Hailey Marie-Joe Force v. American Family Mutual Insurance Company

2014 WI 82

SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN
CASE NO.: 2012AP2402
COMPLETE TITLE: Hailey Marie-Joe Force, a/k/a Hailey Marie-Joe
Dziewa, a
minor, by her Guardian Ad Litem, Joseph J.
Welcenbach,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
The Estate of Billy Joe Force, by its Special
Administrator,
Plaintiff,
v.
American Family Mutual Insurance Company,
Jeffrey A. Brown
and Regent Insurance Company,
Defendants-Respondents.

------------------------------------------------
Mehgan Force, a minor, by her Guardian ad Litem,
Jason
Oldenburg, and Lauren Force, a minor, by her
Guardian ad
Litem, Jason Oldenburg,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
American Family Mutual Insurance Company and
Jeffrey A.
Brown,
Defendants-Respondents,
Regent Insurance Company,
Defendant.

ON CERTIFICATION FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS

OPINION FILED: July 18, 2014
SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS:
ORAL ARGUMENT: January 15, 2014

SOURCE OF APPEAL:
COURT: Circuit
COUNTY: Waukesha
JUDGE: J. Mac Davis

JUSTICES:
CONCURRED: PROSSER, J., concurs. (Opinion filed.)
DISSENTED: ROGGENSACK, ZIEGLER, GABLEMAN, JJJ., dissent.
(Opinion filed.)
ZIEGLER, J., dissent. (Opinion filed.)
 NOT PARTICIPATING:

ATTORNEYS:
For the plaintiffs-appellants, there were briefs by Joseph
J. Welcenbach and Welcenbach Law Offices, S.C., Milwaukee, and
Jason R. Oldenburg and The Previant Law Firm, S.C., Milwaukee,
and oral argument by Joseph J. Welcenbach.

For the defendant-respondent American Family Mutual
Insurance Company and Jeffrey A. Brown, there was a brief by
James C. Ratzel, Leslie A. Schunk, and Ratzel & Associates, LLC,
Brookfield, and oral argument by Leslie A. Schunk.

For the defendant-respondent Regent Insurance Company there
was a brief by Donald H. Piper, Jon D. Monson, and Piper &
Schmidt, Milwaukee, and oral argument by Donald H. Piper.

An amicus curiae brief was filed by Susan R. Tyndell, Peter
M. Young, D. James Weis, and Habush Habush & Rottier, S.C.,
Rhinelander, on behalf of the Wisconsin Association for Justice.

2
 2014 WI 82
NOTICE
This opinion is subject to further
editing and modification. The final
version will appear in the bound
volume of the official reports.
No. 2012AP2402
(L.C. No. 2011CV3151 & 2012CV417)

STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT

Hailey Marie-Joe Force, a/k/a Hailey Marie-Joe
Dziewa, a minor, by her Guardian Ad Litem,
Joseph J. Welcenbach,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

The Estate of Billy Joe Force, by its Special
Administrator,

Plaintiff,

v.

American Family Mutual Insurance Company,
Jeffrey A. Brown and Regent Insurance Company,
FILED
Defendants-Respondents.
JUL 22, 2014
Diane M. Fremgen
----------------------------------------------- Clerk of Supreme Court

Mehgan Force, a minor, by her Guardian ad
Litem, Jason Oldenburg, and Lauren Force, a
minor, by her Guardian ad Litem, Jason
Oldenburg,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

American Family Mutual Insurance Company and
Jeffrey A. Brown,

Defendants-Respondents,
Regent Insurance Company,

Defendant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Circuit Court for Waukesha

County, J. Mac Davis, Judge. Reversed and remanded.

¶1 SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, C.J. This is an appeal of a

judgment of the circuit court for Waukesha County, J. Mac Davis,

Judge, granting summary judgment in favor of Jeffrey Brown,

American Family Mutual Insurance Company, and Regent Insurance

Company (collectively the defendants). The part of the judgment

at issue here dismissed the consolidated actions of Hailey

Marie-Joe Force, Mehgan Force, and Lauren Force, collectively

the minor children of Billy Joe Force, the deceased, against the

defendants.

¶2 The court of appeals certified the action to this

court pursuant to Wis. Stat. § (Rule) 809.61.

¶3 The issue before the court is: Can minor children

recover for the wrongful death of their father under Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2) (2011-12),1 when the deceased leaves behind a spouse

who was estranged from the deceased and who is precluded from

recovering for the wrongful death?

1
All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to
the 2011-12 version unless otherwise indicated.
 No. 2012AP2402

¶4 Linda Force, the deceased's spouse in the instant

case, is precluded from recovery for her husband's wrongful

death because the circuit court dismissed her claim, concluding

that she has no compensable damages under the wrongful death

statute; this dismissal of Linda Force's wrongful death claim

was not appealed.

¶5 In the instant case, Linda Force did not receive any

financial support from the deceased from the time of their

separation in 1997 to the deceased's death in 2008. Their long

separation with no communication for many years was evidence

that there was no interaction or affection between the spouses.

The circuit court concluded that the unique facts of the instant

case demonstrate that the deceased's spouse had no claim for

damages for her husband's wrongful death under the wrongful

death statutes. The dismissal of Linda Force's wrongful death

claim is not before us.

¶6 The defendants argue that because the deceased's

spouse is still living, she is a "surviving spouse" under the
statutes; that her recovery for the wrongful death of her

husband is zero; and that consequently the deceased's minor

children do not have any set-aside from the surviving spouse's

recovery.

3
 No. 2012AP2402

¶7 The defendants rely on the statutory hierarchy of

beneficiaries created by Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2).2 The first

class of beneficiaries is the surviving spouse, with a set-aside

from his or her recovery for minor children "in recognition of

the duty and responsibility of a parent to support minor

children." If there is a "surviving spouse," other

beneficiaries do not have a cause of action for wrongful death.

If there is no "surviving spouse," the cause of action passes to

the next beneficiary in the statutory hierarchy.

¶8 We disagree with the defendants' interpretation of the

statutes. We conclude that in order to avoid an absurd,

unreasonable result contrary to the legislative purposes of the

wrongful death statutes, Wis. Stat. §§ 895.03 and 895.04(2), we

construe the statutes under the unique facts of the instant case

to allow the minor children to recover even though the

deceased's spouse in the instant case is alive and does not

2
Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 164, 423
N.W.2d 540 (1988) ("[Wisconsin Stat. §]
895.04(2) . . . establishes a hierarchy of
beneficiaries . . . ."); Cincoski v. Rogers, 4 Wis. 2d 423, 425,
90 N.W.2d 784 (1958) ("The statutes . . . designate preferences
according to the relationship to the deceased. . . . [T]he
nonexistence of the preferred beneficiary or beneficiaries is
essential to a right of action by or in behalf of other
beneficiaries. The action must be brought by or for the
wrongful death in the order of preference fixed by the
statute."); Anderson v. Westfield Ins. Co., 300 F. Supp. 2d 726
(W.D. Wis. 2002) ("[T]he ability to recover under Wisconsin's
wrongful death statute is similar to intestate succession,
namely, a claimant has standing only if no other beneficiary
higher in the hierarchy has standing.").

4
 No. 2012AP2402

(according to the circuit court) recover any damages for the

deceased husband's wrongful death.

¶9 Our result comports with the dual legislative purposes

of the wrongful death statutes: (1) to impose liability on the

wrongdoer; and (2) to protect relational interests, especially

the interests of the deceased's minor dependent children.

¶10 The statutory interpretation advocated by the

defendants would contravene these fundamental purposes of the

wrongful death statutes by barring any wrongful death claim by

Linda Force and the minor children, along with all lower-tier

beneficiaries.

¶11 The defendants call for the unfair, unreasonable

outcome that the Wisconsin legislature sought to avoid by

enacting the first wrongful death statute in 1857: the

wrongdoer would be immune from liability and no compensation

would be recovered by the deceased's relatives who would have

recovered had the deceased lived. The interpretation of

"surviving spouse" should avoid such unreasonable, absurd
results.

¶12 We examine the meaning of the phrase "surviving

spouse" in Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2), in the unique fact scenario

presented in this case.3 The words "surviving" and "spouse" are
3
Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04 uses various phrases to refer to
the primary beneficiary of a wrongful death recovery: "[i]f the
deceased leaves surviving a spouse," "if no spouse or domestic
partner survives," and "surviving spouse." All refer to the
same person. We use the phrase "surviving spouse" to refer to
each of these statutory phrases. The case law has done
similarly.

5
 No. 2012AP2402

commonly used words. The text of the wrongful death statute

does not define who is or is not a "surviving spouse."

¶13 To interpret and apply the phrase "surviving spouse"

in the wrongful death statutes, we examine the text of the

wrongful death statutes using various interpretive aids. In

interpreting words in a statutory text, we do more than focus on

the dictionary definition of each word. Interpretive aids such

as the legislative purpose, prior Wisconsin case law and case

law from other jurisdictions, and statutory history help guide

our interpretation of the phrase "surviving spouse."

¶14 The legislative purposes are clear: impose liability

on the tortfeasor and allow recovery by the deceased's relatives

who would have recovered had the deceased lived. Our case law

demonstrates that courts interpret the wrongful death statutes

to apply to the unique fact situation presented by a case in

order to meet the legislative purposes, rather than apply a

strict literal interpretation of the phrase "surviving spouse."

Sister state case law similarly recognizes that a lower-tier
beneficiary can maintain a claim even if a higher-tier

beneficiary is alive, when the unique facts would otherwise

contravene the purposes of the wrongful death statutes.

¶15 The statutory history of the wrongful death statutes

demonstrates that the legislature has explicitly protected the

rights of minor children to recover for wrongful death and left

interpretation of the term "surviving spouse" to the courts in

unique and specific fact situations.

6
 No. 2012AP2402

¶16 Upon examining the statutory text with these

interpretive aids, we conclude that the phrase "surviving

spouse" in Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) does not always simply mean

any living spouse of the deceased. The meaning of the phrase

"surviving spouse" has been elucidated by scrutinizing unique

fact situations to define "surviving spouse" in accord with the

legislative purposes of the wrongful death statutes, rather than

considering only the literal meaning of the phrase "surviving

spouse."

¶17 For the reasons set forth, we interpret the phrase

"surviving spouse" in the present case as not including Linda

Force, the deceased's estranged spouse who, as a result of the

circuit court's dismissal of her wrongful death claim (which was

not appealed), is barred from recovery under Wis. Stat.

§§ 895.03 and 895.04(2). If Linda Force is not a "surviving

spouse" under the statute, the parties do not dispute that the

minor children have a cognizable claim as lineal heirs. As

lineal heirs of the deceased, the children would be first in
line for any recovery for the wrongful death of their father.

¶18 We conclude that the circuit court erred in granting

the defendants summary judgment against the minor children and

erred in dismissing the minor children's causes of action

against the defendants for wrongful death. The minor children

in the present case have a cause of action against the

7
 No. 2012AP2402

defendants for wrongful death as if Linda Force were not alive

at the death of the deceased.4

¶19 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the circuit

court against the children and in favor of the defendants and

remand the matter to the circuit court for further proceedings

not inconsistent with this opinion.

