Raines Brothers, Inc. v. H. Michael Chitwood

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
May 15, 2014 Session

RAINES BROTHERS, INC. v. H. MICHAEL CHITWOOD ET AL.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamilton County
No. 11C286 Jacqueline S. Bolton, Judge

No. E2013-02232-COA-R3-CV - Filed July 3, 2014

This contract action stems from the defendant’s, H. Michael Chitwood’s, failure to pay for
construction work that was performed by the plaintiff, Raines Brothers, Inc. (“Raines”). The
work was performed on a home that was occupied by Mr. Chitwood but owned by a trustee,
James Dreaden, who was also named as a defendant. Following a bench trial, the trial court
awarded Raines a judgment against Mr. Chitwood and Mr. Dreaden (collectively
“Defendants”) in the amount of $66,762.71. The trial court also awarded pre-judgment
interest at the rate of eighteen percent per annum, beginning August 14, 2007. The trial court
denied Raines’s claim for attorney’s fees. Defendants timely appealed the trial court’s ruling.
Having determined that Raines adequately proved its entitlement to this amount pursuant to
the parties’ contract, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of $66,762.71 against Mr.
Chitwood. We reverse the trial court’s judgment against Mr. Dreaden. We modify the trial
court’s award of the rate of interest from eighteen percent per annum to ten percent in
accordance with relevant statutory and case law. We also reverse the trial court’s denial of
Raines’s claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to the parties’ contract and remand for a
determination of the proper amount of interest to be charged, as well as a reasonable award
of attorney’s fees.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D.
S USANO, J R., C.J., and D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., joined.

R. Wayne Peters and Gary L. Henry, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellants, H. Michael
Chitwood and James S. Dreaden.
Sheri A. Fox and Marcie Kiggans Bradley, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Raines
Brothers, Inc.

OPINION

I. Factual and Procedural Background

On July 31, 2006, Mr. Chitwood signed a written agreement with Raines to have
construction work performed on his home. The contract constituted a “cost plus” agreement,
providing that Mr. Chitwood would pay the cost of the work plus a fee of ten percent.
Although Mr. Dreaden as trustee is the record owner of the home occupied by Mr. Chitwood,
he was not a party to the construction contract. Instead, Mr. Chitwood signed the contract
as “owner.”

Several provisions of the contract are pertinent to the issues presented in this appeal.
The contract provides that Raines will maintain detailed accounting records regarding the
project and that Mr. Chitwood will be afforded access to the records upon request. Further,
the contract states that Mr. Chitwood will be billed on a monthly basis by Raines and that he
will pay the monthly invoices within ten days of receipt. As expressed in the contract:

If the Owner does not intend to pay an Invoice within the required period, the
Owner agrees to notify RBI as soon as possible but no later than 10 days of
receipt of the Invoice. In the event the Owner fails to pay any payment, in
whole or in part, due hereunder, RBI may cease work without breach of this
contract pending payment. The Owner agrees to pay any costs to RBI
associated with the collection of any past due payments due RBI including
interest.

The contract also contains an attachment, which incorporates additional provisions,
including the following:

The Owner and RBI agree to resolve all claims or disputes arising out of or
relating to the Contract by working together until an agreeable solution is
found. In the event a mutual resolution cannot be found and the dispute results
in litigation, the prevailing party shall be entitled to reimbursement by the
other party for reasonable costs, expenses, and fees incurred.

Raines began construction activities for Mr. Chitwood on August 3, 2006, utilizing
a job number of 6069. The work for this first phase of the construction was substantially
completed by October 2008, but not all of the work was completed to Mr. Chitwood’s

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satisfaction. In September 2009, Mr. Chitwood began transmitting letters to Matt Brown,
Raines’s project manager, detailing various problems with the construction. Mr. Brown
responded to Mr. Chitwood’s concerns and addressed the issues raised. At that time, Mr.
Chitwood had not fully paid all charges relating to job number 6069, and after certain credits
were applied by Raines, the remaining balance was calculated to be $76,762.71. According
to Mr. Brown, a meeting was held with Mr. Chitwood on October 27, 2008, wherein Mr.
Chitwood was provided with a full accounting of the cost of the project. Mr. Chitwood
stated that he would pay the balance due in full. He further requested that Raines undertake
additional work on another part of the residence.

