IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1144
Filed July 30, 2014
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, John D. Telleen,
Judge.
Defendant appeals his convictions for involuntary manslaughter and
intimidation with a dangerous weapon. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Darrel Mullins, Assistant Attorney
General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Jerald Feuerbach and Amy K.
Devine, Assistant County Attorneys, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
2
DANILSON, C.J.
Robert Williams appeals his convictions for involuntary manslaughter,
pursuant to Iowa Code section 707.5(1) (2011), and intimidation with a
dangerous weapons with intent, pursuant to section 708.6. On appeal, Williams
maintains the district court erred when overruling his objection to a felony-murder
element within the murder-in-the-first-degree instruction, as well as an aiding-
and-abetting instruction. Additionally, he maintains there was insufficient
evidence to support the guilty verdicts and the verdict was contrary to the weight
of the evidence. Finally, he maintains he received ineffective assistance from
trial counsel. We find any error in the felony-murder instruction was harmless as
Williams was convicted of a lesser offense. Williams’ claim regarding the aiding-
and-abetting instruction is without merit. We also find substantial evidence
supports both of Williams’ convictions and the district court did not abuse its
discretion in denying his motion for new trial. We preserve Williams’ claim of
ineffective assistance for possible future postconviction-relief proceedings and
affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On November 14, 2012, Williams was charged with murder in the first
degree, pursuant to Iowa Code section 707.1 and 702, as well as intimidation
with a dangerous weapon, pursuant to section 708.6. The charges arose after
two groups of men clashed in the Col Ballroom in Davenport. Minutes later
outside of the ballroom, shots were fired, which injured three individuals, one
fatally.
3
The matter was tried before a jury beginning on May 20, 2013. The jury
first heard testimony from Marcia Sharkey that her son, Michael Williams,1 died
as a result of a gunshot wound sustained on the evening of May 7, 2011. She
also testified that she knew Michael was a suspect in the drive-by shooting of
Tresvour Robertson’s mother at the time of Michael’s death.
The jury next heard testimony from the State’s witness, Cazmiere Graves.
Graves was also charged with the murder of Michael but ultimately agreed to
plead guilty to intimidation with a dangerous weapon and cooperate with law
enforcement. On the day in question, Graves picked up Williams, Tresvour
Robertson, and Marcus Hampton, and proceeded to go shopping. After buying
new clothes, Graves testified they dropped Williams off and the other three went
to a Davenport hotel to get ready for a concert. After changing clothes, the three
males picked up Williams again and went to a concert at the Col Ballroom in
Davenport.
At the concert, a fight broke out among a large number of people. Graves
testified he was not involved in the altercation but he saw both Robertson and
Hampton in the fight and saw that Hampton was “on the ground getting kicked
and punched” by Michael and his friends. While the altercation was still
occurring, Graves ran out and got into the white Jeep Cherokee the group had
arrived in. Trell Everett, Robertson, and Williams also exited the event and got
into the vehicle. According to Graves, he was driving with Williams in the front
passenger seat and Everett and Robertson in the backseat. Graves drove the
1
The decedent will be referred to as Michael throughout the rest of the opinion to
minimize confusion since the decedent and the defendant have the same last name.
4
Jeep around the block looking for Hampton and pulled into a parking lot where he
had to stop behind other stopped vehicles. People surrounded the vehicle,
including those who had been involved in the fight inside. Graves observed
Williams reach under the passenger seat, retrieve a silver handgun, and then
lean across him and fire several shots outside of the driver-side window. He did
not see if anyone was hit by the bullets at the time, and Williams stated he hoped
no one got hit.
Graves then drove the vehicle to a home on Locust Street and placed the
silver handgun in the grill. A second gun, a “long gun,” was retrieved from under
the backseat of the Jeep and also left at the home. After discarding the guns, the
four males parked the truck and left on foot. Graves testified he later received a
text message from Williams2 he understood to mean “not to say nothing because
they said somebody got hit” and that Graves agreed not to talk.
Graves was unaware Robertson’s mother had been the victim of a drive-
by shooting a few weeks before the incident even though he and Robertson hung
out every day. He admitted he had previously told officers that Williams fired the
shots through the driver-side window in the backseat and that he had made false
statements to the police during prior interviews because he did not want to tell
them the truth. Although Graves first said he did not see Williams place the
handgun in the Jeep, when read back a prior deposition statement that he had
seen the silver handgun earlier in the day, Graves admitted he had seen the gun
before the shooting incident and that he had lied about it when asked earlier at
trial.
