use.

Additionally, in the event of a lapse in adult supervision, and
particularly for the protection of children in the most at-risk
age group, less than five (5) years of age, who cannot yet
appreciate or be instructed as to the risk of drowning,
supplemental layers of protection are established. They limit
or delay child access to an outdoor or an indoor pool, spa or hot
tub from the surrounding area and to an outdoor or an indoor
pool, spa or hot tub from within a building or dwelling where
walls of the building or dwelling are the barrier, or part of the
barrier, to the pool, spa or hot tub.

25
Model Barrier Code at 37 (emphasis added).

With these purposes and objectives in mind, COMAR 10.17.01.03D(1) must be read

to provide an exception to the grandfathering provisions for both a pool and its barrier.

Were we to hold otherwise, the targeted safety objectives of the Model Barrier Code,

incorporated by reference in COMAR 10.17.01.04, would be completely ignored. Moreover,

the “primary concern” of the Model Barrier Code, which is to prevent the drowning and near

drowning of young children, would be of no concern to all the owners of recreational pools

that, through mere historical accident, were built before COMAR’s adoption. This result

would be illogical, and we reject it.

Petitioners rely on the chapter’s legislative history in an attempt to cabin its

applicability and broaden the grandfathering provisions. These efforts are unavailing. In the

“Notice of Proposed Action” for the COMAR regulations, the “Estimate of Economic

Impact” is projected as “minimal due to the grandfathering of existing public pools and

spas[.]” Proposed Action on Regulations, 22:14 Md. Reg. 1067 (July 7, 1995). But the

estimate also indicates that “there will be an increased cost to owners of some pools and spas

for safety personnel and to meet updated standards[.]” Id. The estimate further states, in its

“Assumptions” section, that “[t]he public may have significant, nonquantifiable savings as

a result of decreased illness and injury at public pools and spas.” Id. at 1068. When pitted

against the purposes and objectives of the COMAR regulations, described above, this scant

evidence fails to convince us that Petitioners’ interpretation is correct.

26
 Application Of The Statute Or Ordinance Rule

We must now determine whether the COMAR regulations meet the requirements of

the Statute or Ordinance Rule. As we have explained, the finding of a statutory duty under

the Statute or Ordinance Rule must be premised on the statute being targeted toward a

protected class, and not merely the public at large. See supra. Consequently, we focus our

attention on whether COMAR 10.17.01.21 fulfills this requirement.

Petitioners argue that neither the “Notice of Proposed Action” nor the enacted

COMAR statute identify a class of protected persons, much less identify trespassers as the

protected class.16 This is true, but does not tell the whole story. As we have held, the

COMAR regulations incorporate the Model Barrier Code, which does identify a specific

class—namely, young children under the age of five years. Petitioners miss the mark because

they focus exclusively on the lack of a duty to trespassers generally, and ignore the special

class of young children that COMAR most assuredly recognizes as beneficiaries of the pool

owner’s duty.

Thus, under COMAR 10.17.01.21, Petitioners were required to provide a barrier that

did not allow passage of a sphere 4 inches in diameter, except when the entrance gate was

16
The Notice of Proposed Action states that “[t]he purpose of this action is to enact
regulations that protect and promote the public health and safety of individuals at public and
semipublic swimming pools and spas, and limited public-use pools in Maryland.”

The enacted purpose in COMAR 10.17.01.01 (2012) states that “[t]he purpose of this
chapter is to enact regulations that protect and promote the public health and safety of
individuals at public spas and pools in Maryland.”

27
open. See supra. This language sets forth mandatory acts for the protection of a particular

class identified in the Model Barrier Code—namely, children under the age of five. See

supra. Christopher, three years old at the time of the accident, was clearly a member of this

protected class.

Violation Of Duty And Causation

Part (a) of the Statute or Ordinance Rule requires a violation of the statute setting forth

the duty of care. See supra. Here, evidence concerning the state of the fence at the time of

the incident could prove that Petitioners’ enclosure failed to meet the requirements of

COMAR 10.17.01.21A(3). This question is a disputed matter of fact, for the fact-finder to

decide. See Allen, 413 Md. at 160, 991 A.2d at 1232–33.

Part (b) of the Statute or Ordinance Rule requires that the violation of the statute was

the proximate cause of the injury. “‘Proximate cause is established by determining whether

the plaintiff is within the class of persons sought to be protected, and the harm suffered is of

a kind which the drafters intended the statute to prevent * * * It is the existence of this cause

and effect relationship that makes the violation of a statute prima facie evidence of

negligence.’” Brooks, 378 Md. at 79, 835 A.2d at 621 (quoting Brown, 357 Md. at 359, 744

A.2d at 55). As we have already discussed, Christopher was a member of the class of

persons identified in the Model Barrier Code, and Respondent has alleged injuries that the

statute intended to prevent. See supra.