The additional work ensued, designated for billing purposes as job number 8100.
Although Mr. Chitwood paid the charges for job number 8100 in full, he did not pay the
balance due regarding job number 6069. Various letters were exchanged between Mr.
Chitwood and Mr. Brown. Eventually, a meeting was conducted in January 2010 with Mr.
Chitwood, Mr. Brown, David Hammel (chief operating officer of Raines), and John Steele
(Mr. Chitwood’s comptroller) in attendance. At this meeting, Mr. Chitwood again agreed
to pay the outstanding balance of $76,762.71 by April 2010. He also asked Raines to
perform additional work. This subsequent agreement was memorialized in an email sent to
Mr. Chitwood by Mr. Brown. Raines thereafter began the additional work, utilizing a billing
job number of 0023. Mr. Chitwood paid in full the charges for job number 0023 but only
paid $10,000.00 concerning job number 6069, leaving a balance due of $66,762.71.

Raines filed the instant action to recover the monies owed by Mr. Chitwood. He also
named Mr. Chitwood’s wife, Deborah Chitwood,1 and Mr. Dreaden as defendants. The
claims alleged included breach of contract, breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing,
unjust enrichment, quantum meruit, and conversion. Raines also sought attorney’s fees and
injunctive relief to prevent Mr. Dreaden from selling the real property or otherwise
interfering with Raines’s ability to establish a lien upon its title.

Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which was denied by the trial court. Defendants
subsequently filed answers denying liability. Mr. Chitwood filed a counterclaim for breach
of contract, promissory fraud, defective work, and violations of the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Act. Following discovery, Defendants moved for partial summary judgment as
to the claim for injunctive relief and all claims against Mr. Dreaden. The trial court granted
partial summary judgment on the claim for injunctive relief, finding that Raines had failed
to demonstrate that injunctive relief was necessary to prevent immediate and irreparable
harm. The trial court denied the motion as to the claims against Mr. Dreaden, however,

1
Mrs. Chitwood passed away during the pendency of this litigation, and Raines entered a voluntary
nonsuit regarding the claims against her.

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finding that he was an essential party to the action at bar.

A trial was conducted on July 25, 2013. Raines’s witnesses included Mr. Brown; Tim
Hall, the on-site job superintendent; Marvin Cornelison, president and CEO of Raines; Mr.
Hammel; and Mr. Steele. These witnesses established that the work requested by Mr.
Chitwood on the residence had been timely completed and conformed to a high standard of
quality. Mr. Brown and Mr. Hammel testified that many of the concerns Mr. Chitwood had
raised with regard to the construction were caused by circumstances unrelated to the work
performed by Raines. The issues included poor design choices made by the Chitwoods,
operator error, and normal wear and tear.

Raines demonstrated that monthly invoices detailing both the material and labor costs
associated with the project were sent to Mr. Chitwood. Mr. Steele explained that he was able
to create detailed spreadsheets, which separated the costs for labor and materials on various
phases of construction, based on the invoices provided by Raines. Mr. Brown, Mr.
Cornelison, and Mr. Steele testified that Raines in fact provided greater detail regarding costs
when those details were requested by Mr. Chitwood. Mr. Cornelison stated that Mr.
Chitwood’s first missed payment occurred in August 2007, the date upon which Raines
began applying a finance charge of eighteen percent per annum. According to Mr.
Cornelison, this was the rate applied to all past-due accounts by Raines.

Mr. Steele testified that Mr. Chitwood instructed him to stop paying invoices on job
number 6069 as of a certain date due to claimed problems with the work. He also stated that
Mr. Chitwood told him not to pay finance charges. According to Mr. Steele, he was present
at the meeting wherein Mr. Chitwood promised Mr. Hammel and Mr. Brown that he would
finish paying for job number 6069 in full. He also confirmed that the parties agreed upon a
balance due of $66,762.71. Mr. Hammel stated that Mr. Chitwood asked Raines to perform
additional work after job number 0023 was complete. Mr. Hammel, however, refused to
perform further work until the charges for job number 6069 were paid. According to Mr.
Hammel, Raines was required to pay the subcontractors and other costs for job number 6069
regardless of whether Raines was paid by Mr. Chitwood. Consequently, Raines was
damaged by the failure of payment by Mr. Chitwood.

