FILED BY CLERK
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FEB 22 2012
STATE OF ARIZONA
DIVISION TWO COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, ) 2 CA-CR 2010-0310
) DEPARTMENT A
Appellee, )
) OPINION
v. )
)
JOSE RAYMOND ALVAREZ, )
)
Appellant. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. CR20092296001
Honorable Jane L. Eikleberry, Judge
AFFIRMED
Thomas C. Horne, Arizona Attorney General
By Kent E. Cattani and Diane Leigh Hunt Tucson
Attorneys for Appellee
Isabel G. Garcia, Pima County Legal Defender
By Scott A. Martin Tucson
Attorneys for Appellant
H O W A R D, Chief Judge.
¶1 After a jury trial, appellant Jose Alvarez was convicted of second-degree
burglary and sentenced to five years‟ probation to be served concurrently with a
probationary term in another case. On appeal, Alvarez contends the trial court erred by
excluding third-party culpability evidence or by denying his motion for a mistrial to
formulate a new defense. He also argues the court erred by ordering restitution because
he had been acquitted of the theft charge. For the following reasons, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
¶2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdicts.
State v. Haight-Gyuro, 218 Ariz. 356, ¶ 2, 186 P.3d 33, 34 (App. 2008). Alvarez broke
into M.‟s home through the back door and took items worth $16,661.49. Two water
bottles not belonging to M. were discovered in her kitchen, one of which had Alvarez‟s
DNA1 on it. Alvarez was arrested and charged with burglary and theft by control. The
jury acquitted Alvarez of theft by control, but convicted him of burglary. The court
sentenced him as noted above. This appeal followed.
Third-Party Culpability
¶3 Alvarez argues the trial court erred by excluding third-party culpability
evidence concerning a landscaper, R., with a prior criminal record. He contends the
evidence was relevant to showing the police investigation of R. was “faulty.” We review
the court‟s rulings on the relevance and admissibility of evidence for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Rutledge, 205 Ariz. 7, ¶ 15, 66 P.3d 50, 53 (2003).
¶4 We first review the admissibility of third-party culpability evidence to
determine whether it is relevant under Rules 401 and 402, Ariz. R. Evid. State v. Gibson,
202 Ariz. 321, ¶¶ 12-13, 44 P.3d 1001, 1003 (2002). “[A] defendant may not, in the
guise of a third-party culpability defense, simply „throw strands of speculation on the
1
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
2
wall and see if any of them will stick.‟” State v. Machado, 226 Ariz. 281, n.2, 246 P.3d
632, 635 n.2 (2011), quoting State v. Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, n.11, 230 P.3d 1158, 1172
n.11 (App. 2010). Instead, any such evidence is relevant only if it “tend[s] to create a
reasonable doubt as to the defendant‟s guilt.” Gibson, 202 Ariz. 321, ¶ 16, 44 P.3d at
1004.
¶5 In his opening statement, Alvarez discussed the officers‟ investigation into
R.‟s criminal history, and explained that the victim had noted R.‟s presence at the home.
The state objected to Alvarez‟s mention of R.‟s criminal history, but the trial court denied
the objection. After opening argument, the state renewed its objection to the admission
of evidence regarding R.‟s prior conviction, arguing it was not relevant, but instead
simply showed R.‟s bad character or criminal propensity. Alvarez argued the evidence
was relevant to impeach the police officers about their investigation of the case. The
court ruled that any evidence about R. was not relevant because there was no evidence to
“tie [R.] to the crime” and no evidence that would “tend to create a reasonable doubt as to
[Alvarez‟s] guilt.” The court further held that even if the evidence were relevant the
danger of unfair prejudice and misleading the jury outweighed any probative value.
Alvarez filed a motion for reconsideration and a motion for mistrial the next day, both of
which the court denied.
¶6 Alvarez provides no evidence that R. was involved in the burglary or that
faulty police investigation tended to create any reasonable doubt as to his guilt. And the
fact the police did not investigate R., based on his scheduled presence in the yard, does
3
not in any way explain how a water bottle with Alvarez‟s DNA on it was found in the
victim‟s home following the burglary. Moreover, even had police discovered R.‟s
criminal history, it would not have been relevant due to R.‟s lack of any connection to the
crime. Alvarez did not offer a valid third-party culpability defense and we conclude the
evidence is “no more than „[v]ague grounds of suspicion.‟” State v. Bigger, 227 Ariz.