2
Phone records show the text from Williams stated, “B smart.”
5
Lakeysha Howard arrived at the parking lot at approximately the same
time as the shooting occurred. She saw Graves drive the white vehicle into the
parking lot and then heard eight to ten shots fired. She saw Michael was hit and
bleeding. Howard testified Benrecka Rogers was also with her at this time and
Rogers expressed she thought Robertson may have been the shooter. Howard
thought there were three people total in the vehicle but could only identify
Graves.
Benrecka Rogers also testified at trial. She recalled a white vehicle, which
she believed to be a Lincoln, drive up in the parking lot with Graves, wearing a
baseball cap, driving the vehicle. She stated Robertson was in the front
passenger seat and Hampton and Everett were in the backseat of the vehicle.
She believed Robertson was the shooter and shot seven shots outside the front
driver-side window by reaching from the passenger side seat. Rogers admitted
she originally told police officers the driver was wearing a baseball cap but could
not identify Graves as the driver. She also stated she did not know Williams at
the time of her interview with the police and would not have been able to identify
him by name to police. When asked, “Is the truth that you really don’t remember
what you saw that night,” Rogers answered affirmatively.
According to Hampton, he had shopped with some of the guys earlier in
the day and then had gone to the concert with them later that night. He was only
in the concert for approximately five minutes before the fight started, and he “got
jumped.” Once he was able to get away, Hampton ran for a side exit door and
exited to an outside patio with a tall fence topped with barbed wire. He traversed
the fence, but there was a second fence he could not get over, so he remained in
6
that location until after the shooting when a police officer assisted him from his
predicament. Hampton acknowledged he was currently incarcerated for
possession of a firearm in an unrelated event. Hampton, who is Robertson’s
cousin, also contended he was not aware Robertson’s mother had been the
victim of a drive-by shooting before the incident at the concert. Hampton denied
he had been in the Jeep at the time of the shooting.
Like Graves, Robertson was charged with murder but accepted a similar
plea agreement. Robertson explained there had been verbal fights and
described how things were “going back and forth” between his group of friends
and the group of Michael and his friends leading up to the incident on May 7,
2011. Robertson admitted he was in the fight that broke out in the Col Ballroom.
He exited the concert area when a security guard pulled a man off of him. As he
exited, he saw Graves and Williams were already in the white Jeep, with Graves
in the driver seat and Williams in the passenger seat. He and Everett sat in the
backseat. He explained Graves drove around the block looking for Hampton and
pulled into a parking lot, where he stopped. Michael walked up to the car window
with other individuals who had been fighting in the concert area. Michael
“grabbed in” the window, and Robertson saw Williams lean forward across
Graves and then heard gunshots.
Robertson said Graves drove the car to a third party’s house, at Everett’s
suggestion, and left the “silver and chrome 9 mm” and the second gun that had
not been discharged. Robertson admitted he and Everett disposed of the gun
used in the shooting in the river the next day. Robertson recalled that he was
wearing a blue and white striped polo on the evening in question and Williams
7
was wearing a white hat. Robertson also recalled that Graves was in possession
of the 9 mm gun “the whole day” on May 7, 2011, and he, Graves, and Hampton
had driven to a friend’s house to pick up the second gun before the concert.
Prior to the Col Ballroom incident, Robertson’s mother had been shot at while
driving his rental car. As a result, Robertson was angry and, believing Michael
was responsible, had told people he was going to kill Michael. However,
Robertson had seen Michael several times since the drive-by.
Charles Bateman, Michael’s brother, was also a witness to the shooting.
He had been part of the fight inside of the concert and exited with his brother. He
saw the white vehicle pull up and heard three or four shots after it stopped. He
saw Graves driving the vehicle and saw the person in the passenger seat
wearing a white hat reach for something under the seat before hearing the shots.
Bateman admitted he had originally told police the four men in the vehicle were
Graves, Everett, Robertson, and Hampton—not Williams. He also had heard
Robertson make threats that he was going to kill Michael.
The criminologist from the Iowa Department of Criminal Investigations
(DCI) testified he was able to study the seven cartridge casings the police
retrieved from outside the Col Ballroom and that each was fired from the same
firearm.
At the conclusion of the trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts for the lesser-
included offense of involuntary manslaughter by committing a public offense and
intimidation with a dangerous weapon with intent to injure or provoke fear.
Williams was sentenced to a term of incarceration not to exceed five years on
8
count I and for a term of incarceration not to exceed ten years for count II. The
sentences were ordered to run concurrently. Williams appeals.