Following the presentation of Raines’s case-in-chief, Mr. Chitwood voluntarily
nonsuited his claims against Raines. Mr. Chitwood and Mr. Dreaden then rested, presenting
no evidence, and moved for an involuntary dismissal of Raines’s claims. The trial court took
the case under advisement and later issued a written memorandum opinion and order. In its
order, the court found as follows:

Ample evidence was presented at trial that detailed the expenses

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 incurred on job 6069, which was due and owing. Tellingly even Chitwood’s
former accountant, John Steele, testifies that each month he would receive the
invoices on job 6069. He stated he had significant enough information to
break down the labor and materials and other costs onto his spreadsheets,
which he prepared for Chitwood. Steele further corroborated the testimony of
other witnesses, that the parties had agreed to the total amount owed on job
6069 was $66,672.71.2

Steele testified that the 18% finance charge, which is at issue also in
this trial, was provided in each and every statement he received from Raines.
He independently verified that the calculations were correct. Steele also
testified that Chitwood told him not to pay the finance charges, because
“Chitwood doesn’t pay finance charges or late charges.” The Court finds the
18% interest should accrue from August 14, 2007.

The final argument is that Defendants Chitwood and Dreaden allege
through their Answer that the term “fee” is insufficient to require the payment
of attorneys fees pursuant to the contract between the parties. The Court
agrees with this argument.

The Court holds that the Plaintiff is not entitled to recover attorney fees.
Tennessee follows the American rule on awarding attorney’s fees which states
that “a party in a civil action may recover attorney fees only if: (1) a
contractual or statutory provision creates a right to recover attorney fees; or (2)
some other recognized exception” applies. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store,
Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 303, 308 (Tenn. 2009). The Tennessee Supreme
Court has held that in contract cases, a contractual or statutory provision only
creates the right to recover attorney fees if it “specifically or expressly
provides for the recovery of attorney fees.” Id. at 309. In the Cracker Barrel
case, the contract at issue provided that the prevailing party should recover “all
costs and expenses of any suit or proceeding.” Id. at 307. The Tennessee
Supreme Court held that this language was not specific enough to award
attorney fees as an exception to the American rule. Id. at 316. In the case at
hand, the contractual language is similar, stating that the prevailing party “shall

2
There appears to be a typographical error in the trial court’s order, as the parties agree that the
amount sought was $66,762.71. We will refer to the proper amount of $66,762.71 in this opinion, and we
note that this typographical error does not affect the trial court’s judgment or this Court’s analysis. See, e.g,
In re Caleb L.C., 362 S.W.3d 581, 598 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (finding that typographical errors noted in the
trial court’s detailed judgment did not affect the overall clarity of the judgment or this Court’s analysis).

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 be entitled to reimbursement by the other party for reasonable costs, expenses,
and fees incurred” if the dispute results in litigation. Pursuant to the holding
in Cracker Barrel, this Court finds that the contractual language here is also
not specific enough to award attorney fees under the American rule.

The trial court accordingly awarded Raines a judgment of $66,762.71, plus interest of
eighteen percent per annum, beginning on August 14, 2007. The trial court did not award
Raines any attorney’s fees. Defendants timely appealed.

II. Issues Presented

The parties present the following issues for our review, which we have restated
slightly:

1. Whether the trial court erred in finding Mr. Dreaden liable to Raines
and entering a judgment against Mr. Dreaden.

2. Whether the trial court erred in entering a judgment against Mr.
Chitwood and Mr. Dreaden for $66,762.71 based on the proof
presented by Raines.

3. Whether the trial court erred in awarding Raines pre-judgment interest
at the rate of eighteen percent per annum.

4. Whether the trial court erred in failing to award Raines attorney’s fees.

III. Standard of Review

The standard of review is de novo with a presumption of correctness as to the trial
court’s findings of fact unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App.
P. 13(d); McCarty v. McCarty, 863 S.W.2d 716, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). No presumption
of correctness attaches to the trial court’s legal conclusions. Union Carbide Corp. v.
Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993).

As our Supreme Court has explained:

The interpretation of written agreements . . . is a matter of law that this Court
reviews de novo on the record according no presumption of correctness to the
trial court’s conclusions of law. A cardinal rule of contract interpretation is to
ascertain and give effect to the intent of the parties. In interpreting contractual

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 language, courts look to the plain meaning of the words in the document to
ascertain the parties’ intent. This Court’s initial task in construing the lease at
issue is to determine whether the language is ambiguous. If the language is
clear and unambiguous, the literal meaning controls the outcome of the
dispute. If, however, the words in a contract are susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation, the parties’ intent cannot be determined by a literal
interpretation of the language.

Contractual language “is ambiguous only when it is of uncertain
meaning and may fairly be understood in more ways than one.” . . . When
contractual language is found to be ambiguous, the court must apply
established rules of construction to determine the intent of the parties. An
ambiguous provision in a contract generally will be construed against the party
drafting it. Furthermore, when a contractual provision is ambiguous, a court
is permitted to use parol evidence, including the contracting parties’ conduct
and statements regarding the disputed provision, to guide the court in
construing and enforcing the contract.