Of course, this cause of action cannot sound in negligence per se, because COMAR

28
10.17.01.01 et seq. does not expressly provide so. See Absolon v. Dollahite, 376 Md. 547,

557, 831 A.2d 6, 11 (2003) (“[T]he settled rule in Maryland is that a statutory violation is

evidence of negligence. It does not constitute negligence per se, unless a statute expressly

makes it so.”); see also Polakoff, 385 Md. at 478, 869 A.2d at 844 (“As we repeatedly stated

in Brooks, proof of a statutory violation, plaintiff’s membership in the class of people

designed to be protected by the statute, and causation, amount to prima facie evidence of

negligence, not negligence per se.”) (citations omitted). Respondent must still produce facts

that would allow a jury to reasonably conclude that Christopher entered the pool because the

gate violated COMAR.

We agree with the Court of Special Appeals that here, sufficient circumstantial

evidence existed for a jury to find causation. See Paul, 211 Md. App. at 110, 63 A.3d at

1141; see also Ross, 430 Md. at 669, 63 A.3d at 13 (2013) (“Childhood exposure to lead

paint and dust may be established through circumstantial evidence[.]”); Dow v. L & R Props.,

Inc., 144 Md. App. 67, 75, 796 A.2d 139, 143 (2002) (“Circumstantial evidence may support

a negligence determination if it ‘amount[s] to a reasonable likelihood or probability rather

than a possibility.’” (quoting Peterson v. Underwood, 258 Md. 9, 17, 264 A.2d 851, 855

(1970))). Christopher and his older brother, Andre, were playing at a playground adjacent

to the apartment building, and returned three times to the apartment before going back

outside to continue playing. As the intermediate appellate court further detailed:

(1) [A]t the time of the near drowning, Christopher was three-
years-old, and his head was approximately 5.1 inches wide; (2)

29
 appellant discovered Christopher submerged in the water in the
five foot section of the pool closest to the gate; (3) when
investigating the near drowning, Detective Hamill observed a
pair of shoes and a T-shirt on the “first table [ ] inside the front
gate”; (4) Detective Hamill observed that there was “a lot of
play in the gate,” and that she was “able to completely put [her]
leg from the waist down into that [ ] opening, [with] how the
gate bowed out”; (5) Detective Hamill stated that it did not take
the “force of an adult” to open the gate; (6) Beerman,
Berkshire’s property manager, testified that he inspected the
pool barrier within a day of the near drowning and measured six
inch spacing between the vertical posts of the fence; (7) neither
Detective Hamill nor Officer Magnelli observed any cuts,
bruises, or other injuries to Christopher—i.e. marks indicating
that he climbed or jumped over the six foot fence surrounding
the pool; and (8) Officer Magnelli testified that there was no
evidence suggesting that Andre assisted Christopher in gaining
access to the pool area.

Paul, 211 Md. App. at 111–12, 63 A.3d at 1142. We conclude that this evidence is sufficient

for a trier of fact to reasonably conclude that Christopher entered the pool by slipping

through the allegedly defective gate.

Because Respondent’s allegations, viewed in the light most favorable to her, could

satisfy the Statute or Ordinance Rule, prima facie evidence of negligence can be established,

and there is “‘sufficient evidence to warrant the court in submitting the case to the jury on

the question of the [Petitioners’] negligence.’” Allen, 413 Md. at 144, 991 A.2d at 1223

(quoting Brooks, 378 Md. at 79, 835 A.2d at 621). The trial court will then have to determine

if the Petitioners’ actions “were reasonable under all the circumstances. Brooks, 378 Md. at

30
79, 835 A.2d at 621.17

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we hold that Petitioners’ alleged violation of COMAR

10.17.01.21A(3), if proven, would demonstrate the breach of a duty from Petitioners to

Christopher. Such a duty, derived from statute, would apply irrespective of Christopher’s

legal status on the property when the incident occurred. A reasonable trier of fact could find

that such a duty existed, that Petitioners violated this duty, and that such violation was the

cause of Christopher’s injuries.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS AFFIRMED; COSTS TO BE PAID
BY PETITIONERS.

17
We must be clear that “evidence of negligence does not ipso facto equate to
liability.” Polakoff, 385 Md. at 479, 869 A.2d at 845.

31