196, ¶ 43, 254 P.3d 1142, 1155 (App. 2011), quoting State v. Fulminante, 161 Ariz. 237,
252, 778 P.2d 602, 617 (1988) (alteration in Bigger). Thus the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in finding the evidence inadmissible under Rules 401 and 402.2
¶7 Alvarez relies heavily on Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, 230 P.3d 1158. In that
case, the defendant introduced evidence that the third party had threatened the victim, had
an uncontrollable temper, and did not attend a date the night of the murder. Machado,
224 Ariz. 343, ¶ 8, 230 P.3d at 1165. The trial court precluded other third-party
culpability evidence, including that the police had obtained a search warrant related to the
third party. Id. ¶ 9. This court reversed the conviction based on the exclusion of the
third-party culpability evidence. Id. ¶ 1. As to the police evidence, we determined that
officers‟ subjective beliefs are typically inadmissible, but that in that case, some of the
evidence was relevant “contextual information.” Id. ¶ 55. Here, because the record is
2
Because we find the evidence was irrelevant, we need not address Alvarez‟s
argument that the danger of unfair prejudice and misleading the jury did not substantially
outweigh its probative value under Rule 403, Ariz. R. Evid. Moreover, lacking
relevance, its exclusion did not violate Alvarez‟s Due Process right to present a defense
under the United States and Arizona constitutions. See State v. Abdi, 226 Ariz. 361, ¶ 32,
248 P.3d 209, 216 (App. 2011) (right to present defense “subject to evidentiary rules,”
limited to relevant evidence).
4
devoid of any connection between the burglary and R., Alvarez never offered a valid
third-party culpability defense. Any defect in the investigation into R. would not have
provided contextual information regarding the burglary. Therefore, the evidence was
irrelevant and Machado does not dictate a different result.
¶8 Moreover, we conclude that any error in the exclusion of this evidence
would be harmless. State v. Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 588, 858 P.2d 1152, 1191 (1993) (error
in excluding evidence harmless when beyond reasonable doubt it did not affect verdict).
Alvarez‟s and a female‟s DNA were found on separate water bottles left in the victim‟s
house during the time the burglary occurred. The record is devoid of any explanation for
their presence other than that Alvarez and an accomplice committed the burglary. And,
even if R. had been involved in the burglary, that involvement would not exculpate
Alvarez. R. simply could have been another accomplice, who had told Alvarez when the
house would be empty. Therefore, we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the
exclusion of this evidence did not affect the verdict and, if error, was harmless. See
Bible, 175 Ariz. at 588, 858 P.2d at 1191.
¶9 Our dissenting colleague concludes that Alvarez offered a valid third-party
culpability defense. He acknowledges, however that evidence that does nothing more
than raise suspicion against a class of people, e.g., State v. Dann, 205 Ariz. 557, ¶ 36, 74
P.3d 231, 243 (2003), or reveals the bad character or criminal propensities of a person
otherwise unconnected to the crime, e.g., Fulminante, 161 Ariz. at 252, 778 P.2d at 617;
accord Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, n.11, 230 P.3d at 1172 n.11, should be excluded. The
5
evidence here is of that kind. Our colleague also asserts that “if the evidence in question
would suggest a reasonable possibility that a person other than the defendant committed
the crime, it should be admitted.” But Alvarez‟s evidence fails this test. Even if R. in
some way was involved in the burglary, that would not exculpate Alvarez. As noted
above, because R. could have been Alvarez‟s accomplice, the offered evidence does not
suggest that someone other than Alvarez committed the crime.
¶10 Finally, the dissent suggests the DNA evidence in this case was not
dispositive of guilt. We must disagree. Although the dissent suggests several
hypothetical possibilities in which Alvarez‟s DNA could have been left on the water
bottle, there is no factual support for them in the record, nor do they overcome the logical
conclusion drawn from the evidence that Alvarez committed the burglary. Therefore, we
are unpersuaded by the dissent‟s speculation.
¶11 Alvarez further argues the trial court should not have considered the state‟s
objection to the third-party culpability evidence because the state did not object before
trial. Alvarez argues based on Rule 15, Ariz. R. Crim. P., governing disclosures, and
Rule 16.1, Ariz. R. Crim. P., governing pretrial motions, that the state was required to
object at least twenty days before trial. Alvarez acknowledges he cites no criminal cases
on point and instead relies on civil cases and rules of procedure. However, in a criminal
case, “[a] pretrial motion in limine is merely a convenient substitute for evidentiary
objections at trial.” State v. West, 176 Ariz. 432, 442, 862 P.2d 192, 202 (1993),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Rodriguez, 192 Ariz. 58, 64 n.7, 961 P.2d 1006,
6
1012 n.7 (1998). The state may object to a defendant‟s proposed evidence at trial and is
not required to submit a written motion in advance of trial. State v. Cramer, 174 Ariz.