¶20 To assist the reader, here is a table of contents to

this opinion:

Introduction: ¶¶1-20.

I. The facts and procedural history are not in dispute:

¶¶21-26.

II. We review a grant of summary judgment independently of

the circuit court, using the same methodology as the

circuit court: ¶¶27-31.

III. The statutory text provides some support for the

defendant's interpretation, but in unique fact

situations, the defendant's interpretation may not be

a reasonable one: ¶¶32-55.
IV. The interpretation and application of the wrongful

death statutes should be in accord with the explicit

legislative purposes: (1) to render a wrongdoer liable

when an injured party dies and (2) to compensate for

the loss of a relational interest caused by the

4
In light of our holding, we need not and do not address
the children's equal protection constitutional claim that if
Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) bars their claim absent recovery by the
surviving spouse, the statute is unconstitutional.

8
 No. 2012AP2402

wrongful death, especially the interests of the minor

children of the deceased: ¶¶56-68.

V. The Wisconsin case law and case law from other states

reveal that "surviving spouse" does not always simply

mean any spouse who survives the deceased: ¶¶69-110.

VI. The statutory history of the wrongful death statutes

demonstrates that the legislature has explicitly

protected the rights of minor children to recover for

wrongful death and left interpretation of the phrase

"surviving spouse" to the courts in unique and

specific fact situations: ¶¶111-125.

Conclusion: ¶¶126-129.

I

¶21 The facts and procedural history of this case are

undisputed for purposes of this appeal. Billy Joe Force, the

deceased, was driving a motor vehicle for his employer. He died

when his vehicle collided with a motor vehicle driven by Jeffrey

Brown, the individual defendant.
¶22 The deceased's estranged spouse, Linda Force, and his

three nonmarital minor children, Hailey, Mehgan, and Lauren,5

each sought compensation from Jeffrey Brown, the individual

defendant; American Family, the insurer of Brown's vehicle; and

Regent Insurance Company, the insurer of Billy Joe Force's

5
The complaint refers to Lauren Force as both "Lauryn" and
"Lauren." We use "Lauren," as the circuit court, court of
appeals, and briefs do.

9
 No. 2012AP2402

employer. The allegation is that Brown's negligence caused

Billy Joe Force's death.6

¶23 Billy Joe Force and Linda Force were married in 1995

or 1996 and separated after six months of marriage. They never

were legally separated or divorced. They did not have any

children together. Billy Joe Force had three children with two

women who were not his wife. Linda Force has no legal

obligation to support these three minor children.

¶24 At the time of the motor vehicle accident in 2006,

Linda Force lived in New York; Billy Joe Force lived in

Wisconsin. During the five years before his death in 2006,

Linda Force had no contact with Billy Joe Force. Billy Joe

6
Linda Force, the estranged spouse of the deceased, and
Hailey Marie-Joe Force, Billy's youngest daughter, initiated one
action seeking wrongful death damages.

Linda Force raised claims for wrongful death both as a
surviving spouse and as special administrator for the estate of
the deceased.

Hailey made two claims: first, that she was entitled to
"an independent, cognizable claim for relief of her own" for
damages arising out of the death of her father; and second, that
in the absence of an independent claim, she was entitled to a
"statutorily protected interest under [Wis. Stat.] Sec. 895.04
as a child of the deceased with whose support the deceased was
legally charged."

Mehgan and Lauren initiated their own action, seeking
wrongful death damages. They claimed that the defendant
driver's negligence deprived them of their father's "aid, wages,
economic benefits, assistance, society, comfort and
companionship." They did not claim an offset from the recovery
of Linda Force.

The cases were consolidated by the circuit court, pursuant
to Wis. Stat. § 895.04(3), on March 30, 2012.

10
 No. 2012AP2402

Force never provided any pecuniary support to Linda Force from

1997 until his death in 2008.

¶25 The circuit court granted summary judgment to the

defendants, concluding, inter alia, that Linda Force, as a

surviving, estranged spouse, had no compensable damages under

the wrongful death statute and that none of the three children

had a cause of action for wrongful death.7

¶26 The three minor children appealed the dismissal of

their actions. Linda Force has not appealed the dismissal of

her personal claim for damages for wrongful death.

II

¶27 We review a grant of summary judgment independently of

the circuit court, using the same methodology as the circuit

court.8 Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issue of

material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.9

¶28 The material facts are undisputed in the present case

and the resolution of the dispute between the three minor
children and the defendants turns on a question of law, that is,

the interpretation and application of the wrongful death

statutes to these undisputed facts. The interpretation and

application of a statute to undisputed facts are ordinarily

7
A survival claim by the estate of the deceased is not
before us.
8
Park Bank v. Westburg, 2013 WI 57, ¶36, 348 Wis. 2d 409,
832 N.W.2d 539.
9
Wis. Stat. § 802.08(2).

11
 No. 2012AP2402

questions of law that this court determines independently of the

circuit court, although it benefits from the circuit court's

analysis.10 We also benefit from the analysis of the court of

appeals in its certification memorandum in the present case.11

¶29 To interpret and apply the phrase "surviving spouse"

used in the wrongful death statute, we examine the text of the

statute.

¶30 In examining the statutory text, however, we do more

than focus on a dictionary definition of each word. Words are

given meaning to avoid absurd, unreasonable, or implausible

results and results that are clearly at odds with the

legislature's purpose.12 We scrutinize the words in view of the

10
Showers Appraisals, LLC v. Musson Bros., 2013 WI 79, ¶21,
350 Wis. 2d 509, 835 N.W.2d 226.
11
Lornson v. Siddiqui, 2007 WI 92, ¶13, 302 Wis. 2d 519,
735 N.W.2d 55.
12
Alberte v. Anew Health Care Servs., Inc., 2000 WI 7, ¶10,
232 Wis. 2d 587, 592, 605 N.W.2d 515; Seider v. O'Connell, 2000
WI 76, ¶32, 236 Wis. 2d 211, 612 N.W.2d 659; Teschendorf v.
State Farm Ins. Cos., 2006 WI 89, ¶¶15, 18, 32, 293 Wis. 2d 123,
717 N.W.2d 258.

12
 No. 2012AP2402

purpose of the statute.13 We consider the meaning of words in

the context in which they appear.14 The definition of a word or

phrase can vary in different circumstances.15 Different fact

scenarios may require different interpretations of the text,

because words cannot anticipate every possible fact situation.16

"[R]easonable minds can differ about a statute's application

13
State v. Hanson, 2012 WI 4, ¶17, 338 Wis. 2d 243, 255,
808 N.W.2d 390, 396 ("Context and [statutory] purpose are
important in discerning the plain meaning of a statute. We
favor an interpretation that fulfills the statute's purpose.")
(citations omitted); Klemm v. Am. Transmission Co., LLC, 2011 WI
37, ¶18, 333 Wis. 2d 580, 798 N.W.2d 223 ("An interpretation
that fulfills the purpose of the statute is favored over one
that undermines the purpose."); Lagerstrom v. Myrtle Werth
Hosp.-Mayo Health System, 2005 WI 124, ¶51, 285 Wis. 2d 1, 700
N.W.2d 201 (examining "legislative goals" to interpret a
statute); Alberte, 232 Wis. 2d 587, ¶10 (courts need not adopt a
literal or usual meaning of a word when acceptance of that
meaning would thwart the obvious purpose of the statute); United
Wis. Ins. Co. v. LIRC, 229 Wis. 2d 416, 425-26, 600 N.W.2d 186
(Ct. App. 1999) ("Fundamental to an analysis of any statutory
interpretation is the ascertainment and advancement of the
legislative purpose.").
14
Alberte, 232 Wis. 2d 587, ¶10 ("While it is true that
statutory interpretation begins with the language of the
statute, it is also well established that courts must not look
at a single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence, but at
the role of the relevant language in the entire statute.");
Seider, 236 Wis. 2d 211, ¶43 (contextual approach is not new);
Klemm, 333 Wis. 2d 580, ¶18 ("The statutory language is examined
within the context in which it is used.").
15
Sauer v. Reliance Ins. Co., 152 Wis. 2d 234, 241, 448
N.W.2d 256 (Ct. App. 1989).
16
Northrop v. Opperman, 2011 WI 5, ¶22 n.8, 331
Wis. 2d 287, 795 N.W.2d 719; Teschendorf, 293 Wis. 2d 123, ¶20.

13
 No. 2012AP2402

when the text is constant but the circumstances to which the

text may apply are kaleidoscopic."17

¶31 We also examine our case law interpreting the statute18

and the statutory history of the statute to determine the

meaning of words.19

III

¶32 This court has declared that there is no common-law

action for wrongful death; the right to bring suit is purely

statutory.20
17
Seider, 236 Wis. 2d 211, ¶43.
18
Nowell v. City of Wausau, 2013 WI 88, ¶21, 351 Wis. 2d 1,
838 N.W.2d 852; Juneau County Star-Times v. Juneau County, 2013
WI 4, ¶66, 345 Wis. 2d 122, 824 N.W.2d 457; State v. Davison,
2003 WI 89, ¶61, 263 Wis. 2d 145, 666 N.W.2d 1.
19
"Statutory history encompasses the previously enacted and
repealed provisions of a statute. By analyzing the changes the
legislature has made over the course of several years, we may be
assisted in arriving at the meaning of a statute. Therefore,
statutory history is part of the context in which we interpret
the words used in a statute." Richards v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co.,
2008 WI 52, ¶22, 309 Wis. 2d 541, 749 N.W.2d 581 (citations
omitted). See, e.g., LaCount v. General Cas. Co., 2006 WI 14,
¶31, 288 Wis. 2d 358, 709 N.W.2d 418; VanCleve v. City of
Marinette, 2003 WI 2, ¶6, 258 Wis. 2d 80, 655 N.W.2d 113; State
v. Byers, 2003 WI 86, ¶¶22-27, 263 Wis. 2d 113, 665 N.W.2d 729;
Hughes v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 197 Wis. 2d 973, 980-84, 542
N.W.2d 148 (1996).
20
Cogger v. Trudell, 35 Wis. 2d 350, 353, 151 N.W.2d 146
(1967). We need not re-examine this issue in the instant case.

For a discussion of a common-law action for wrongful death,
see, e.g., Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 925 cmt. k; John
Fabian Witt, From Loss of Services to Loss of Support: The
Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort Law, and the
Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family, 25 Law & Soc. Inquiry
717 (2000); Wex S. Malone, The Genesis of Wrongful Death, 17
Stan. L. Rev. 1043 (1965).

14
 No. 2012AP2402

¶33 We turn first to the text of the wrongful death

statutes, Wis. Stat. §§ 895.03 and 895.04(2).