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 611-12 (Tenn. 2006) (internal citations
omitted).
IV. Judgment Against Mr. Dreaden

Defendants assert that the trial court erred in entering a judgment against Mr.
Dreaden, whom they claim was not an indispensable party inasmuch as he holds title to the
subject real property as trustee. Defendants further argue that Raines could obtain complete
relief from the contracting party, Mr. Chitwood, for damages. In support of their position,
Defendants contend that: (1) once the claim for injunctive relief was dismissed, there no
longer existed any basis for Mr. Dreaden to remain a named defendant; (2) no proof was
presented that Mr. Dreaden had breached a contract, breached a duty of good faith and fair
dealing, or engaged in conversion; and (3) Raines currently could not maintain a claim of
unjust enrichment or quantum meruit against Mr. Dreaden. We will address each argument
in turn.

The trial court granted summary judgment, dismissing Raines’s claim for injunctive
relief against Mr. Dreaden prior to trial. Raines contends, however, that as Mr. Dreaden
maintains an interest in the property at issue, he is an indispensable party pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 19.01, which states:

A person who is subject to service of process shall be joined as a party if (1)
in the person’s absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those

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 already parties, or (2) the person claims an interest relating to the subject of the
action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in the person’s
absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to
protect that interest, or (ii) leave any of the persons already parties subject to
a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent
obligations by reasons of the claimed interest. If the person has not been so
joined, the court shall order that the person be made a party. If the person
properly should join as a plaintiff but refuses to do so, he or she may be made
a defendant, or in a proper case, an involuntary plaintiff.

Concerning joinder of a party, this Court has previously stated: “[Tennessee Rule of
Civil Procedure 19.01] is designed to protect the interests of absent persons as well as those
before the court from multiple litigation and inconsistent judicial determinations.” Citizens
Real Estate & Loan Co., Inc. v. Mountain States Dev. Corp., 633 S.W.2d 763, 766 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1981). Raines asserts that because Mr. Dreaden is the record owner of the real
property, Raines would not be able to attach a title lien to enforce its judgment without the
benefit of Mr. Dreaden being joined as a party to the action.

As explained in this Court’s opinion in Moore v. Teddleton, No.
W2005-02746-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 3199273 at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 7, 2006), a
“proper party is not the same as a necessary or indispensable party.” (quoting Brewer v.
Lawson, 569 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). This Court further elucidated:

A “proper party” to a lawsuit is one who has legal or equitable rights in the
subject of the litigation. A proper party is so connected with the dispute as to
be under an enforceable obligation to the plaintiff, or to have a right or
position with regard to the subject of the litigation that entitles him to defend
against the court’s judgment. However, a proper party is not necessarily an
indispensable party for the purposes of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 19.01. “Only a party
who will be directly affected by a decree and whose interest is not represented
by any other party to the litigation is an indispensable or necessary party, that
is, one without which no valid decree may be entered settling the rights
between the parties that are before the [c]ourt.” Brewer, 569 S.W.2d at 858
(emphasis added).

Moore, 2006 WL 3199273 at *6 (other internal citations omitted) (holding that where the
property owner’s rights were represented by another party to the litigation, the property
owner was not an indispensable party in that litigation). In Brewer, this Court held that the
failure to include the mortgagee or the trustee under a trust deed was not fatal to the
plaintiffs’ action against the defendant landowner for damages and correction of the deed

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description. Brewer v. Lawson, 569 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978).

In this case, Mr. Dreaden was not the trustee under a deed of trust; rather, he was
listed as the record owner of the property, in his capacity as trustee, on the warranty deed.
This does not, however, render Mr. Dreaden to be an indispensable party to this litigation
because his interests were represented by Mr. Chitwood. See Moore, 2006 WL 3199273 at
*6. As previously stated, “[o]nly a party who will be directly affected by a decree and whose
interest is not represented by any other party to the litigation is an indispensable or necessary
party.” See Moore, 2006 WL 3199273 at *6 (emphasis in original).