II. Standard of Review.
We review challenges to jury instructions for corrections of errors at law.
State v. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549, 553 (Iowa 2006). To the extent that error is
based on constitutional grounds, our review is de novo. Id.
We review challenges to the sufficiency of evidence for errors at law.
State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2012). We review the evidence “in
the light most favorable to the State, including all reasonable inferences that may
be deduced from” it to determine whether the finding of guilt is supported by
substantial evidence and should be upheld. Id. Evidence is substantial if it
would convince a rational fact-finder of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. Id.
The district court has broad discretion when ruling on motions for a new
trial in which the defendant alleges the verdict is contrary to the weight of the
evidence, and we review its decision for an abuse of that discretion. State v.
Nitcher, 720 N.W.2d 547, 559 (Iowa 2006). The weight-of-the-evidence standard
differs from the sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard in that the district court does
not view the evidence from a standpoint most favorable to the government. State
v. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d 116, 134 (Iowa 2004). Rather, the court weighs the
evidence and considers the credibility of the witnesses. Id. While it has the
discretion to grant a new trial where a verdict rendered by the jury is contrary to
law or evidence, the court should do so only “carefully or sparingly.” Id. In our
review, we limit ourselves to the question of whether the trial court abused its
9
discretion; we do not consider the underlying question of whether the verdict is
against the weight of the evidence. State v. Reeves, 670 N.W.2d 199, 203 (Iowa
2003).
Finally, a defendant may raise an ineffective-assistance claim on direct
appeal if he has reasonable grounds to believe the record is adequate for us to
address the claim on direct appeal. State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa
2006). If we determine the record is adequate, we may decide the claim. Id. We
review claims for ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. Id.
III. Discussion.
A. Felony-Murder Instruction.
Williams maintains the district court erred by overruling his objection to the
inclusion of a jury instruction for murder in the first degree that contained a
felony-murder provision.3 He argues that, under Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 553,
3
The instruction provided to the jury stated:
The State must prove all of the following elements of Murder In The First
Degree under Count 1:
1. On or about the 7th of May, 2011, the defendant shot Michael
Williams.
2. Michael Williams died as a result of being shot.
3. The defendant acted with malice aforethought.
4. The defendant acted either:
a. willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with a specific
intent to kill Michael Williams, or,
b. while participating in the forcible felony, Intimidation with
a Dangerous Weapon with Intent as described in
Instruction No. 47, or
c. while participating in the forcible felony of Intimidation
with a Dangerous Weapon as described in Instruction No.
49.
If the State has proved all of the elements, the defendant, Robert
Williams, is guilty of Murder In The First Degree under Count 1. If the
State has failed to prove any one of the elements, the defendant, Robert
Williams, is not guilty of Murder In The First Degree under Count 1 and
you will then consider the lesser-included offense of Murder in the
Second Degree under Count 1 explained in Instruction No. 30.
10
intimidation with a dangerous weapon is not a separate and distinct offense from
that of murder in the first degree, and thus it cannot serve as the predicate felony
for felony-murder purposes.
Williams was not convicted of murder in the first degree. Any error in
submission of a charge to a jury is harmless where the defendant is acquitted of
that charge, unless the defendant can show the error infected the remaining
counts. State v. Rodriguez, 636 N.W.2d 234, 239 n.1 (Iowa 2001). Here,
Williams asserts the felony-murder instruction infected the other charges by its
“inferential tendency to suggest that Mr. Williams was the shooter.”
Without deciding whether intimidation with a dangerous weapon can serve
as the predicate for felony-murder under these facts, we find the submission of
the instruction to the jury was harmless. Upon our review of the record, there
does not appear to be any evidence that was received on the felony-murder
charge that was inadmissible as to the involuntary manslaughter charge, nor
does Williams contend otherwise. See State v. Sharpe, 304 N.W.2d 220, 224
(Iowa 1981). Furthermore, “over-instructing” is generally not considered
reversible error. Id. at 225 (“[E]rror in instructions to a greater offense or higher
degree of the crime is generally considered to be harmless where accused is
convicted of a lesser offense or lower degree.” (quoting 75 Am. Jur. 2d Trial §
876, at 755 (1974)). Without more, we cannot say the inclusion of the felony-
murder provision infected the other charges against Williams. The marshalling
instruction for the offense of murder in the first degree simply sets out standard
elements without any implication of Williams’ guilt to any of the elements. Thus,
the district court did not err in overruling Williams’ objection.