¶34 Wisconsin's wrongful death statute was first enacted

in 1857.21 The present statute retains the 1857 statutory

framework:

21
The 1857 statute, ch. 71, Laws of 1857, had two sections,
the first explaining the prerequisites for a claim, and the
second explaining who may bring the action and who may recover
damages:

§ 1. That whenever the death of a person shall be
caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default, and the
act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had
not ensued) have entitled the party injured to
maintain an action and recover damage in respect
thereof; then and in every such case, the person who,
or the corporation which would have been liable, if
death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for
damages, notwithstanding the death of the person
injured, and although the death may have been
occasioned under such circumstances as constitute an
indictable offence; Provided, That such action shall
be brought for a death caused in this State, and in
some court established by the constitution and laws of
the same.

§ 2. Every such action shall be brought by and in the
name of the personal representative of such deceased
person; and the amount recovered shall belong and be
paid over to the husband or widow of such deceased
person, if such relative survive him or her; but if no
husband or widow survive the deceased, the amount
recovered shall be paid over to his or her lineal
descendants, and to his or her lineal ancestors in
default of such descendants; and in every such action
the jury may give such damages, not exceeding $5,000,
as they shall deem fair and just in reference to the
pecuniary injury resulting from such death to the
relatives of the deceased specified in this section;
Provided, Every such action shall be commenced within
two years after the death of such deceased person.

15
 No. 2012AP2402

• The statute states the conditions under which a

wrongdoer is liable for wrongful death. Wis. Stat.

§ 895.03.

• The statute lists the persons who may bring a wrongful

death action. Wis. Stat. § 895.04(1).

• The statute enumerates the persons to whom the amount

recovered belongs. Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2).

¶35 Sections 895.03 and 895.04 are viewed in pari materia,

having been created together and relating to the same topic.22

¶36 Wisconsin Stat. § 895.03 states the conditions under

which a wrongdoer is liable for wrongful death. It is

straightforward, clear, and easy to read. It is largely

unchanged since the creation of the wrongful death cause of

action in 1857.

¶37 The legislature has declared in every iteration of the

wrongful death statute since 1857, including Wis. Stat.

§ 895.03, that "in every such case" in which a wrongdoer has

caused death, the wrongdoer is "liable to an action for damages"
as if death had not ensued. Thus, the legislature has

proclaimed that a wrongdoer should be liable for a wrongful

death when the injured party could have maintained an action and

recovered damages from the defendant, had the injured party

survived.

¶38 Wisconsin Stat. § 895.03 states in full:

22
See Waranka v. Wadena, 2014 WI 28, ¶3, 353 Wis. 2d 619,
847 N.W.2d 324.

16
 No. 2012AP2402

Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a
wrongful act, neglect or default and the act, neglect
or default is such as would, if death had not ensued,
have entitled the party injured to maintain an action
and recover damages in respect thereof, then and in
every such case the person who would have been liable,
if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action
for damages notwithstanding the death of the person
injured; provided, that such action shall be brought
for a death caused in this state (emphasis added).
¶39 No one disputes that the conditions set forth in Wis.

Stat. § 895.03 that make a wrongdoer liable for wrongful death

are met in the instant case.

¶40 Wisconsin Stat. 895.04(1) lists the persons who may

bring a wrongful death action:

(1) An action for wrongful death may be brought by the
personal representative of the deceased person or by
the person to whom the amount recovered belongs.23
¶41 In the present case, the wrongful death actions were

brought by the personal representative and by persons claiming

to be the persons to whom the amount recovered for wrongful

death belongs. No one disputes that the proper persons have

brought the instant actions.
¶42 Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04(2) enumerates the persons to

whom the amount recovered for wrongful death belongs. Unlike

Wis. Stat. §§ 895.03 and 895.04(1), § 895.04(2) is a dense and

23
Allowing someone other than the personal representative
to assert a claim was added to the statute in 1913. Ch. 186,
Laws of 1913. See also § 1, ch. 548, Laws of 1949 (permitting
an individual to bring a wrongful death action even if the
individual would also have a survival claim as administrator of
the estate; amendment supersedes Schilling v. Chicago, N. Shore
& Milwaukee R. Co., 245 Wis. 2 173, 13 N.W.2d 594 (1944)).

17
 No. 2012AP2402

difficult statute to read and understand. It has evolved to its

present language by repeated legislative amendments.

¶43 Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04(2) creates a hierarchy of

persons to whom the amount recovered belongs.24 The first class

of beneficiaries is the "surviving spouse," with a set-aside for

minor children "in recognition of the duty and responsibility of

a parent to support minor children." The second class is lineal

heirs.

¶44 Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04(2) reads as follows:

(2) If the deceased leaves surviving a spouse or
domestic partner under ch. 770 and minor children
under 18 years of age with whose support the deceased
was legally charged, the court before whom the action
is pending, or if no action is pending, any court of
record, in recognition of the duty and responsibility
of a parent to support minor children, shall determine
the amount, if any, to be set aside for the protection
of such children after considering the age of such
children, the amount involved, the capacity and
integrity of the surviving spouse or surviving
domestic partner, and any other facts or information
it may have or receive, and such amount may be
impressed by creation of an appropriate lien in favor
of such children or otherwise protected as

24
Steinbarth, 144 Wis. 2d at 164 ("[Wisconsin Stat. §]
895.04(2) . . . establishes a hierarchy of
beneficiaries . . . ."); Cincoski, 4 Wis. 2d at 425 ("The
statutes . . . designate preferences according to the
relationship to the deceased. . . . [T]he nonexistence of the
preferred beneficiary or beneficiaries is essential to a right
of action by or in behalf of other beneficiaries. The action
must be brought by or for the wrongful death in the order of
preference fixed by the statute."); Anderson, 300 F. Supp. 2d at
729 ("[T]he ability to recover under Wisconsin's wrongful death
statute is similar to intestate succession, namely, a claimant
has standing only if no other beneficiary higher in the
hierarchy has standing.").

18
 No. 2012AP2402

circumstances may warrant, but such amount shall not
be in excess of 50% of the net amount received after
deduction of costs of collection.25 If there are no
such surviving minor children, the amount recovered
shall belong and be paid to the spouse or domestic
partner of the deceased; if no spouse or domestic
partner survives, to the deceased's lineal heirs as
determined by s. 852.01; if no lineal heirs survive,
to the deceased's brothers and sisters.26 If any such
relative dies before judgment in the action, the
relative next in order shall be entitled to recover
for the wrongful death.27 A surviving nonresident
alien spouse or a nonresident alien domestic partner

25
This provision was adopted in substantially this form in
1962, making the surviving spouse the primary beneficiary and
granting the minor children a set-aside. See ch. 649, Laws of
1961. See ¶¶111-125, infra, which discuss the statutory history
of this section.

Changes subsequent to the 1962 amendment added additional
beneficiaries to Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) but did not
substantially change the structure of the provision. For
example, the legislature added the words "and domestic partners"
alongside the word "spouse." 2009 Wis. Act 28, § 3269.
26
See chs. 164, 581, Laws of 1907 (adding "but if no
husband or widow or lineal descendant or ancestor survive the
deceased, the amount recovered shall be paid over to the
brothers and sisters"). Brothers and sisters were added
apparently in response to Brown v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 102
Wis. 137, 77 N.W. 748 (1898) (because the statute, Wis. Stat.
§ 4256 (1898), permitted recovery only for the spouse or lineal
descendants and ancestors of the deceased, brothers and sisters
could not recover).
27
See § 1, ch. 263, Laws of 1931.

The provision relating to the death of a relative before
judgment in a wrongful death action was added, apparently in
response to Woodward v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 23 Wis. 400
(1868) (holding that the wrongful death action terminated when
deceased's surviving spouse died before judgment). See Eleason
v. Western Cas. & Sur. Co., 254 Wis. 134, 140, 35 N.W.2d 301
(1948) (holding that the 1931 amendment controlled over previous
cases holding that wrongful death actions terminated with the
death of the holder of the claim).

19
 No. 2012AP2402

under ch. 770 and minor children shall be entitled to
the benefits of this section.28 In cases subject to s.
102.29 this subsection shall apply only to the
surviving spouse's or surviving domestic partner's
interest in the amount recovered. If the amount
allocated to any child under this subsection is less
than $10,000, s. 807.10 may be applied. Every
settlement in wrongful death cases in which the
deceased leaves minor children under 18 years of age
shall be void unless approved by a court of record
authorized to act hereunder (emphasis and footnotes
added).
¶45 There is a difference between a wrongful death claim

and a survival claim. A wrongful death claim, as we explain

above, compensates the deceased's relatives for the damages they

suffer as a result of the deceased's death.29 A survival claim

28
See § 1, ch. 226, Laws of 1911 (amending the statute to
state explicitly that "non-resident alien surviving relatives
shall be entitled to the benefits of this section"). The 1911
provision relating to aliens was apparently inserted in response
to McMillan v. Spider Lake Sawmill & Lumber Co., 115 Wis. 332,
91 N.W. 979, 980-81 (1902), in which the court held that
nonresident alien citizens of foreign countries were not
entitled to recover under the wrongful death statute. The
spouse in McMillan was a Canadian citizen and did not reside in
the United States. The McMillan court asserted that the
legislature did not intend this cause of action to convey
benefits and recovery to nonresidents.

Three years later, the legislature again amended the
statute to limit nonresident alien relatives to a surviving
spouse and minor children, stating that only "a nonresident
alien surviving wife and minor children shall be entitled to the
benefits of this section." § 1, ch. 35, Laws of 1915.
29
Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04(4) provides as follows:

(4) Judgment for damages for pecuniary injury from
wrongful death may be awarded to any person entitled
to bring a wrongful death action. Additional damages
not to exceed $500,000 per occurrence in the case of a
deceased minor, or $350,000 per occurrence in the case
of a deceased adult, for loss of society and
20
 No. 2012AP2402

compensates the estate of the deceased (or persons who paid

expenses on behalf of the estate) for damages suffered by the

deceased between the time of the injury and the time of death.30

¶46 The personal representative may bring both a wrongful

death claim and a survival claim, but the beneficiaries

receiving the damages recovered under the two claims may be

different.31 "[T]he right to sue under the wrongful death

statute must be distinguished from the ownership of the

recovery. Because the [wrongful death] action is granted by

companionship may be awarded to the spouse, children
or parents of the deceased, or to the siblings of the
deceased, if the siblings were minors at the time of
the death.
30
"The survival action is brought by the representative of
the deceased for personal injury damages suffered by the
deceased prior to his death. The damages accrue to the estate
of the deceased." Prunty v. Schwantes, 40 Wis. 2d 418, 422, 162
N.W.2d 34 (1968).

See also Wangen v. Ford Motor Co., 97 Wis. 2d 260, 312, 294
N.W.2d 437, 463 (1980) (quoting Koehler v. Waukesha Milk Co.,
190 Wis. 52, 56, 208 N.W. 901 (1926)):

The cause of action for the [deceased]'s pain and
suffering which . . . passes to a decedent's estate[ ]
is separate and distinct from this wrongful death
action. The estate's action is for the wrong to the
injured person; the wrongful death action belongs to
named beneficiaries for their pecuniary loss; the
latter action begins where the former ends. "It is
not a double recovery, but a recovery for a double
wrong."
31
Wangen, 97 Wis. 2d at 310.

