FINAL COPY
294 Ga. 589
S13A1904. WARREN v. THE STATE.
THOMPSON, Chief Justice.
Appellant Charles Warren was indicted for violating OCGA § 16-12-81,
with the indictment alleging that he sent an unsolicited text message containing
an image of his genitalia to an adult female without notifying her that the
message contained nudity. Appellant filed a general demurrer, arguing that
OCGA § 16-12-81 does not criminalize his conduct, and three motions to quash
the indictment, raising various constitutional challenges to the statute. The trial
court denied appellant’s demurrer and his motions to quash, and he now appeals.
Appellant is correct that OCGA § 16-12-81 does not criminalize his conduct.
The trial court therefore erred in denying his general demurrer. Because the
indictment must be dismissed for this reason, we need not address appellant’s
constitutional challenges to the statute.
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his general
demurrer to the indictment, because the act alleged in the indictment --- the
sending of a nude image of his genitals from his cell phone to the victim’s cell
phone --- is not prohibited by OCGA § 16-12-81. We agree.
“When analyzing a general demurrer, the question is whether a defendant
can admit to the conduct and still be innocent of the crime.” Dorsey v. State,
279 Ga. 534, 538 (615 SE2d 512) (2005). OCGA § 16-12-81 (a), which was
enacted in 1970, see Ga. L. 1970, p. 173, provides:
(a) A person commits the offense of distributing material
depicting nudity or sexual conduct when he sends unsolicited
through the mail or otherwise unsolicited causes to be delivered
material depicting nudity or sexual conduct to any person or
residence or office unless there is imprinted upon the envelope or
container of such material in not less than eight-point boldface type
the following notice:
“Notice – The material contained herein depicts nudity
or sexual conduct. If the viewing of such material
could be offensive to the addressee, this container
should not be opened but returned to the sender.”1
1
Subsection (b) of OCGA § 16-12-81 says:
(b) As used within this Code section, the term:
(1) “Nudity” means the showing of the human male
or female genitals, pubic area, or buttocks with less
than a full opaque covering or the depiction of covered
male genitals in a discernibly turgid state.
(2) “Sexual conduct” means acts of masturbation,
homosexuality, sodomy, sexual intercourse, or physical
contact with a person’s clothed or unclothed genitals,
pubic area, buttocks, or, if the person is female, breast.
2
To start, we note that OCGA § 16-12-81 is not inapplicable to electronic
text messaging merely because that form of communication did not exist when
OCGA § 16-12-81 was enacted in 1970. See Collins v. Mills, 198 Ga. 18, 22
(30 SE2d 866) (1944) (holding that a “provision of the constitution is to be
construed in the sense in which it was understood by the framers and the people
at the time of its adoption,” but that if new products or circumstances that did
not exist at the time the constitutional provision was enacted fall within the
meaning of the provision, the constitutional provision applies to them). Because
the words of OCGA § 16-12-81 at issue here are not “words of art or words
connected with a particular trade or subject matter,” we look to the ordinary
meaning of those words at the time the General Assembly enacted the statute in
deciding whether the sending of an intangible text message comes within the
scope of the statute. See OCGA § 1-3-1 (b) (“In all interpretations of statutes,
the ordinary signification shall be applied to all words, except words of art or
words connected with a particular trade or subject matter, which shall have the
signification attached to them by experts in such trade or with reference to such
subject matter.”); Collins, 198 Ga. at 22. See also Sandifer v. U. S. Steel Corp.,
U. S. , (134 SCt 870, 187 LE2d 729, 738) (2014) (holding that,
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“‘unless otherwise defined, words will be interpreted as taking their ordinary,
contemporary, common meaning’” at the time Congress enacted a statute and
reviewing dictionaries from the era of the statute’s enactment to assist in
determining its meaning (citation omitted)). Moreover, under the canon of
noscitur a sociis, the words in OCGA § 16-12-81 (a) should be understood in
relation to each other, since “‘[w]ords, like people, are judged by the company
they keep.’” Hill v. Owens, 292 Ga. 380, 383 (738 SE2d 56) (2013).