522, 523, 851 P.2d 147, 148 (App. 1992). Finally, a trial court has discretion to hear an
untimely motion. State v. Zimmerman, 166 Ariz. 325, 328, 802 P.2d 1024, 1027 (App.
1990). The court did not err by considering the state‟s objection to Alvarez‟s proposed
evidence.
¶12 Alvarez next argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for a
mistrial and motion for a new trial, because it denied his right to present a defense under
the Due Process Clauses of the United States and Arizona constitutions. He notes that his
entire defense strategy was based on his third-party culpability defense, which was
precluded, and he did not have a chance to investigate and prepare any alternate theory of
defense. We review for an abuse of discretion a court‟s denial of a motion for mistrial.
State v. Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, ¶ 124, 94 P.3d 1119, 1151 (2004). “A declaration of a
mistrial, however, is „the most dramatic remedy for trial error and should be granted only
when it appears that justice will be thwarted unless the jury is discharged and a new trial
granted.‟” State v. Dann, 205 Ariz. 557, ¶ 43, 74 P.3d 231, 244 (2003), quoting State v.
Adamson, 136 Ariz. 250, 262, 665 P.2d 972, 984 (1983).
¶13 Alvarez may have been left with insufficient time to develop another
defense strategy. But he has identified no other viable strategy he could have developed
in view of his DNA having been found on the water bottle inside the house. Accordingly,
7
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not finding that justice would be thwarted
absent a mistrial. See Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, ¶ 124, 94 P.3d at 1151.
¶14 Alvarez relies on State v. Petrak, 198 Ariz. 260, ¶¶ 28-29, 8 P.3d 1174,
1182 (App. 2000), in which this court determined a duplicitous indictment “inadequately
defined the charge, fail[ing] to notify [the defendant] of what evidence would be
presented against him.” However, Alvarez makes no claim that he was unaware of the
charges against him, none of which changed during trial. The state is not required to
provide notice of how it “intends to proceed or to elect theories in advance” of trial.
West, 176 Ariz. at 443, 862 P.2d at 203. Indeed, the evidence excluded by the trial court
was irrelevant to Alvarez‟s guilt. Therefore, the court did not err by denying Alvarez‟s
motions for a mistrial and a new trial, because Alvarez still had the opportunity to prepare
and present his defense to the charges.
Restitution
¶15 Alvarez lastly contends the trial court erred by ordering him to pay
restitution because it improperly considered the victim‟s emotional loss and because any
losses arose from theft, of which Alvarez was acquitted, rather than burglary. “[W]e
view the evidence bearing on a restitution claim in the light most favorable to sustaining
the court‟s order.” State v. Lewis, 222 Ariz. 321, ¶ 5, 214 P.3d 409, 412 (App. 2009).
¶16 To preserve an argument for review, the defendant must make sufficient
argument to allow the trial court to rule on the issue. State v. Fulminante, 193 Ariz. 485,
¶ 64, 975 P.2d 75, 93 (1999) (“objection is sufficiently made if it provides the judge with
8
an opportunity to provide a remedy”). “And an objection on one ground does not
preserve the issue [for appeal] on another ground.” State v. Lopez, 217 Ariz. 433, ¶ 4,
175 P.3d 682, 683 (App. 2008). At sentencing Alvarez‟s counsel stated: “As to the
restitution, I thought that it might be a good idea to have a restitution hearing, because we
did have that split verdict. He was convicted of the burglary but not the theft by control.
And I would like the opportunity to make some arguments as to that.” But Alvarez did
not object when the trial court imposed restitution. Nor did he object based on the court‟s
having considered the victim‟s emotional loss nor argue sufficiently that the losses
flowed only from the theft rather than the burglary. See Fulminante, 193 Ariz. 485, ¶ 64,
975 P.2d at 93. Alvarez therefore has forfeited the right to seek relief for all but
fundamental, prejudicial error.3 See State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶¶ 19-20, 115
P.3d 601, 607 (2005) (failure to object to alleged error in trial court results in forfeiture of
review for all but fundamental error).
¶17 Alvarez argues the imposition of restitution is fundamental error. “[T]he
imposition of an illegal sentence constitutes fundamental error.” State v. Lewandowski,
220 Ariz. 531, ¶ 4, 207 P.3d 784, 786 (App. 2009). However, although the trial court
noted the victim‟s emotional loss, the amount of restitution imposed was the exact
amount of economic loss the victim reported. Therefore, the court did not increase the
3
Alvarez cites no authority nor do we find any supporting the proposition that he
“should be excused” from objecting to the restitution order “because []he was surprised at
the imposition of restitution.” Instead we will follow the Arizona Rules of Evidence and
Arizona cases requiring a timely and specific objection to any error. See Ariz. R. Evid.