21
 No. 2012AP2402

statute, ownership of the recovery is limited to the

beneficiaries designated under the statute."32

¶47 In order to determine whether a beneficiary exists who

may recover under a wrongful death claim, the court has

frequently grappled with disputes regarding the interpretation

of the wrongful death statute's hierarchical beneficiary

structure.33 The legislature did not anticipate numerous fact

Wisconsin Stat. 895.04(5) provides:

(5) If the personal representative brings the action,
the personal representative may also recover the
reasonable cost of medical expenses, funeral expenses,
including the reasonable cost of a cemetery lot, grave
marker and care of the lot. If a relative brings the
action, the relative may recover such medical
expenses, funeral expenses, including the cost of a
cemetery lot, grave marker and care of the lot, on
behalf of himself or herself or of any person who has
paid or assumed liability for such expenses.
32
Weiss v. Regent Props., Ltd., 118 Wis. 2d 225, 230, 346
N.W.2d 766 (1984) (citations omitted) (citing Nichols v. U.S.
Fid. & Guar. Co., 13 Wis. 2d 491, 497, 109 N.W.2d 131 (1961)).
See also 2 The Law of Damages in Wisconsin § 16.15 at 16-18
(Russell M. Ware et al. eds. 2014) ("Because the purpose of
allowing damages for wrongful death is to compensate the
deceased's relatives for their loss, wrongful death damages do
not become a part of the deceased's estate.").
33
The courts have reached various outcomes based on the
facts of each case.

Cases holding for the lower-tier beneficiary to recover:

• Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 423
N.W.2d 540 (1988) (holding that a spouse who
intentionally killed the deceased is not a
"surviving spouse" and that the children hold the
claim as lineal heirs);

22
 No. 2012AP2402

• Krause v. Home Mut. Ins. Co., 14 Wis. 2d 666, 112
N.W.2d 134 (1961) (holding that although the
spouse died shortly after the deceased, the
children held the claim, because satisfying the
purposes of the statute required that the phrase
"surviving spouse" not mean the spouse of the
deceased who is living at the time of the death
of the deceased, but rather the "spouse of the
deceased living when the action was commenced");

• Lasecki v. Kabara, 235 Wis. 645, 294 N.W. 33
(1940) (holding that although the children did
not have an independent claim of action against
their father for the wrongful death of their
mother, when the mother herself died, the
wrongful death that claim she held went to her
children).

Cases holding against the lower-tier beneficiary:

• Cogger v. Trudell, 35 Wis. 2d 350, 359, 151
N.W.2d 146 (1967) (holding that the deceased's
spouse who negligently killed the spouse is a
surviving spouse, and that their children have no
claim);

• Hanson v. Valdivia, 51 Wis. 2d 466, 475, 187
N.W.2d 151 (1971) (holding that when the
deceased's spouse alleged to be responsible for
the death survived, the minor surviving children
"do not have a cause of action for the wrongful
death of one of their parents when the [deceased]
is survived by his or her spouse, and the fact
that the surviving spouse was responsible for the
death does not create a new cause of action in
the children");

• Woodward v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 23 Wis. 400
(1868) (holding that when the deceased's husband
died while pursuing a wrongful death claim
against the defendant, the husband's wrongful
death claim cannot survive his death), superseded
by statute as stated in Eleason v. Western Cas. &
Sur. Co., 254 Wis. 134, 139, 35 N.W.2d 301
(1948).

23
 No. 2012AP2402

scenarios in its enactment of the wrongful death statute, and

the courts have had to fill the gaps in the statute.

¶48 To determine the meaning of the phrase "surviving

spouse" in the unique fact scenario of the instant case, we must

fill the gap in the statute. In enacting Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2), the legislature did not anticipate the fact

scenario presented in the instant case in which a long-time

estranged spouse does not obtain a divorce, has no recoverable

damages on the death of the deceased husband, and has no legal

obligation to support nonmarital minor children of the deceased.

¶49 In referring to a "surviving spouse" and creating a

hierarchical structure of beneficiaries in the wrongful death

statute, the legislature envisioned an intact marriage with

minor marital children whom both the deceased and the deceased's

spouse were obliged to support. Indeed, "[a] careful reading of

the entire section [895.04(2)] makes it clear that the trial

court in an attempt to protect the children must work from the

amount recovered by the spouse who is charged with the support
of the minor children."34

¶50 The defendants argue that the statutory hierarchy of

beneficiaries bars the minor children in the present case from

asserting a claim for wrongful death because the deceased left a

• Bowen v. Am. Family Ins. Co., 2012 WI App 29,
¶19, 340 Wis. 2d 232, 811 N.W.2d 887 (holding
that a primary beneficiary under the wrongful
death statutes could not waive his claim and pass
it on to a secondary beneficiary).
34
Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at 358.

24
 No. 2012AP2402

living spouse, and the surviving spouse, Linda Force, cannot

claim any damages for wrongful death according to the circuit

court.

¶51 The defendants rest their position on a literal

interpretation of the phrase "surviving spouse":

• Linda Force is the spouse of the deceased;

• she is still living;

• as an estranged spouse she cannot, according to the

circuit court's dismissal of her claim, recover

damages any for pecuniary loss and loss of society and

companionship;

• the minor children's share is limited under the

statute to a set-aside from the surviving spouse's

recovery; and

• because Linda Force's recovery is zero, the minor

children's set-aside is also zero.

¶52 The defendants' reading of the statute is not without

support in the text, but the defendants' interpretation is not
necessarily a reasonable reading of the phrase "surviving

spouse" in unique fact situations.

¶53 First, the statute does not define who is or is not a

surviving spouse.35

¶54 Second, the text of Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) does not

expressly state that minor children are barred from recovery

when a surviving spouse fails to recover any damages. Rather,

35
Steinbarth, 144 Wis. 2d 159.

25
 No. 2012AP2402

§ 895.04(2) provides that minor children get a set-aside from

the surviving spouse's recovery and recover as lineal heirs if

no surviving spouse exists.

¶55 A study of the text demonstrates that we are unable to

discern the answer to our inquiry in the present case by a mere

examination of the words of Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) isolated from

interpretive aids. We next look for assistance from the

legislative pronouncement of the purposes of the wrongful death

statutes.

IV

¶56 The minor children's position that they should recover

under the wrongful death statutes is supported by the

legislative purposes advanced by Wis. Stat. §§ 895.03

and 895.04(2).

¶57 The legislature has declared in Wis. Stat. §§ 895.03

and 895.04(2) that the purposes of the wrongful death statutes

are (1) to hold wrongdoers liable for damages upon death of an

injured person, and (2) to compensate relatives of the injured
party for the losses caused by the wrongful act. A holding that

the minor children cannot maintain a wrongful death claim in the

instant case would contravene those fundamental purposes. The

wrongdoers would escape liability and the minor children would

not be compensated for their losses.

¶58 The purposes of the wrongful death statutes have

existed since the law's enactment in 1857. The wrongful death

26
 No. 2012AP2402

statute was enacted to correct a perceived injustice at common

law providing no cause of action for wrongful death.36

¶59 As the Prosser & Keeton treatise explains, the common-

law rule had perverse "intolerable" consequences: "The result

was that it was cheaper for the defendant to kill the plaintiff

than to injure him, and that the most grievous of all injuries

left the bereaved family of the victim, who frequently were

destitute, without a remedy."37

36
See Rudiger v. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Ry.
Co., 94 Wis. 191, 68 N.W. 661 (1896):

It was the obvious purpose of this statute to reverse
this rule of law, and to provide that the right of
action should survive, as in case of damages to
property, and, of course, be liable to be prosecuted
by or against an executor. . . . The statute under
consideration was enacted to supply the manifest
defect in the law as it thus existed, and to provide a
remedy against the wrongdoer, if death ensued in
consequence of his negligent or wrongful act (internal
quotation marks omitted).

According to Blackstone, when a husband or father was
injured or killed, the wife or child could not recover. 3
William Blackstone, Commentaries *142-43. As the seminal
English case Baker v. Bolton, Eng. Rep. (1808) 1 Camp. 493; 10
R.R. 734, noted, "in a civil court the death of a human being
could not be complained of as an injury . . . ."

The common-law rule barring claims for wrongful death was
criticized by the second Justice Harlan in Moragne v. States
Marine Lines, Inc., 398 U.S. 375 (1970). The Moragne Court
observed that the common-law rule against wrongful death claims
was criticized as "barbarous" and set forth no "persuasive,
independent justification" for distinguishing between two claims
claiming a breach of the same primary duty to the injured party
simply because the injured party happened to die in one instance
and not the other. Moragne, 398 U.S. at 381-82.
37
Prosser & Keeton on Torts § 127, at 945 (5th ed. 1984).

27
 No. 2012AP2402

¶60 In 1846, Parliament passed Lord Campbell's Act, which

sidestepped the common law and created a statutory right of

action for surviving spouses, children, and parents, as well as

other lineal descendants.38

¶61 States too adopted laws recognizing a statutory right

of action for wrongful death.

¶62 In Wisconsin, the wrongful death statute enacted in

1857 was an almost verbatim copy of the New York wrongful death

statute,39 which itself was copied nearly word for word from Lord

Campbell's Act.40

¶63 A New York court explained that the New York statute

extended the principle of liability to a wrongdoer who causes

the death of another and gave the right to damages to

representatives of the deceased.41

¶64 Wisconsin courts have echoed these general principles

as the driving purposes behind the wrongful death statutes.

38
For a discussion of the evolution of the rules governing
wrongful death suits in England and the United States, see Wex
S. Malone, The Genesis of Wrongful Death, 17 Stan. L. Rev. 1043
(1965).
39
Compare ch. 71, Laws of 1857, with N.Y. Laws of 1847, ch.
450. See also Whiton v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 21 Wis. 305,
308 (1867) (noting that New York and Wisconsin employ "the same
statute").
40
See John Fabian Witt, From Loss of Services to Loss of
Support: The Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort
Law, and the Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family, 25 Law &
Soc. Inquiry 717, 734 (2000).
41
Baker v. Bailey, 16 Barb. 54, 60, 1852 WL 5345 (N.Y. Gen.
Term. 1852).

28
 No. 2012AP2402

First, "[t]he injustices and hardships resulting from the common

law principles in wrongful death cases caused the legislature to

create statutory remedies and liability."42

¶65 Second, "[t]he purpose of the wrongful death statute

is to compensate for the loss of the relational interest

existing between the beneficiaries and the deceased."43

¶66 In 1961 the legislature explicitly protected the

interests of minor children of the deceased "in recognition of

the duty and responsibility of a parent to support minor

children."44

¶67 In contrast to these purposes, the defendants'

interpretation of the wrongful death statutes liberates the

alleged wrongdoer from all liability for the wrongful death in

the instant case. According to the defendants, the liability of

the wrongdoer for the deceased's death in the present case is

zero and no relative of the deceased, including his minor

children, recovers any amount. If we accept the defendants'

reasoning, the wrongdoer in the instant case gets a windfall at

42
Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at 353.
43
Chang v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 182 Wis. 2d 549,
560-61, 514 N.W.2d 399 (1994) (internal quotation marks and
quoted source omitted).
44
See ¶¶42-49 and accompanying notes, supra.