11
B. Aiding-and-Abetting Instruction.
Williams also maintains the district court erred by overruling his objection
to the aiding-and-abetting instruction.4 He asserts that the State presented some
evidence Williams was the shooter but did not present any evidence he aided or
abetted another in the shooting, and thus the instruction should not have been
given to the jury.
The State suggests that Williams did not offer any authority to support his
position and we should consider the issue waived. See Iowa R. App. P.
6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in support of an issue may be deemed a
waiver of that issue.”); see also Hyler v. Garner, 548 N.W.2d 864, 876 (Iowa
1996) (“[W]e will not speculate on the arguments [appellant] might have made
and then search for legal authority and comb the record for facts to support such
arguments.”). We agree there is scant argument or authority cited.
4
The aiding-and-abetting instruction provided to the jury states:
All persons involved in the commission of a crime, whether they
directly commit the crime or knowingly “aid and abet” its commission,
shall be treated in the same way.
“Aid and abet” means to knowingly approve and agree to the
commission of a crime, either by active participation in it or by knowingly
advising or encouraging the act in some way before or when it is
committed. Conduct following the crime may be considered only as it
may tend to prove the defendant’s earlier participation. Mere nearness
to, or presence at, the scene of the crime, without more evidence, is not
“aiding and abetting.” Likewise, mere knowledge of the crime is not
enough to prove “aiding and abetting.”
The guilt of a person who knowingly aids and abets the
commission of a crime must be determined only on the facts which show
the part he has in it, and does not depend upon the degree of another
person’s guilt.
If you find the State has proved the defendant directly committed
the crime, or knowingly “aided and abetted” other persons in the
commission of the crime, then the defendant is guilty of the crime
charged.
12
The gist of Williams’ contention is that the case hinged upon him being the
principal rather than an aider and abettor and there is no evidence he aided and
abetted the shooter other than through accomplice testimony. Williams only
relies upon State v. Martin, 569 N.W.2d 482, 485 (Iowa 1997), for the principle
that “the validity of a verdict based on facts legally supporting one theory for
conviction of a defendant does not negate the possibility of a wrongful conviction
of a defendant under a theory containing legal error.”
We will be equally brief. “The trial court has the duty to instruct the jury as
to the law on all material issues supported by the evidence.” Iowa R. Crim.
P. 2.19(5)(f); Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.924. “Jury instructions are designed to explain the
applicable law to the jurors so the law may be applied to the facts proven at trial.”
State v. Bennett, 503 N.W.2d 42, 45 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). There was much
conflicting testimony. There was some testimony by two individuals, who were
not accomplices, that Robertson may have shot the handgun. There was also
testimony that Williams had hid the handgun under the passenger seat. There
was also evidence Williams arrived with Robertson, was in the same scuffle, was
present at the time of the shooting, and left the scene with Robertson. There
was animosity between the two groups of individuals. A material issue existed
whether Williams was the shooter or aided or abetted Robertson, who had a
motive due to an earlier shooting at Robertson’s vehicle being driven by his
mother. We find no abuse of discretion. See State v. Countryman, 572 N.W.2d
553, 561 (Iowa 1997) (appropriateness of jury instructions is reviewed for abuse
of discretion).
13
C. Sufficiency of Evidence.
Williams maintains the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to
support either of his convictions and the court erred in denying his motion for a
judgment of acquittal. He claims the only evidence presented that he was the
shooter, or that he aided and abetted the shooter, was testimony from witnesses
who lacked credibility.5
When considering whether substantial evidence supports a conviction, we
consider all evidence, not merely the evidence supporting the verdict. State v.
McFarland, 598 N.W.2d 318, 320 (Iowa 1999). “Direct and circumstantial
evidence are equally probative, so long as the evidence raises a fair inference of
guilt and does more than create speculation, suspicion, or conjecture.” State v.
Hoeck, 547 N.W.2d 852, 859 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). It is the task of the jury to
resolve questions of fact and assess the credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills,
458 N.W.2d 395, 397 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990). A fact finder is not required to
accept a defendant’s version of the facts. Id. “Inherent in our standard of review
of jury verdicts in criminal cases is the recognition that the jury was free to reject
certain evidence, and credit other evidence.” Nitcher, 720 N.W.2d at 556.
When reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a
jury could reasonably conclude Williams was the shooter. At trial, Graves
5
In this case, to support the conviction of involuntary manslaughter by committing public
offense, the State had the burden to prove Williams, as the principal actor or as the aider
and abettor of another, recklessly committed assault and, in doing so, unintentionally
caused the death of Michael Williams. Similarly, in order to support the conviction of
intimidation with a dangerous weapon with the intent to injure or provoke fear, the State
had the burden to prove Williams, as the principal actor or as the aider and abettor of
another, shot or discharged a dangerous weapon at or into an assembly of people, the
gun was a dangerous weapon, and at least one person actually experienced fear of
serious injury and their fears were reasonable under existing circumstances.
14
testified he was driving the Jeep at the time of the shooting. He further testified
that Williams was in the passenger seat at the time, that Williams grabbed a gun
from under the car seat, and that he shot it out the driver’s side window several
times. Similarly, Robertson also testified that he was in the Jeep at the time of
the shooting. As Graves did, Robertson testified Graves was driving and
Williams was sitting in the passenger seat at the time of the shooting. Robertson
testified he saw Michael Williams run up to the car window on the driver’s side
and Robertson ducked because he feared Michael had a gun. He then heard
shots and saw Williams leaning over Graves in the driver seat before Michael fell.
Robertson testified Williams was wearing a white hat. Charles Bateman, the
victim’s brother, corroborated Robertson’s testimony insofar as he testified he
saw Graves driving the Jeep and, although he could not identify the person in the
passenger seat, he saw the person, who was wearing a white hat at the time,
reach for something under the seat. He then heard several gunshots.
Additionally, the State presented evidence of a text message from Williams to
Graves approximately thirty-six hours after the shooting occurred telling him to
“B smart.” Graves responded some time later with a text message, asking
Williams, “WATU mean” and another one stating, “Yeah, but I ain’t heard shit
else and you know my grandpa a bail bondsman he said they don’t have any
witnesses.”
“A jury is free to believe or disbelieve any testimony as it chooses and to
give as much weight to the evidence as, in its judgment, such evidence should
receive.” Id. We acknowledge that the testimony of Graves and Robertson was
accomplice testimony and corroboration by other evidence was necessary. See
15
Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.21(3) (“A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an
accomplice or a solicited person, unless corroborated by other evidence which
shall tend to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense . . . .”).
However, “[w]e have determined a small amount of corroborative evidence is all
that is required.” State v. Shortridge, 589 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).
The corroborative evidence need not confirm every material fact testified to by
the accomplice. State v. Jones, 511 N.W.2d 400, 404 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). The
existence of corroborative evidence is a question of law for the court, but its
sufficiency is a question of fact for the jury. State v. Doss, 355 N.W.2d 874, 880
(Iowa 1984). Furthermore, insofar as Williams attacks the credibility of Graves
and Robertson as accomplices who testified against him in exchange for plea
bargains, the jury was informed of the terms of the agreement and was free to
decide what weight to give both Graves’ and Robertson’s testimony. “When the
testimony is disputed or if undisputed, when different inferences may be drawn
from it, the question is one of fact for the jury.” State v. Martin, 274 N.W.2d 348,
349 (Iowa 1979).
Based on our review of the evidence in the record, we conclude the district
court properly denied Williams’ motion for judgment of acquittal because
substantial evidence supports both of his convictions.
D. Weight of the Evidence.
Williams asserts the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion
for new trial. In support of his contention, Williams challenges the credibility of
the State’s witnesses and maintains the greater amount of credible evidence
does not support that he was the shooter or that he aided and abetted the
16
shooter. He emphasizes the inconsistencies in the testimony and other
statements made by Graves and Robertson, the only two witnesses to testify
they knew it was Williams in the passenger seat of the Jeep at the time of the
shooting. He also attempts to raise doubts about Hampton’s testimony that he
was not in the vehicle at the time of the shooting.
The district court is not to disturb the jury’s verdict “against any mere
doubt of its correctness.” Reeves, 670 N.W.2d at 203. Our review of the record
indicates the district court did not abuse its discretion by determining the greater
weight of the evidence supports the jury verdict. There are some inconsistencies
between the statements Graves and Robertson made to the police and their
testimony at Williams’ trial. However, both admitted they had previously been
less than forthcoming with police early in the investigation, and at no point did
either identify someone other than Williams as the shooter. Additionally,
although Benrecka Rogers testified it was Robertson in the front passenger seat,
she also testified Hampton was in the vehicle at the time, and credible testimony
shows Hampton did not exit the concert with the other males and was in an
enclosed area connected to the Col Ballroom during the shooting.