Raines presented no proof at trial against Mr. Dreaden regarding its claims of breach
of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, or conversion. As such, those
claims against Mr. Dreaden should have been dismissed by the trial court. In addition, Mr.
Dreaden, as owner of the property, could not be sued under theories of unjust enrichment or
quantum meruit3 until Raines’s remedies against Mr. Chitwood were exhausted. See Forrest
Const. Co., LLC v. Laughlin, 337 S.W.3d 211, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

In Forrest, the contractor filed a breach of contract action against the homeowner who
signed the construction contract, based on the homeowner’s failure to pay according to the
terms of the contract. Id. at 215. The contractor also brought a claim against the
homeowner’s wife, who was not a party to the construction contract but was co-owner of the
home, based on quantum meruit or unjust enrichment. Id. at 227. A quantum meruit action
provides that a “party who has provided goods and services to another may recover the
reasonable value of these goods and services.” Id. This Court ruled that such a claim against
a non-contracting owner is proper if:

(1) there is no existing, enforceable contract between the parties covering the
same subject matter,

(2) the party seeking recovery proves that it provided valuable goods and
services,

(3) the party to be charged received the goods and services,

3
As our Supreme Court noted in Paschall’s, Inc. v. Dozier, 407 S.W.2d 150, 154 (Tenn. 1966):

Actions brought upon theories of unjust enrichment, quasi contract, contracts
implied in law, and quantum meruit are essentially the same. Courts frequently employ the
various terminology interchangeably to describe that class of implied obligations where, on
the basis of justice and equity, the law will impose a contractual relationship between
parties, regardless of their assent thereto.

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 (4) the circumstances indicate that the parties involved in the transaction
should have reasonably understood that the person providing the goods or
services expected to be compensated, and

(5) the circumstances demonstrate that it would be unjust for the party
benefitting from the goods or services to retain them without paying for them.

See Forrest, 337 S.W.3d at 227 (citing Castelli v. Lien, 910 S.W.2d 420, 427 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995)). This Court further ruled that if the plaintiff had a contract with a third party, the
plaintiff also must show that any remedies against the contracting party have been exhausted
and that the plaintiff still has not received the reasonable value of its services. See Forrest,
337 S.W.3d at 228.

In this case, Raines had not exhausted its remedies against Mr. Chitwood. Exhaustion
of remedies requires more than sending bills and filing suit to collect a debt. See The
Window Gallery of Knoxville v. Davis, No. 03A01-9906-CH-00225, 1999 WL 1068730 at
*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 24, 1999). As this Court explained:

The only actions taken by Window Gallery to collect from Davis were
to send bills to Davis, to call Davis, and to file suit against Davis. Window
Gallery continues to maintain its suit against Davis and has not surrendered it
as being futile in nature. . . . The phrase “exhaust its remedies” requires more
of Window Gallery than it has done here. Window Gallery only has begun to
pursue its remedies against Davis rather than having exhausted them. There
is nothing in this record before us that shows further pursuit by Window
Gallery of Davis through its lawsuit would be futile.

We hold that while Window Gallery has taken some steps to attempt
recovery from Davis, it has not exhausted its remedies against Davis. Window
Gallery must exhaust its remedies against Davis before it can proceed against
the Marlers under its theory of unjust enrichment.

Window Gallery, 1999 WL 1068730 at *10-11. Because Raines had not yet exhausted its
remedies against Mr. Chitwood before filing suit against Mr. Dreaden for unjust enrichment,
we conclude that Raines’s claim of unjust enrichment against Mr. Dreaden must be dismissed
without prejudice because it was filed prematurely. Inasmuch as Mr. Dreaden has not been
shown to be an indispensable party to this litigation and no evidence was presented regarding
any of Raines’s other claims against Mr. Dreaden, the trial court erred in entering a judgment
against him. We therefore reverse the trial court’s judgment against Mr. Dreaden, and we
dismiss with prejudice Raines’s claims of breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith

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and fair dealing, and conversion, as against Mr. Dreaden only. We dismiss Raines’s claim
of unjust enrichment against Mr. Dreaden without prejudice to Raines’s ability to refile this
claim once its remedies against Mr. Chitwood have been exhausted.

V. Proof of Damages

Defendants assert that as this contract was “cost plus,” the agreement requires a
showing of the actual cost of the project plus a certain percentage for overhead and profit.
Defendants argue that in order to prove damages under such a contract, Raines would have
to establish the actual cost of the work performed. Defendants assert that Raines failed to
do so in this case and instead merely introduced a “representative sample” of cost invoices.
Defendants contend that such evidence was ruled insufficient by this Court in Forrest, which
likewise addressed a cost-plus contract. See Forrest, 337 S.W.3d at 223-24. In Forrest, this
Court explained:

“In any cost-plus contract there is an implicit understanding between the
parties that the cost must be reasonable and proper.” Kerner v. Gilt, 296 So.2d
428, 431 (La. App. 4 Cir.1974). “The contractor is under a duty of itemizing
each and every expenditure made by him on the job and where the owner
denies being indebted to the contractor the latter has the burden of proving
each and every item of expense in connection with the job.” Id. Forrest
Construction never itemized the expenditures it sought to recover from Mr.
Laughlin. Instead, it submitted essentially unsubstantiated requests for draws.
Moreover, when called upon to provide proper documentation and itemization
of the costs, it provided a wholly disorganized, un-itemized box of documents,
many of which were unrelated to the Laughlins’ home. Forrest Construction
failed to identify or itemize the charges that pertained to the Laughlins’ home
only, or charges for which the Laughlins may be partly but not wholly
responsible. The box of documents—a two-foot-thick pile of check copies and
invoices—that Forrest Construction provided was not sufficient to establish
“the actual net costs of all direct materials, labor, services, and fees” that went
into the Laughlins’ home, nor were the prior draw requests. Moreover, Forrest
Construction never provided “full back-up support for all amounts requested”
and it failed to provide “accurate records.”

During the trial, Forrest Construction submitted only a spreadsheet of
its expenses and a so-called “representative sample” of invoices and receipts.
The spreadsheet, however, provided no details, it simply listed check numbers
and amounts of checks that Forrest Construction had written during the time
frame the Laughlins’ home was under construction. What is significant is the

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 spreadsheet failed to identify that the expenditures pertained to materials,
labor, services, and fees that went into the construction of the Laughlins’
home. It is undisputed that Mr. Laughlin requested documentation from
Forrest Construction to account for the actual costs of construction. Forrest
Construction responded by providing Mr. Laughlin with a box filled with
numerous receipts and invoices from suppliers, subcontractors, etc. What is
significant about the box of miscellaneous papers is the lack of organization
that typically goes with billing and accounting, and the fact it contained bills
wholly unrelated to the Laughlins’ home. Moreover, Mr. Laughlin testified
that the two-foot-thick pile of disorganized receipts and invoices did not
answer his questions regarding costs he had paid previously and costs he was
being asked to pay to complete his home. Mr. Laughlin also testified that
when he asked Mr. Naive to provide additional information and documentation
concerning costs related to his home, he was informed by Mr. Naive that the
box contained the full and complete records of the construction on his home
and no other information would be provided. Mr. Naive provided no
contradiction to Mr. Laughlin’s testimony concerning the documentation he
provided.

The contract obligated Forrest to document “the actual net costs of all
direct materials, labor, services, and fees that go into the entire project.”
Forrest merely provided a very disorganized array of its expenditures. The
delivery of this box of invoices and receipts fell far short of its contractual
obligation to establish that its expenditures were for materials, labor, services,
and fees that went into the Lauglins’ home and not for other projects. We also
find it very significant that the so-called representative sample of invoices and
receipts Forrest submitted in the draw requests did not match the spreadsheet
submitted at trial. The sample submitted by Forrest Construction contained
only fifteen invoices, which accounted for only $33,772.66 of costs,
representing less than five percent of the cost to construct the home, and
“payment records” of Forrest Construction, which consisted of handwritten
notes and word processor documents with simply a check number and the
amount of the check, but without the identity of the payee or the item denoted.

Forrest, 337 S.W.3d at 223-24 (additional citations omitted).

Raines contends that, contrary to Defendants’ assertions, it did provide itemized
billing statements showing the actual costs of the projects. We agree. A thorough review
of the exhibits submitted at trial demonstrates that Raines maintained daily records itemizing
the labor costs, number of laborers on site, activities of subcontractors, and tasks completed.

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These records were input and compiled by Raines and utilized to create itemized invoices
that were sent to Mr. Chitwood, containing a breakdown of charges for labor, equipment,
materials, and subcontractors. Mr. Steele testified that the invoices were complete and
allowed him to fully separate and itemize the costs of the project on his own spreadsheets.
It was further shown that when Mr. Chitwood requested even greater detail regarding the
costs of construction, Raines provided it to him.

The evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s determination that Raines
adequately proved its costs pursuant to this contract. Unlike the contractor in Forrest, there
was no proof in the instant case of “disorganized, un-itemized” documents that were
unrelated to the project, or “spreadsheet[s] [that] failed to identify that the expenditures
pertained to materials, labor, services, and fees that went into the construction of the [subject]
home.” Forrest, 337 S.W.3d at 223-24. Instead, Raines provided spreadsheets itemizing the
project transactions for subcontractors, materials, and equipment, and even provided detailed
labor cost records that reflected individual hours charged for each date and worker involved.
The proof provided by Raines was more than sufficient to demonstrate its costs with regard
to this contract, and it was undisputed by the Defendants. As such, the evidence clearly
preponderates in favor of the trial court’s judgment in the amount of $66,762.71 against Mr.
Chitwood.