29
 No. 2012AP2402

the expense of the deceased's surviving dependent minor

children.45

¶68 The defendants' interpretation contravenes the

legislative purposes and produces an unfair, unreasonable, or

absurd result that the legislature could not have intended.

V

¶69 We turn to case law to assist us in interpreting the

phrase "surviving spouse" within the context of the wrongful

death statutes.

¶70 In several cases, the court has employed a literal

interpretation of the phrase "surviving spouse," holding that a

spouse living at the time of the wrongful death is a "surviving

spouse" under the wrongful death statutes.46 In other cases

courts have not read the phrase literally.47 No prior case is

directly on point, but we can derive principles from the case

law that inform our resolution of the instant case.

¶71 We begin with Cogger v. Trudell, 35 Wis. 2d 350, 353,

151 N.W.2d 146 (1967), a lead case governing to whom a recovered

45
This case does not address the survival action of the
deceased's estate. See Wis. Stat. § 895.01(1)(am)7. Survival
actions are different from wrongful death actions. See supra
¶¶45-46.
46
See, e.g., Hanson, 51 Wis. 2d 466; Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at
354-55; Bowen, 340 Wis. 2d 232.
47
See, e.g., Steinbarth, 144 Wis. 2d at 165; Xiong ex rel.
Edmondson v. Xiong, 2002 WI App 110, 255 Wis. 2d 693, 648
N.W.2d 900.

30
 No. 2012AP2402

wrongful death award belongs when a living spouse may not be

able to recover damages and children seek to recover.

¶72 In Cogger, Darla Trudell was killed in a car accident.

She was the passenger; her husband, Joseph Trudell, was the

driver. The two minor Trudell children sued their father, as

well as the driver of the other car.

¶73 The father, being one of the defendants in the

wrongful death suit, could not bring a claim for wrongful death

on his own behalf against himself. The children argued that

Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2), as amended in 1962,48 gave the children

equal status with the surviving spouse, and thus, the fact that

the father was alive did not bar their claim.

¶74 The Cogger court held that Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2)

created a "series of priorities with regard to the ownership of

a cause of action for wrongful death" and that these priorities

were not changed by the 1962 amendment, which added the

provision allowing a court to determine an amount to be set

aside for the minor children from the surviving spouse's
recovery.49

¶75 The Cogger court rejected the children's argument that

the 1962 amendment creating a set-aside for minor children had

put both the surviving spouse and the surviving children in the

first priority class.50 Rather, the court stated: "A careful

48
Ch. 649, Laws of 1961 (enacted Jan. 30, 1962).
49
Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at 354-55.
50
The Cogger court explained:

31
 No. 2012AP2402

reading of the entire section makes it clear that the trial

court . . . must work from the amount recovered by the spouse

who is charged with the support of the minor children."51

¶76 Looking to case law construing the pre-1962 wrongful

death statutes, the court concluded that both before and after

the 1962 amendment, "[t]he beneficiaries and their preferred

status are as follows: First, the spouse; second, a child or

children; third, the parents. Thus the nonexistence of the

preferred beneficiary or beneficiaries is essential to a right

of action by or in behalf of other beneficiaries."52

¶77 Even though one of the two children in Cogger was not

the child of the surviving spouse, the Cogger court assumed that

the surviving spouse had an obligation to support both children

and interpreted the statute as specifically addressing minor

children supported by the surviving spouse.53

The general plan of the statute was not changed. It
was only amended to allow the courts to deal with the
proceeds which would otherwise go to the surviving
spouse in such a way as to protect the dependent
children.

We believe that if the legislature had intended to
create a cause of action in the surviving children in
situations where previously none had existed, it would
have done so in a more direct and clear manner.

Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at 356-57.
51
Id. at 358
52
Id. at 355 (quoting Cincoski, 4 Wis. 2d at 425).
53
Id. at 357.

32
 No. 2012AP2402

¶78 Cogger has been invoked in several cases to bar a

minor child's recovery when the surviving spouse who had the

obligation to support the children was allegedly responsible in

some way for the wrongful death. Perhaps the result of these

cases may be explained by the fact that holding for the children

who were supported by the surviving spouse could indirectly

inure to the benefit of the surviving spouse who caused the

death.

¶79 In Hanson v. Valdivia, 51 Wis. 2d 466, 187 N.W.2d 151

(1971), the minor children of the surviving spouse and the

deceased were barred from bringing suit for the deceased

parent's wrongful death when the surviving parent allegedly

caused the wrongful death.

¶80 The Hanson court relied on Cogger, stating that

"surviving children do not have a cause of action for the

wrongful death of one of their parents when the [deceased] is

survived by his or her spouse, and the fact that the surviving

spouse was responsible for the death does not create a new cause
of action in the children." Hanson, 51 Wis. 2d at 475.

¶81 A second case, Bowen v. American Family Insurance Co.,

2012 WI App 29, 340 Wis. 2d 232, 811 N.W.2d 887, held that even

when the surviving spouse expressly waives the wrongful death

claim, the Cogger rule still applies and the child has no

recovery.

¶82 In Bowen, the deceased died while a passenger in a car

driven by her spouse when the car collided with another car. An
adult child of the deceased and the spouse argued that even if
33
 No. 2012AP2402

the Cogger rule applied, the court should look to the spouse's

express disclaimer of his wrongful death claim to pass the claim

on to the adult child.

¶83 The court of appeals declared that the living spouse

was a "surviving spouse," even though the spouse did not wish to

pursue a claim and did not want to be a "surviving spouse."54

¶84 The Cogger decision and its progeny are informative,

but Cogger is not dispositive in the present case. The Cogger

court did not consider the fact situation presented in the

instant case, in which the deceased's spouse is not negligent in

causing the death, has no obligation to support the deceased's

minor children, and (according to the circuit court) cannot

recover damages for wrongful death under any circumstances.55

¶85 A third case that adheres to Cogger and informs our

decision in the present case is Xiong ex rel. Edmondson v.

Xiong, 2002 WI App 110, 255 Wis. 2d 693, 648 N.W.2d 900.

¶86 Mai Xiong died as a passenger in a car driven by Nhia

Xiong. Mai Xiong and Nhia Xiong were the parents of minor and
adult children. The Xiong children brought a wrongful death

action against their father, Nhia Xiong. The circuit court

dismissed the children's action because Nhia Xiong was

responsible for Mai Xiong's death and, pursuant to Cogger, could

not recover in a wrongful death claim. The Xiong children

54
Bowen, 340 Wis. 2d 232, ¶¶13-14.
55
In Cogger, the living spouse apparently may have pursued
his own independent claim against the other driver. Cogger, 35
Wis. 2d at 358.

34
 No. 2012AP2402

argued that the parents were not married, and thus, that their

father was not a "surviving spouse."

¶87 On appeal, the court of appeals observed that there

was no evidence of any official marriage of the parents, in

Laos, Thailand, or Wisconsin.56 Nonetheless, the court valued

the unique facts over the literal interpretation of "surviving

spouse" and determined that the word "spouse" in the wrongful

death statute could include a "putative spouse." The court of

appeals assessed the unique facts surrounding the relationship

between the parents and used its "equity powers" to recognize

the relationship as sufficient to establish Nhia Xiong as the

"surviving spouse" for the purposes of the wrongful death

statute.57

¶88 The court of appeals in the Xiong case then applied

Cogger and concluded that a surviving spouse existed and the

children could not recover.58

¶89 Cogger and its progeny at first blush seem to preclude

the children's recovery in the instant case.
¶90 On closer examination, however, Cogger and its progeny

are, as we explained previously, factually distinguishable from

the present case. They therefore are not dispositive. Linda

Force did not contribute in any manner to the injury and death

56
Xiong, 255 Wis. 2d 693, ¶¶14-16. The father did not
submit any evidence contradicting the children's assertion that
the marriage was not valid or recognized at law. Id., ¶18.
57
Xiong, 255 Wis. 2d 693, ¶¶20-21.
58
Id., ¶25.

35
 No. 2012AP2402

of the deceased. Rather, the circuit court concluded that she

cannot recover because of her estrangement from the deceased.

Because Linda Force has no support obligations to the deceased's

minor children, she will not benefit if the children recover

damages for wrongful death.

¶91 Furthermore, Xiong buttresses the minor children's

position in the instant case. Xiong teaches that courts

interpret Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) in line with the unique fact

situation and the purposes of the wrongful death statutes,

rather than in line with formal compliance with laws governing

the formation of a marriage.

¶92 In Xiong, the parties treated each other as husband

and wife, and the court concluded that they should be treated as

married under the wrongful death statutes even though no proof

of a formal marriage at law existed.

¶93 In the instant case, the parties were estranged for

over a decade. Adhering to the teaching of Xiong and examining

the unique relationship of the parties in the present case
dictate that the long-time estranged relationship not be treated

as a marriage and that Linda Force not be considered a

"surviving spouse" under Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2).

¶94 Additional support for the children's position comes

from Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 423 N.W.2d 540

(1988).

¶95 Steinbarth, like Xiong, relied on the unique facts

rather than the formality of the legal relationship. Steinbarth
teaches that under unusual circumstances in which the purposes
36
 No. 2012AP2402

of the statutes would not be met, the phrase "surviving spouse"

excludes a living spouse and the children may recover damages

under the wrongful death statutes.

¶96 In Steinbarth, the husband allegedly intentionally

shot and killed his wife. The deceased wife's adult children

(the husband's stepchildren) sued the husband for wrongful

death. Using a literal interpretation of the statute rendering

the husband a "surviving spouse," the circuit court and court of

appeals concluded that the adult children's wrongful death claim

was barred under Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) (1985-86).59 The supreme

court reversed.

¶97 The Steinbarth court was persuaded that statutes

prohibiting an intentional killer from benefiting from the crime

aided in interpreting the phrase "surviving spouse" in the

wrongful death statute.60 The Steinbarth court held "that a

spouse who 'feloniously and intentionally' kills his or her

spouse is not a surviving spouse for purposes of [the wrongful

death statutes], and is treated as having predeceased the
decedent so that the cause of action may accrue to the next

designated beneficiary."61

59
Steinbarth, 144 Wis. 2d at 165. The statute in
Steinbarth is substantially identical to the present statute in
the relevant provisions.
60
Id. at 166-167 (e.g., life insurance, beneficiary under
contract, joint tenancy).
61
Id. at 167-68 (emphasis added).

37
 No. 2012AP2402

¶98 The Steinbarth court noted that the unique facts of

the case dictated the outcome. The court reasoned that an

alternative holding would create an "anomalous result" that

"[t]he legislature could not have intended."62

¶99 The Steinbarth court distinguished Cogger. Cogger

involved a surviving spouse who negligently caused the wrongful

death; no basis existed in Cogger for stopping a surviving

spouse who unintentionally but negligently caused the spouse's

death from seeking wrongful death benefits for the loss of the

spouse from a more negligent wrongdoer.63

¶100 On the other hand, in Steinbarth, the "surviving

spouse," a felonious and intentional killer, could not "under

any conceivable circumstance seek recovery under the wrongful

death statute for the loss of the decedent."64 Unlike Cogger and

its progeny, the surviving spouse in Steinbarth had no claim

against a third-party wrongdoer or any ability to recover for

wrongful death of the deceased.