The statute contains a specific prohibition against sending unsolicited
through the mail material depicting nudity or sexual conduct without the
required notice, followed by a more general prohibition against “otherwise
unsolicited caus[ing] to be delivered material depicting nudity or sexual conduct
to [a] person” without the statutory notice. The specific prohibition is clearly
aimed at tangible material that is delivered in a tangible manner, see Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 1361 (1966) (defining “mail” as “the bags
of letters and the other postal matter conveyed under public authority from one
post office to another”), and because appellant did not send anything through the
mail, he did not violate this prohibition. The question is whether, as the State
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argues, appellant violated the general prohibition.2
Considering the general prohibition in relation to the other words of the
statute, we conclude that the general prohibition is limited in the same manner
as the specific. The notice provision of the statute says that the notice “must be
imprinted on the envelope or container of such material.” “Such material”
clearly refers to the “material depicting nudity or sexual conduct” described in
the specific and general prohibitions of the statute. Thus, the statute
contemplates that the “material” that is the subject of both prohibitions has an
envelope or container that can have the notice imprinted on it. At the time
OCGA § 16-12-81 was enacted, an “envelope” was defined as “something that
envelopes: wrapper, container, receptacle” and as “a flat flexible usu[ally] paper
2
The canon of ejusdem generis is unhelpful in this case. Under it, when
a statute lists “by name several particular things, and concludes with a general
term of enlargement, this latter term is to be construed as being ejusdem generis
(i.e., of the same kind or class) with the things specifically named, unless, of
course, there is something to show that a wider sense was intended.” Center for
a Sustainable Coast v. Coastal Marshlands Protection Comm., 284 Ga. 736,
737-738 (670 SE2d 429) (2008) (citations and punctuation omitted). Here,
however, because there is only one specific prohibition, followed by a general
prohibition, and not “a list of specific items separated by commas and followed
by a general or collective term,” the canon is inapplicable. See Ali v. Fed.
Bureau of Prisons, 552 U. S. 214, 224-225 (128 SCt 831, 169 LE2d 680)
(2008).
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container in many sizes and constructions made by die cutting and gluing with
an overlapped back seam and with bottom and closure flaps both adhering to the
back portion,” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 759 (1966), and
a “container” was defined as “one that contains: as . . . a receptacle (as a box or
jar) or a formed or flexible covering for the packing or shipment of articles,
goods, or commodities.” Id. at 491. In addition, “imprint” meant “to mark by
pressure (as a figure on an object or as the object itself with the figure).” Id. at
1137. Given their ordinary meaning, these words indicate that the general
prohibition of OCGA § 16-12-81, like the specific prohibition, addresses
tangible material that has a tangible envelope or container on which the required
notice can be imprinted.3 This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the
imprinted notice on the envelope or container must be in “eight-point boldface
type” and must say that the “container” should be “returned” to the sender if the
addressee does not want to “open” it. We thus conclude that the general
prohibition of the statute does not apply to the text message that appellant sent
3
We note that the parties stipulated that “[a]n electronic text message does
not have an envelope or an ‘outside container’ within the meaning of OCGA §
16-12-81.”
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in this case. The trial court therefore erred in denying appellant’s general
demurrer to the indictment.4
Finally, to the extent that it can be argued that after applying the
traditional canons of statutory construction, it is unclear whether the statute
applies to appellant’s conduct, the rule of lenity would require us to give him the
benefit of the doubt. See Harris v. State, 286 Ga. 245, 253 (686 SE2d 777)
(2009).
Judgment reversed. Hines, P. J., Benham, Hunstein, Nahmias, Blackwell,
JJ., and Judge Elizabeth L. Branch concur. Melton, J., not participating.
4
Hawkins v. State, 290 Ga. 785, 786 (723 SE2d 924) (2012), is distinguishable. There, we
held that, for purposes of a search incident to arrest, “a cell phone is ‘roughly analogous’ . . . to a
traditional container that can be opened to search for tangible objects of evidence,” in that, under
certain circumstances, there can be probable cause to believe that the object of a search can be found
inside a cell phone, as with a traditional container. See id. at 787. Here, however, we are not dealing
with the rationale of searches incident to arrest but with the language of OCGA § 16-12-81, and the
analogy of Hawkins is inapplicable.
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Decided February 24, 2014.
OCGA § 16-12-81. Cherokee Superior Court. Before Judge Cannon.
Bowers & Roch, Thomas J. Bowers III, Donald R. Roch II, for appellant.
Shannon G. Wallace, District Attorney, Cliff Head, Patricia G. Hull,
Assistant District Attorneys, Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, Nels S. D.
Peterson, Solicitor-General, for appellee.
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