“[W]hen the evidence is nearly balanced, or is such that different minds
would naturally and fairly come to difference conclusions thereon, [the trial court]
has no right to disturb the findings of the jury . . . .” Id. Trial courts are to grant
motions for new trial only “carefully and sparingly” so as not to “lessen the role of
the jury as the principal trier of the facts.” Ellis, 578 N.W.2d at 659. Here, we
find the district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Williams’ motion for
new trial.
17
E. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Williams maintains trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury
instruction regarding specific intent in the aiding-and-abetting instruction. He
asserts that counsel had a duty to request the additional language in the aiding-
and-abetting instruction, as crimes of specific intent were at issue.6 He maintains
the issue of specific intent is so vital to the defense that its omission is a breach
of duty that results in prejudice. See State v. Goff, 342 N.W.2d 830, 838 (Iowa
1983).
We generally preserve ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims for
postconviction-relief proceedings. State v. Utter, 803 N.W.2d 647, 651 (Iowa
2011).7 “Only in rare cases will the trial record alone be sufficient to resolve the
claim on direct appeal.” State v. Tate, 710 N.W.2d 237, 240 (Iowa 2006). We
prefer to reserve such claims for development of the record and to allow trial
counsel to defend against the charge. Id. If the record is inadequate to address
the claim on direct appeal, we must preserve the claim for a postconviction-relief
proceeding, regardless of the potential viability of the claim. State v. Johnson,
784 N.W.2d 192, 198 (Iowa 2010).
6
The additional paragraph Williams contends should have been included in the aiding-
and-abetting instruction states:
The crime charged requires a specific intent. Therefore, before you can
find the defendant “aided and abetted” the commission of the crime, the
State must prove the defendant either has such specific intent or “aided
and abetted” with the knowledge the others who directly committed the
crime had such specific intent. If the defendant did not have the specific
intent, or knowledge the other had such specific intent, [he] [she] is not
guilty.
7
See also Iowa Code § 814.7(3), which provides, “If an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim is raised on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings, the court may decide the
record is adequate to decide the claim or may choose to preserve the claim for
determination under chapter 822.”
18
Here, the record on this appeal is inadequate to address Williams’ claims,
as we do not know if trial counsel’s failure to request the instruction was a trial
strategy. Williams’ defense was that he was not in the Jeep or even present. If
Williams also argued the lack of specific defense, his defenses would have been
inconsistent. Counsel may have made a strategic decision to forego inconsistent
defenses and concluded denying Williams’ involvement was most likely to be
successful. See State v. Wilkens, 346 N.W.2d 16, 19–20 (Iowa 1984) (holding
counsel was not ineffective for choosing to focus on one defense strategy). We
also do not know if trial counsel conferred with Williams about such a strategy.
See id. at 19 (noting counsel conferred with defendant before focusing on one
theory for defense when finding counsel was not ineffective). Where the defense
strategy is to deny any involvement in the incident, “the individual elements of the
crimes become unimportant.” State v. Fountain, 786 N.W.2d 260, 266–67 (Iowa
2010). In essence, although we conclude the district court’s failure to give the
additional paragraph pertaining to specific intent in the aiding and abetting
instruction was in error,8 whether defense counsel was ineffective for failing to
request the additional paragraph pertaining to specific intent crimes cannot be
determined on this record. We preserve for possible future postconviction-relief
proceedings the issue of whether trial counsel was ineffective. See Johnson,
784 N.W.2d at 198 (holding a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel that
8
Both crimes upon which the defendant was convicted require specific intent. The
marshalling instruction for intimidation with a dangerous weapon with intent required the
State to prove, “The defendant shot or discharged the dangerous weapon with the
specific intent to injure or cause fear or anger in another.” See also Iowa Code § 708.6.
The marshalling instruction for involuntary manslaughter required the State to prove that
“the defendant recklessly committed the crime of assault.” The offense of assault is a
specific intent crime. See Fountain, 786 N.W.2d at 266–67.
19
cannot be addressed on appeal because of an inadequate record must be
preserved for future postconviction-relief proceedings, even if it is raised in a
general or conclusory manner).
IV. Conclusion.
We find the inclusion of the felony-murder instruction was harmless as
Williams was not convicted of murder in the first degree. Williams’ claim
regarding the aiding-and-abetting instruction is without merit. We also find
substantial evidence supports both of Williams’ convictions and the district court
did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion for new trial. We preserve
Williams’ claim of ineffective assistance for possible future postconviction-relief
proceedings and affirm.
AFFIRMED.