¶101 The instant case does not align precisely with Cogger,
Hanson, Bowen, Xiong, or Steinbarth. Nevertheless, these cases

support the conclusion that under the unique facts of the

instant case, the claim of the minor children should prevail.

¶102 The case law demonstrates that the meaning of the

phrase "surviving spouse" has been elucidated by scrutinizing

62
Id. at 167.
63
Id. at 168.
64
Id. at 169.

38
 No. 2012AP2402

unique fact situations to define "surviving spouse" in accord

with the legislative purposes of the wrongful death statutes,

rather than considering only the literal meaning of the phrase

"surviving spouse." Linda Force, like the spouse in Steinbarth,

is barred from recovering for wrongful death under any

circumstances, according to the circuit court. To hold against

the children here would allow a wrongdoer to escape liability

and deprive relatives of recovery for their loss, simply because

of an unusual fact scenario.

¶103 Courts in other jurisdictions that have wrongful death

laws similar to Wisconsin's placing children in a secondary

beneficiary class,65 when confronted with unique facts, have held

that the secondary beneficiaries have a claim even when the

primary beneficiary may exist. Courts have allowed ameliorating

common-law principles to apply to fill in a legislature's

unintended gaps in a wrongful death statute.

¶104 The case Evans v. Atlantic Cement Co., 272 So. 2d 538,

541 (Fla. Ct. App. 1973), is a typical example of a court
looking to the unique factual circumstances to fulfill the

underlying purpose of the wrongful death statute. In Evans, the

court held that a woman who lived with the deceased for nine-

and-a-half years and had children with him, and for whom the

decedent provided support, could maintain an action for wrongful

65
See Stuart M. Speiser & James E. Rooks, Jr., Recovery for
Wrongful Death § 3:3 & n.2 (4th ed. 2005) (noting that in some
jurisdictions children are among the primary beneficiary class,
while in others, listed in the footnote, children are designated
secondary beneficiaries behind the surviving spouse).

39
 No. 2012AP2402

death although she was not literally a "surviving spouse" of the

deceased. The deceased was survived by a surviving spouse and

another child from a different marriage who, under Florida law,

could maintain a wrongful death action.

¶105 The court reasoned that it had to construe the statute

in the context of the unique facts of the case in order to avoid

a result contrary to the purposes of the wrongful death statute:

[T]he preference given by statute to a spouse over a
child presupposes the existence of a family, including
a parent-child relationship, in the survivors. When
the statutes are examined entire, the conclusion
cannot be reasonably reached that these class
priorities were intended by the legislature to be
applied where the fundamental family relationships
have been legally destroyed. . . . It is unreasonable
to conclude the legislature intended that dependent
children or other family members be left without
support or remedy, in favor of strangers to them.

. . . .

[W]e believe the literal wording of the statute [is]
applicable where fundamental family relationships
still obtain. However, where . . . the family
relationships have ruptured or divided . . . it is
proper to allow the additional classes to intervene.66
¶106 Other state courts have permitted secondary

beneficiaries to recover damages when the deceased's spouse is

still alive. They have done so on a variety of grounds.

¶107 For example, in Foster v. Jeffers, 813 S.W.2d 449

(Tenn. App. 1991), the Tennessee court of appeals held that when

a spouse still living after the death of the deceased

66
Evans v. Atlantic Cement Co., 272 So. 2d 538, 541 (Fla.
Ct. App. 1973).

40
 No. 2012AP2402

affirmatively waives his or her claim, the secondary

beneficiaries (in that case, the deceased's nephews) can collect

the proceeds from the wrongful death action.67 The Foster court

reasoned that a secondary beneficiary, who would otherwise be

barred from a claim by the existence of a surviving spouse, must

be able to pursue a claim "to keep alive the decedent's cause of

action" and to achieve the statutory purpose of ending the

regime in which "it was more economical to kill someone than to

merely inflict a nonfatal injury."68 Although Wisconsin courts

have explicitly rejected this waiver approach to the wrongful

death statute,69 Foster is instructive, standing for the

proposition that sister states with hierarchical beneficiary

structures permit secondary beneficiaries to collect even when

primary beneficiaries are still alive, in order to fulfill the

purposes of the statute in unusual or unique fact situations.

¶108 Georgia courts have similarly held that in some

circumstances, secondary beneficiaries can recover damages when

the deceased's spouse is still alive. In Brown v. Liberty Oil &
Refining Corp., 403 S.E.2d 806 (Ga. 1991), the Georgia Supreme

Court held that although the deceased's spouse was still alive

and prior interpretations of the statute had barred children's

67
Foster v. Jeffers, 813 S.W.2d 449 (Tenn. App. 1991); but
see Bowen, 340 Wis. 2d 232, ¶¶13-15 (rejecting this waiver rule
in Wisconsin).
68
Foster, 813 S.W.2d at 452.
69
Bowen, 340 Wis. 2d 232, ¶¶13-15 (rejecting this waiver
rule in Wisconsin).

41
 No. 2012AP2402

wrongful death claims when there was a surviving spouse,70 in the

unique fact scenario of the case in which the surviving spouse

abandoned the children and could not be located, "the factual

circumstances of this case demand the exercise of [equity]

powers to preserve the rights of the minor children."71 The

Georgia courts have subsequently applied this holding to other

unusual fact scenarios to hold that secondary beneficiary

children can recover damages for wrongful death even when the

deceased's spouse is still alive.72

¶109 Although these cases are not dispositive of the

instant case and do not present a unified theory, they are

informative in teaching that state courts have recognized that

secondary wrongful death beneficiaries can bring claims in

unique fact scenarios in which barring such claims would

undermine or contradict the wrongful death statutes' purposes of

punishing wrongdoers and compensating the deceased's relatives.

¶110 In sum, Wisconsin case law and case law from other

jurisdictions supports the children's claim in the present case.
VI

¶111 Finally, we examine the statutory history. We have

explored statutory history previously in our discussion of the

text, the legislative purposes, and the case law. The statutory

70
See Mack v. Moore, 345 S.E.2d 338 (Ga. 1986).
71
Brown v. Liberty Oil & Ref. Corp., 403 S.E.2d 806, 808
(Ga. 1991).
72
Emory Univ. v. Dorsey, 429 S.E.2d 307 (Ga. App. 1993).

42
 No. 2012AP2402

history shows that the legislature has repeatedly amended the

classes of potential beneficiaries. It appears from the

statutory history that when a court excluded a class from being

a beneficiary, often the legislature would amend the wrongful

death statute to include the class.73

¶112 For our purposes, amendments in 1961 and 1962 are key

in the statutory history, because they directly addressed the

right of minor children to recover for wrongful death.

¶113 Before 1961, the statute made the spouse the primary

beneficiary and the children secondary beneficiaries as lineal

heirs of the deceased:

The amount recovered shall belong and be paid to the
spouse of the deceased; if no spouse survives, to the
deceased's lineal heirs as determined by section
237.01; if no lineal heirs survive, to the deceased's
brothers and sisters. If any such relative dies
before judgment in the action, the relative next in
order shall be entitled to recover for the wrongful
death. A surviving nonresident alien wife and minor
children shall be entitled to the benefits of this
section.
Wis. Stat. § 331.04(2) (1959-60).

¶114 The 1961 amendment switched the order of the

beneficiaries, placing the children as primary beneficiaries and

the surviving spouse as a secondary beneficiary. If there were

73
See, e.g., chs. 164, 581, Laws of 1907 (permitting
recovery for brothers and sisters, superseding Brown, 102 Wis.
137); ch. 226, Laws of 1911 (permitting nonresident aliens to
recover, superseding McMillan, 115 Wis. 332); § 1, ch. 263, Laws
of 1931 (allowing beneficiaries in the hierarchy to recover if a
higher beneficiary died, superseding Woodward, 23 Wis. 400).

43
 No. 2012AP2402

no minor children, the surviving spouse recovered. The

legislature amended the statute in 1961 to read as follows:

If the deceased leaves surviving a spouse, and minor
children with whose support he was legally charged,
said minor children shall be entitled to an amount as
fixed by the circuit court . . . ; said benefits to be
used for the support of such child or children during
their minority, and after the youngest child reaches
21 years of age, the balance, if any, shall be divided
equally among said children surviving. The remainder
of the amount recovered or the amount recovered if
there are no such surviving minor children shall
belong and be paid to the spouse of the
deceased . . . .
Ch. 285, Laws of 1961 (enacted July 27, 1961).

¶115 The bill drafting file does not reveal the backstory

of this amendment, but the language makes clear that the

legislature intended to favor minor children whom the deceased

was legally charged to support over a surviving spouse.

¶116 A 1962 amendment reveals the legislature's second

thoughts about the newly adopted 1961 hierarchy. The bill

drafting file of the 1962 amendment also does not reveal the

backstory of this amendment.
¶117 The 1962 amendment, adopted about six months after the

1961 amendment, returned the surviving spouse to primary

beneficiary status but protected the minor children by creating

a set-aside from the surviving spouse's recovery. This

amendment supports the defendant's interpretation of the

wrongful death statute that the children are not in the primary

class of beneficiaries.
¶118 The 1962 amendment reads as follows:

44
 No. 2012AP2402

If the deceased leaves surviving a spouse, and minor
children under 18 years of age with whose support he
was legally charged, the court before whom an action
is pending, or if no action is pending, any court of
record, in recognition of the duty and responsibility
of a parent to support his minor children, shall
determine the amount, if any, to be set aside for the
protection of such children after considering the age
of such children, the amount involved, the capacity
and integrity of the surviving spouse, and any other
facts or information it may have or receive, and such
amount may be impressed by creation of an appropriate
lien in favor of such children or otherwise protected
as circumstances may warrant, but such amount shall
not be in excess of 50 per cent of the net amount
received after deduction of costs of collection. If
there are no such surviving minor children, the amount
recovered shall belong and be paid to the spouse of
the deceased . . . .
Ch. 649, Laws of 1961 (enacted Jan. 30, 1962).

¶119 This 1962 amendment gave the courts discretion to

consider how much the set-aside for the minor children would be,

considering "the age of such children, the amount involved, the

capacity and integrity of the surviving spouse, and any other

facts or information [they] may have or receive." The

legislature made clear that the statute was enacted to protect
the spouse but also to recognize "the duty and responsibility of

a parent to support his minor children."

¶120 Other than the 1961 and 1962 amendments, in recent

years the legislature has left the wrongful death statutes

largely intact in the wake of cases depriving or granting the

children recovery in unusual fact situations.

¶121 Cogger established that a surviving spouse, even one

who was a wrongdoer in causing the deceased's death, remained a
primary beneficiary despite cutting off the claims of the minor

45
 No. 2012AP2402

children.74 After Cogger, the legislature took no action to

amend the statute.