VI. Rate of Pre-Judgment Interest

The trial court awarded Raines interest in the amount of eighteen percent per annum,
beginning in August 2007, the month when payment first became overdue. Defendants claim
that this interest rate is exorbitant for a contract of this type and that they did not agree to pay
this rate of interest. Defendants assert that while the agreement does mention interest on past
due sums, it does not set forth a specific amount or percentage. Raines presented evidence
that it routinely added an eighteen percent finance charge to all delinquent accounts.

As previously noted, the relevant contract provides:

If the Owner does not intend to pay an Invoice within the required period, the
Owner agrees to notify RBI as soon as possible but no later than 10 days of
receipt of the Invoice. In the event the Owner fails to pay any payment, in
whole or in part, due hereunder, RBI may cease work without breach of this
contract pending payment. The Owner agrees to pay any costs to RBI
associated with the collection of any past due payments due RBI including
interest.

(Emphasis added.)

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 Based on the above language, Mr. Chitwood clearly was aware of and agreed to pay
the costs of collecting past due amounts to Raines “including interest.” Further, Raines
proved that it incurred expenses due to Mr. Chitwood’s failure to pay, including the costs of
paying for materials, labor, and subcontractors. There is no language in the contract,
however, providing specifically for interest at a rate of eighteen percent per annum. Rather,
this rate was unilaterally applied in the monthly billing statements sent to Mr. Chitwood after
his balance became past due. Because the parties’ agreement is silent regarding the proper
rate of interest to be charged on delinquent payments, we must look to our statutory and case
law for guidance regarding whether the rate sought to be applied by Raines is reasonable.

In the case of McNeil v. Nofal, 185 S.W.3d 402, 413-414 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), the
parties’ agreement provided that if the obligor failed to pay as required, the unpaid balance
would bear interest “at the maximum lawful rate.” This Court thus reviewed two statutes,
Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 47-14-103 and 106, to determine what would be the
“maximum lawful rate.” Id. Tennessee Code Annotated §47-14-103 provides:

Except as otherwise expressly provided by this chapter or by other statutes, the
maximum effective rates of interest are as follows:

(1) For all transactions in which other statutes fix a maximum
effective rate of interest for particular categories of creditors,
lenders, or transactions, the rate so fixed;

(2) For all written contracts, including obligations issued by or
on behalf of the state of Tennessee, any county, municipality, or
district in the state, or any agency, authority, branch, bureau,
commission, corporation, department, or instrumentality thereof,
signed by the party to be charged, and not subject to subdivision
(1), the applicable formula rate; and

(3) For all other transactions, ten percent (10%) per annum.

This Court concluded that since the contract at issue provided no specific rate of interest, it
would fall within the “all other transactions” provision contained in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 47-14-103 (3), which mandates that an interest rate of ten percent per annum be
applied. See McNeil, 185 S.W.3d at 414 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-14-103 (3) (2013)).

More recently, in the case of Cumberland Properties, LLC v. Ravenwood Club, Inc.,
No. M2010-01814-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 1303375 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 5, 2011), this
Court was asked to determine the proper amount of interest to be charged when the parties’

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contract provided for pre-judgment interest but did not specify a rate. This Court held that
the proper amount of interest to be charged would be ten percent per annum, in accordance
with Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-14-123 (2013). Id. at *15. For the foregoing reasons,
we conclude that ten percent per annum would be proper and reasonable in this instance as
well. As such, we remand for a recalculation of interest due, at a rate of ten percent per
annum, beginning in August 2007.

VII. Attorney’s fees

Finally, Raines raises the issue of whether the trial court properly dismissed its claim
for attorney’s fees. Raines asserts that the parties’ agreement provides that if a dispute
between the parties results in litigation, the prevailing party is entitled to recover “reasonable
costs, expenses, and fees incurred,” which language, Raines contends, would obviously refer
to attorney’s fees. The interpretation of a contract is a question of law, and we review the
trial court’s conclusions as to the proper interpretation of the parties’ contract de novo, with
no presumption of correctness accorded to those conclusions. See Cracker Barrel Old
Country Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 303, 308 (Tenn. 2009).

