FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUL 17 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JAVIER LARA-FLORES, No. 11-70379
Petitioner, Agency No. A093-209-841
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted July 9, 2014
Pasadena, California
Before: SILVERMAN, TALLMAN, and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges.
Javier Lara-Flores, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of the
Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) order dismissing his appeal from an
Immigration Judge’s decision that found him removable under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Reviewing
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
the BIA’s decision de novo, Alanis-Alvarado v. Holder, 558 F.3d 833, 836 (9th
Cir. 2008), we deny the petition for review.
An alien is removable if he “engage[s] in conduct that violates the portion of
a protection order that involves protection against credible threats of violence,
repeated harassment, or bodily injury to the person . . . for whom the protection
order was issued.” 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii). The BIA and IJ properly
concluded, under the modified categorical approach, that Lara-Flores satisfied
§ 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii) when he pled guilty to violating a protection order issued
“pursuant to [California Penal Code §] 136.2 as a condition of probation after
conviction in a criminal proceeding involving domestic violence as defined in
[California Penal Code §] 13700.”
A “protection order” under § 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii) includes “any injunction
issued for the purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts of domestic
violence[.]” Id. Lara-Flores is correct that one possible purpose of a protection
order issued under California Penal Code § 136.2 is to prevent witness tampering.
But Lara-Flores’ criminal complaint reveals that this protection order was issued
“as a condition of probation after conviction in a criminal proceeding involving
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domestic violence.”1 Protecting witnesses and victims involved in domestic
violence criminal proceedings is vital to the prosecution and prevention of
domestic violence. Orders issued for such protection thus have as their purpose the
prevention of violent or threatening acts of domestic violence, even if the protected
party is a witness rather than a victim. The protection order at issue here, based on
the contents of Lara-Flores’ criminal complaint, is categorically a “protection
order” as defined in § 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii).
We also agree with the BIA’s conclusion that any violation of this type of
protection order “necessarily violates the portion of the [order] that involves
protection against credible threats of violence, repeated harassment, or bodily
injury” to the person for whom the protection order was issued. As Lara-Flores
conceded in his briefing, this circuit’s decision in Alanis-Alvarado “cast a broad
net in defining elements that constitute[] ‘protection against credible threats of
violence, repeated harassment, or bodily injury.’”2 That net is wide enough to
1
We may consider the criminal complaint in conducting the modified
categorical approach because it was the charging document in Lara-Flores’
misdemeanor criminal case. See Fregozo v. Holder, 576 F.3d 1030, 1038 (9th Cir.
2009); Cal. Penal Code §§ 682(3), 804(b).
2
Lara-Flores’ reliance on Matter of Strydom, 25 I&N Dec. 507 (BIA 2011)
is unavailing. The BIA in that decision briefly mentioned certain protection order
provisions that may not trigger § 1227(a)(2)(E)(ii) removability, but that
discussion was mere dicta.
3
catch, as a categorical matter, all conceivable terms in a protection order issued
“pursuant to [California Penal Code §] 136.2 as a condition of probation after
conviction in a criminal proceeding involving domestic violence.”
Petition DENIED.
4