¶122 Steinbarth established that a living spouse who

intentionally kills the deceased cannot be a surviving spouse

under the wrongful death statute, and the children can recover.75

Again, the legislature took no action to amend the statute.

¶123 According to the defendants, their position is

supported by the legislature's failure to revise Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2) after Cogger and other cases. These cases barred

secondary beneficiaries from recovering under certain

circumstances.

¶124 We are not persuaded that the legislative inaction

supports the defendants. Legislative inaction is ordinarily

weak evidence of legislative acquiescence in or countenance of a

judicial or executive branch interpretation.76

¶125 Rather, the statutory history, including the 1961 and

1962 amendments, teaches that the legislature has protected the

interests of both the surviving spouse and the minor children

74
Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d at 354-55.
75
Steinbarth, 144 Wis. 2d at 165-67.
76
See Green Bay Packaging, Inc. v. DILHR, 72 Wis. 2d 26,
36, 240 N.W.2d 422 (1976) ("[L]egislative inaction . . . has
been called 'a week [sic] reed upon which to lean' and a 'poor
beacon' to follow in construing a statute" (quoted source
omitted)); Milwaukee Journal Sentinel v. City of Milwaukee, 2012
WI 65, ¶43 n.21, 341 Wis. 2d 607, 815 N.W.2d 367 (noting that
"cases have expressed skepticism about the meaning of
legislative inaction") (citing Wenke v. Gehl Co., 2004 WI 103,
¶32, 274 Wis. 2d 220, 682 N.W.2d 405).

46
 No. 2012AP2402

and that the legislature has left interpretation of the phrase

"surviving spouse" to the courts when unanticipated fact

scenarios have emerged.

¶126 In the instant case, we must consider, as the

statutory history instructs, the interests of both the surviving

spouse and the children based on the facts at hand.

* * * *

¶127 For the reasons set forth, we interpret the phrase

"surviving spouse" in the present case as not including Linda

Force, the deceased's estranged spouse who, as a result of the

circuit court's dismissal of her wrongful death claim (which was

not appealed), is barred from recovery under Wis. Stat.

§§ 895.03 and 895.04(2). If Linda Force is not a "surviving

spouse" under the statute, the parties do not dispute that the

minor children have a cognizable claim as lineal heirs. As

lineal heirs of the deceased, the children would be first in

line for any recovery for the wrongful death of their father.

¶128 We conclude that the circuit court erred in granting
the defendants summary judgment and erred in dismissing the

minor children's causes of action against the defendants for

wrongful death. The minor children in the present case have a

cause of action against the defendants for wrongful death as if

Linda Force were not alive at the death of the deceased.77

77
In light of our holding, we need not and do not address
the children's equal protection constitutional claim that if
Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) bars their claim absent recovery by the
surviving spouse, the statute is unconstitutional.

47
 No. 2012AP2402

¶129 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the circuit

court against the children and in favor of the defendants and

remand the matter to the circuit court for further proceedings

not inconsistent with this opinion.

By the Court.——The judgment and order of the circuit court

are reversed.

48
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

¶130 DAVID T. PROSSER, J. (concurring). This is a case

of statutory interpretation. The seminal case on statutory

interpretation in recent years is State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit

Court for Dane County, 2004 WI 58, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681

N.W.2d 110.

¶131 In Kalal, the court emphasized the importance of

statutory text when it embraced the principle that a court's

role is to determine what a statute means rather than determine

what the legislature intended. Id., ¶44. The court said:

It is . . . a solemn obligation of the judiciary to
faithfully give effect to the laws enacted by the
legislature, and to do so requires a determination of
statutory meaning. Judicial deference to the policy
choices enacted into law by the legislature requires
that statutory interpretation focus primarily on the
language of the statute. We assume that the
legislature's intent is expressed in the statutory
language. Extrinsic evidence of legislative intent
may become relevant to statutory interpretation in
some circumstances, but is not the primary focus of
inquiry. It is the enacted law, not the unenacted
intent, that is binding on the public. Therefore, the
purpose of statutory interpretation is to determine
what the statute means so that it may be given its
full, proper, and intended effect.
Id.
¶132 The court explained that statutory interpretation

begins with the language of the statute. Id., ¶45. "Statutory

language is given its common, ordinary, and accepted meaning,

except that technical or specially-defined words or phrases are

given their technical or special definitional meaning." Id.

(citations omitted). Then the court added:

Context is important to meaning. So, too, is the
structure of the statute in which the operative
language appears. Therefore, statutory language is
1
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

interpreted in the context in which it is used; not in
isolation but as part of a whole; in relation to the
language of surrounding or closely-related statutes;
and reasonably, to avoid absurd or unreasonable
results.
Id., ¶46 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

¶133 In my view, this case requires the court to confront

head-on statutory language that, if applied literally, would

produce an absurd or unreasonable result.

¶134 Historically, courts have tried to avoid absurd or

unreasonable results. The year before Kalal, this court said in

State v. Hamilton, 2003 WI 50, ¶38, 261 Wis. 2d 458, 661

N.W.2d 832: "The court should not search for ambiguity. It

should enforce a clear statute." However, "One of the few

exceptions to this sound principle is that the court will seek

to avoid a truly absurd or unreasonable result." Id., ¶39

(citing State v. Burkman, 96 Wis. 2d 630, 642, 292 N.W.2d 641

(1980); State v. Mendoza, 96 Wis. 2d 106, 115, 291 N.W.2d 478

(1980); Kayden Indus., Inc. v. Murphy, 34 Wis. 2d 718, 732, 150

N.W.2d 447 (1967)).

¶135 There are innumerable cases in which Wisconsin courts

have repeated or actually invoked this exception.

¶136 In Worachek v. Stephenson Town School District, 270

Wis. 116, 124, 70 N.W.2d 657 (1955), the court stated: "This

court has repeatedly held that a statute should not be construed

so as to work an absurd result even when the language seems

clear and unambiguous." Id. (citing Connell v. Luck, 264 Wis.

282, 58 N.W.2d 633 (1953); Laridaen v. Ry. Express Agency, Inc.,

2
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

259 Wis. 178, 47 N.W.2d 727 (1951); Pfingsten v. Pfingsten, 164

Wis. 308, 159 N.W. 921 (1916)).

¶137 In Isaksen v. Chesapeake Instrument Corp., 19

Wis. 2d 282, 289-90, 120 N.W.2d 151 (1963), the court stated:

We are unable to conceive of any reason of policy
which might lead the legislature to deny to
shareholders so situated the remedy it had provided
for others, and Chesapeake has not suggested any.

. . . .

"It is always presumed, in regard to a statute, that
no absurd or unreasonable result was intended by the
legislature. Hence if, viewing a statute from the
standpoint of the literal sense of its language, it is
unreasonable or absurd, an obscurity of meaning
exists, calling for judicial construction."
Id. (some citations omitted) (quoting Rice v. Ashland Cnty., 108

Wis. 189, 192, 84 N.W. 189 (1900)).

¶138 In Kayden Industries, Inc. v. Murphy, 34 Wis. 2d 718,

732, 150 N.W.2d 447 (1967), the court stated:

Where there is no ambiguity in the literal terms of
the provision under consideration there is no room for
judicial construction. . . . The only general
exception to the above rule[] . . . is that the court
may construe a provision whose meaning is clear if a
literal application of the provision would lead to an
absurd or unreasonable result.
Id. (citations omitted).

¶139 In Alberte v. Anew Health Care Services, Inc., 2000 WI

7, ¶10, 232 Wis. 2d 587, 605 N.W.2d 515, the court stated:

While it is true that statutory interpretation
begins with the language of the statute, it is also
well established that courts must not look at a
single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence,
but at the role of the relevant language in the entire
statute. Moreover, courts have "'some "scope for
adopting a restricted rather than a literal or usual
3
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

meaning of its words where acceptance of that
meaning . . . would thwart the obvious purpose of the
statute."'" When a literal interpretation produces
absurd or unreasonable results, or results that are
clearly at odds with the legislature's intent, "[o]ur
task is to give some alternative meaning" to the
words.
Id. (brackets in original) (citations omitted).

¶140 In Teschendorf v. State Farm Insurance Companies, 2006

WI 89, ¶15, 293 Wis. 2d 123, 717 N.W.2d 258, the court stated:

[I]f the meaning of the statute appears to be plain
but that meaning produces absurd results, we may also
consult legislative history. The purpose in this
situation is to verify that the legislature did not
intend these unreasonable or unthinkable results.
Because our purpose in these situations is grounded in
open disbelief of what a statute appears to require,
we are bound to limit our off-statute investigations
to obvious aberrations.
Id. (internal citations and explanatory parentheticals omitted).

The court went on, "The reason to doubt a literal meaning of

[the statute] is that it clashes with related statutes." Id.,

¶24.

¶141 In Gasper v. Parbs, 2001 WI App 259, ¶8, 249

Wis. 2d 106, 637 N.W.2d 399, the court of appeals stated:

[T]he plain language of a statute should not be
construed in a manner that leads to absurd or
unreasonable results. State v. Yellow Freight Sys.,
Inc., 101 Wis. 2d 142, 153, 303 N.W.2d 834 (1981). We
presume that "the legislature intends for a statute to
be interpreted in a manner that advances the purposes
of the statute." Verdoljak v. Mosinee Paper Corp.,
200 Wis. 2d 624, 635, 547 N.W.2d 602 (1996).
Id.

¶142 These principles were undoubtedly applied in
Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 423 N.W.2d 540 (1988),

where the court said: "A court will not ordinarily engage in
4
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

statutory interpretation unless a statute is ambiguous. A

statute may be ambiguous and require judicial construction if

the literal application of the language would lead to an absurd

result." Id. at 165 (citing DeMars v. LaPour, 123 Wis. 2d 366,

370, 366 N.W.2d 891 (1985)). Steinbarth, of course, interpreted

the same statute now before the court.

¶143 Courts try to avoid absurd results, but courts are not

eager to disregard the seemingly clear language of a statute.

This reluctance is salutary because it reflects the deference

and respect of the judiciary for the policy choices of other

branches of government.

¶144 For judges, there is plenty of solid ground between

judicial activism and judicial paralysis. Our precedent

provides guidance on when judges should act and when they should

not.

¶145 Absurd results are much more than undesirable results.

Absurd results are aberrations that clash with the manifest

purpose of a statute or related statutes (evidenced by statutory

language) and cannot be explained as a rational exception to the

statutory scheme. Absurd results are usually unexpected. They

are different from harsh consequences because they are seldom

the fault of an adversely affected party. Instead, they almost

always result from circumstances beyond the party's control.

Absurd results produce hardship or unfairness that is quickly

recognized and cannot be ignored.

5
 No. 2012AP2402.dtp

¶146 This case satisfies these standards, as is documented

in the majority opinion. We ought to act but also implore the

legislature to rewrite the statute.

¶147 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur.