As our Supreme Court has elucidated:

This Court has adhered strictly to the guiding principle that the American rule,
prohibiting an award of attorney fees, will apply unless a contract specifically
and expressly creates a right to recover “attorney fees” or some other
recognized exception to the American rule is present. See, e.g., Pullman
Standard, 693 S.W.2d at 338. The only way parties to a contract have been
able to specifically and expressly create a right to recover attorney fees has
been by incorporating the phrase “including reasonable attorney fees” or some
other similar, yet equally specific, contractual language. Compare Brunswick
Acceptance Co. v. MEJ, LLC, No. E2007-01819-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL
4648350, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2008) (app. for perm. app. denied Apr.
27, 2009) (upholding an award of attorney fees where the contractual language
provided for the recovery of “all costs and expenses, including reasonable
attorney’s fees, incurred in enforcing the agreement”), and ABC Painting Co.
v. White Oaks Apartments of Hermitage, No. M2006-00280-COA-R3-CV,
2007 WL 14250, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 2, 2007) (upholding an award of
attorney fees where the contractual language provided for “all costs and
expenses of any legal action . . . including but not limited to, reasonable
attorney’s fees”), with Kultura, 923 S.W.2d at 540 (holding that the term “any
loss” does not include an award for attorney fees), and Holcomb, 277 S.W.3d
at 397 (holding that the contractual language to hold plaintiffs harmless from

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 “any cost, loss, damage, or expense arising solely out of any failure of the
Tenant to comply with any of the requirements or provisions of th[e] Ground
Lease” did not explicitly provide for the recovery of attorney fees incurred in
enforcing its provisions).

Accordingly, if the parties intend to create contractually a right to recover
attorney fees, the contractual language must specifically and expressly
articulate this intent and not merely provide for recovery of “costs and
expenses.” Adhering to this bright-line rule provides certainty in contracting
and is warranted by the public policy considerations supporting the American
rule.

Cracker Barrel, 284 S.W.3d at 310-11.

Defendants argue that in this case, as in Cracker Barrel, the language of the
agreement is insufficient to support an award of attorney’s fees due to the omission of the
possessive “attorney’s” before the word, “fees,” thus suggesting that “fees” refers to
something other than attorney’s fees. Defendants also assert that another provision in this
agreement specifically refers to “attorney’s fees” rather than just the term, “fees.” Raines
contends, however, that inclusion of the term, “litigation,” preceding the reference to fees
demonstrates that this is clearly a reference to attorney’s fees. We agree with Raines.

In Cracker Barrel, the contract merely provided for the recovery of “all costs and
expenses of any suit or proceeding,” and the Court found this language insufficient to support
an award of attorney’s fees. Cracker Barrel, 284 S.W.3d at 311. The parties’ agreement in
this case, however, states that if “the dispute results in litigation, the prevailing party shall
be entitled to reimbursement by the other party for reasonable costs, expenses, and fees
incurred.” (Emphasis added.) Reviewing this provision in its entirety, we conclude that the
reference to litigation in combination with the language, “fees incurred,” clearly and
unambiguously demonstrates that “fees incurred” would include attorney’s fees. The
language incorporated in the parties’ agreement is much more specific than broader
references to “costs and expenses of any suit,” “any cost,” or “any cost, loss, damage, or
expense.” Id.; see generally Richey v. Motion Indus., Inc., No. 3:07-CV-466, 2010 WL
1138295 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 3, 2010), report and recommendation adopted by No.
3:07-CV-466, 2010 WL 1138298 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 18, 2010) (holding that the term, “legal
fees,” used in the parties’ agreement is not ambiguous and provides for an award of
attorney’s fees.)

We reverse the trial court’s denial of an award of reasonable attorney’s fees to Raines,
pursuant to the parties’ contract. We remand this action for a determination as to the proper

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amount of such an award.

VIII. Conclusion

Having determined that Raines adequately proved its entitlement to a judgment
pursuant to the parties’ contract, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of $66,762.71 against
Mr. Chitwood. We reverse the trial court’s judgment against Mr. Dreaden, and dismiss with
prejudice Raines’s claims of breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing, and conversion against Mr. Dreaden. We dismiss Raines’s claim of unjust
enrichment against Mr. Dreaden without prejudice. We modify the trial court’s award of
pre-judgment interest from the rate of eighteen percent per annum to ten percent in
accordance with relevant statutory and case law. We also reverse the trial court’s denial of
Raines’s claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to the parties’ contract. We remand for a
determination of the proper amount of interest to be charged, as well as a reasonable award
of attorney’s fees. Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellant, H. Michael Chitwood.

_________________________________
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

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