6
 No. 2012AP2402.pdr

¶148 PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK, J. (dissenting). While

the majority opinion reaches an appealing result as it permits

the minor children of Billy Joe Force to maintain a claim for

his wrongful death, I cannot join the opinion. In my view, the

majority opinion's conclusion that the statutory term "surviving

spouse" does not mean a spouse who has survived the death of her

husband because she was estranged from her husband at his death

is not based on statutory construction and will create

considerable mischief in the future. Accordingly, I would

affirm the circuit court, and I respectfully dissent.

I. BACKGROUND

¶149 The underlying facts are not disputed or complicated.

On December 12, 2008, Billy Joe Force died as a result of a

motor vehicle accident. At the time of his death, Billy was

married to Linda Force. However, Billy and Linda had been

separated since 1996, and Billy had not provided any support to

Linda since 1997.

¶150 Billy and Linda had no children of their marriage.

However, at his death, Billy had three minor children, born of

two women, neither of whom he had married. It is these three

children who seek to maintain this wrongful death action against

Jeffrey Brown, the driver of the other vehicle in the accident;

his insurer, American Family Mutual Insurance Company; and

1
 No. 2012AP2402.pdr

Regent Insurance Company, the insurer of Billy's employer, for

whom Billy was driving at the time of the accident.1

¶151 The circuit court granted summary judgment of

dismissal, concluding that: (1) Linda survived Billy; (2) the

children had no independent cause of action under Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2); (3) Linda had no compensable damages; and (4)

because Linda could not recover, no offset was available for the

children. The court of appeals certified the issue of whether

children have an independent claim for relief under § 895.04

when there is a surviving spouse, who has been estranged from

the decedent for more than ten years and could not recover,

thereby precluding any set aside for the children.2 We accepted

certification.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

¶152 We are asked to construe the term "surviving spouse"

in Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2). Statutory interpretation presents a

question of law for our independent review; however, we benefit

from the circuit court's discussion. Spiegelberg v. State, 2006

WI 75, ¶8, 291 Wis. 2d 601, 717 N.W.2d 641. When we construe a

statute, we also consider our past interpretations of that

1
Because Billy was driving for his employer at the time of
the accident, the employer could bring a third party liability
action to recover money the employer may have paid on Billy's
behalf. See Wis. Stat. § 102.29; Adams v. Northland Equipment
Co., 2014 WI 79, ¶4, __ Wis. 2d __, __ N.W.2d __. Section
102.29 claims are mentioned in Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2).
2
Force v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., No. 2012AP2402,
unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. July 3, 2013).

2
 No. 2012AP2402.pdr

statute. Schill v. Wis. Rapids Sch. Dist., 2010 WI 86, ¶49, 327

Wis. 2d 572, 786 N.W.2d 177.

B. Wisconsin Stat. § 895.04(2)

¶153 We are not writing on a clean slate as we interpret

Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) in the case now before us. As the court

of appeals correctly pointed out, our interpretation of Cogger

v. Trudell, 35 Wis. 2d 350, 151 N.W.2d 146 (1967), precludes

recovery for children when there is a surviving spouse who

cannot recover. Courts have followed Cogger with only one

exception since 1967, Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159,

423 N.W.2d 540 (1988).

¶154 In Steinbarth, the husband feloniously and

intentionally killed his wife, whose death was the basis for the

children's wrongful death claim. During our consideration of

the children's claim, we reviewed Wis. Stat. § 852.01(2m) (1985-

86), which precluded one who feloniously and intentionally

killed a decedent from recovering as an heir of the decedent.

Id. at 166. We noted that § 852.01(2m) (1985-86) treated the

killer as having predeceased the decedent.3 Id. We reasoned

that the husband in Steinbarth should be treated consistent with

3
Wisconsin Stat. § 852.01(2m) (1985-86) provided:

Requirement that heir not have intentionally
killed the deceased. (a) If any person who would
otherwise be an heir under sub. (1) has feloniously
and intentionally killed the decedent, the net estate
not disposed of by will passes as if the killer had
predeceased the decedent.

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the statutory directive of § 852.01(2m) (1985-86).4 In order to

do so, we concluded that a husband who feloniously and

intentionally killed his wife will be treated for purposes of a

wrongful death claim as though he had predeceased his wife.

Accordingly, there would be no surviving spouse under Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04 and the children could maintain an action for wrongful

death. Id. at 167.

¶155 In Steinbarth, we distinguished Cogger by noting that

the spouse's death in Cogger was based on negligence and in

Steinbarth, it was based on intent to kill. We also noted a

specific legislative directive about the status of one who kills

his spouse for purposes of claims made relative to the death of

the spouse. Neither distinction is present here. Linda had

nothing to do with Billy's death, and there is no statutory

directive, other than the wrongful death statute, Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04, that applies here.

¶156 If I were writing for the majority, I would affirm the

circuit court and fully describe how unfair the current statute

is to children who have suffered significant damages due to the

wrongful death of a parent, but who have no claim when the

surviving spouse has no recovery. By the 1961 amendments to

Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2), the legislature made an attempt to

independently protect children who suffered a loss because of

4
Wisconsin Stat. § 852.01(2m) was revised subsequent to
Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 423 N.W.2d 540 (1988),
and Wis. Stat. § 854.14 further addresses homicide and rights of
inheritance. The revisions are not relevant to our decision in
Steinbarth or to my dissent.

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the wrongful death of a parent, but more is needed today to

finish what the legislature then began.

¶157 Instead of acknowledging that a claim for wrongful

death is purely statutory and that at common law no such claim

existed, Bowen v. American Family Insurance Co., 2012 WI App 29,

¶10, 340 Wis. 2d 232, 811 N.W.2d 887, the majority opinion

pretends that it is construing Wis. Stat. § 895.04(2) and

creates a new claim.5 It interprets the statutory phrase,

"surviving spouse," as not including Linda, Billy's spouse who

survived him. The majority justifies the result it reaches by

relating that Linda and Billy have been estranged for ten years

and that Linda could not prove wrongful death damages on her own

behalf.6

¶158 While the majority opinion's result is appealing, I

cannot join the majority opinion's interpretation of the Wis.

Stat. § 895.04(2) term "surviving spouse." The methods employed

to interpret § 895.04(2) comport with none of the legal

principles that guide statutory interpretation. See, e.g.,

State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58,

¶¶38-46, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. Saying that

§ 895.04(2) means whatever the majority wants it to mean will

cause confusion and repetitive litigation.

¶159 For example, is an estrangement of five years

sufficient time to cause a spouse who survives the decedent to

no longer be a "surviving spouse" under the majority opinion's

5
Majority op., ¶¶125-26.
6
Majority op., ¶5.

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construction of Wis. Stat. § 893.04(2)? Is two years long

enough, if there has been absolutely no communication between

the spouses? Furthermore, how does the majority opinion line up

with spousal intestate succession under Wis. Stat. ch. 852,

which says nothing about a spouse's rights being limited due to

the husband and wife being separated? See Wis. Stat. § 852.01.

¶160 Claims of the type now before us under Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2) are commonly brought and commonly denied because of

our decision in Cogger.7 We would assist children who attempt to

bring wrongful death claims in the future by pointing out the

unfairness the current statute creates and asking the

legislature to consider revising § 895.04(2), rather than

creating a common law fix for the children in the present case

and leaving all similarly situated children without a claim due

to our interpretation of § 895.04(2) in Cogger.

7
See Bowen v. Am. Family Ins. Co., 2012 WI App 29, 340
Wis. 2d 232, 811 N.W.2d 887 (father was a defendant and could
not recover due to his contributory negligence in the accident
that killed his wife; therefore, children had no claim); Xiong
v. Xiong, 2002 WI App 110, 255 Wis. 2d 693, 648 N.W.2d 900
(father drove vehicle in which mother was passenger who died
after an accident; children had no claim); Anderson v.
Westchester Fire Ins. Co., No. 94-1211-FT, unpublished slip op.
(Wis. Ct. App. Nov. 29, 1994) (concluding that because
stepmother survived the death of child's parent, child had no
claim under Wis. Stat. § 895.04); Maki v. Kahler, No. 83-773,
unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. Mar. 27, 1984) (concluding
that children had no claim based on Cogger). Cogger has been
cited 25 times in cases noted in Westlaw's database and probably
many times that number in circuit court decisions from which no
appeal was taken.

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III. CONCLUSION

¶161 While the majority opinion reaches an appealing result

as it permits the minor children of Billy Joe Force to maintain

a claim for his wrongful death, I cannot join the opinion. In

my view, the majority opinion's conclusion that the statutory

term "surviving spouse" does not mean a spouse who has survived

the death of her husband because she was estranged from her

husband at his death is not based on statutory construction and

will create considerable mischief in the future.

¶162 Accordingly, I would affirm the court of appeals and I

respectfully dissent.

¶163 I am authorized to state that Justices ANNETTE

KINGSLAND ZIEGLER and MICHAEL GABLEMAN join this dissent.

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¶164 ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J. (dissent). I join

Justice Roggensack's dissent, but write separately to clarify

that, had the majority been able to link the Force children's

ability to recover with the language of the statute, and

reconcile that text with our prior case law, see, e.g., Cogger

v. Trudell, 35 Wis. 2d 350, 353, 151 N.W.2d 146 (1967), I would

have joined the majority. The majority was unable, however, to

find a satisfactory, textual way to construe Wis. Stat.

§ 895.04(2) so to allow the Force children to recover in a

wrongful death action. As a result, I am compelled to join

Justice Roggensack's dissent.

¶165 Justice Prosser concludes that the application of the

statutory language produces an "absurd" result. See Justice

Prosser's concurrence, ¶133. An unpalatable result is not the

same as an absurd result. We are to look to the text of the

statute to determine whether relief is afforded to the

litigants. "In construing or interpreting a statute the court

is not at liberty to disregard the plain, clear words of the

statute." State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty.,

2004 WI 58, ¶46, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110 (citation

omitted). It is not the role of the courts to "save" the

legislative branch from the consequences of the laws it passes,

or to create a remedy when the plain language of the statute

does not afford relief.

¶166 As a practical matter, the legislature cannot be

expected to meaningfully reconsider legislation if the court
usurps the role of the legislature in order to create a remedy

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where none otherwise exists. The long and complex history of

the wrongful death statute provides support for the notion that

the legislature should consider revision to provide relief when

it should be due. See majority op., ¶¶69-102 (discussing

Steinbarth v. Johannes, 144 Wis. 2d 159, 423 Wis. 2d 540 (1988);

Hanson v. Valdivia, 51 Wis. 2d 466, 187 N.W.2d 151 (1971);

Cogger, 35 Wis. 2d 350; Bowen v. American Family Ins. Co., 2012

WI App 29, 340 Wis. 2d 232, 811 N.W.2d 887; Xiong v. Xiong, 2002

WI App 110, 255 Wis. 2d 693, 648 N.W.2d 900). The majority's

apparent difficulty in distinguishing these cases provides an

apt illustration of the problem. The court should not avoid the

plain language of a statute in order to prevent unpleasant

results. In my view, legislative action is required.

¶167 For the foregoing reasons, I dissent.

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