103(a)(1); Lopez, 217 Ariz. 433, ¶ 4, 175 P.3d at 683.
9
award based on the victim‟s emotional loss and did not err, much less err fundamentally,
by imposing a restitution order in the amount of the victim‟s loss. See Town of Gilbert
Prosecutor’s Office v. Downie, 218 Ariz. 466, ¶ 14, 189 P.3d 393, 396 (2008) (restitution
limited to “amount necessary to recompense direct losses”).
¶18 Alvarez also contends the victim‟s damages “did not flow directly” from
the burglary, but from the subsequent theft. The state must prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that except for the criminal conduct the victim would not have incurred the
economic loss and that the conduct directly caused the loss. Lewis, 222 Ariz. 321, ¶ 7,
214 P.3d at 412. A defendant‟s acquittal on one offense “does not necessarily absolve
him of liability for restitution” so long as the facts underlying the conviction directly
caused the loss. Id. ¶ 9.
¶19 Viewing the evidence “in the light most favorable to upholding the
restitution award,” id. ¶ 15, Alvarez broke into the victim‟s home for the purpose of
committing a theft and took her jewelry, leaving behind his water bottle. A
preponderance of the evidence supports that the victim would not have incurred the
economic loss of property without the facts underlying Alvarez‟s burglary conviction and
the facts support the causal nexus between Alvarez‟s conduct and the victim‟s economic
loss. See id. ¶¶ 7, 11.
¶20 Alvarez relies on State v. Whitney, 151 Ariz. 113, 726 P.2d 210 (App.
1985) for the proposition that a defendant‟s conduct in stealing a car was too attenuated
from conduct of later colliding with another vehicle. However, in Whitney, the court
10
addressed the question of whether the driver of the second vehicle was a victim of the
original crime, rather than whether a defendant‟s actions caused loss to a victim. 151
Ariz. at 114, 726 P.2d at 211. Alvarez also relies on State ex rel. McDougall v. Superior
Court, 186 Ariz. 218, 220, 920 P.2d 784, 786 (App. 1996), in which the defendant
committed civil traffic offenses in causing an accident, but then criminally left the scene
of an injury accident. We held that because the defendant‟s criminal conduct did not
cause the economic losses from the accident, he was not required to pay restitution.
McDougall, 186 Ariz. at 220, 920 P.2d at 786. Because Alvarez‟s criminal conduct
caused the victim‟s economic loss, the trial court did not err fundamentally or otherwise
in ordering restitution.
Conclusion
¶21 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Alvarez‟s conviction and sentence.
/s/ Joseph W. Howard
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Chief Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ J. William Brammer, Jr.
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge
E C K E R S T R O M, Presiding Judge, dissenting.
11
¶22 This case requires us to grapple with the distinction between admissible
third-party culpability evidence that “„tend[s] to create a reasonable doubt as to the
defendant‟s guilt,‟” Machado, 226 Ariz. 281, ¶ 24, 246 P.3d at 636, quoting Gibson, 202
Ariz. 321, ¶ 16, 44 P.3d at 1004 (alteration in Machado), and evidence representing mere
“„speculation‟” that is properly excluded under the Arizona Rules of Evidence. Id. n.2,
quoting Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, n.11, 230 P.3d at 1172 n.11. In the present case,
because I find the relevance and probative value of the proffered evidence to be apparent,
I respectfully dissent from my colleagues‟ view that the trial court properly excluded
Alvarez‟s third-party evidence in the midst of his trial.
¶23 Our supreme court recently reaffirmed that the admission of third-party
culpability evidence is governed by Rules 401, 402, and 403, Ariz. R. Evid. Machado,
226 Ariz. 281, ¶ 16, 246 P.3d at 635. Under Rule 401, “the threshold for relevance is a
low one,” State v. Roque, 213 Ariz. 193, ¶ 109, 141 P.3d 368, 396 (2006), and Rules 402
and 403 create a presumption in favor of admitting relevant evidence. We cannot
overlook that it is a jury‟s function to draw inferences from the evidence and determine
its weight. State v. Godsoe, 107 Ariz. 367, 370, 489 P.2d 4, 7 (1971); State v. McGriff, 7
Ariz. App. 498, 501, 441 P.2d 264, 267 (1968). Thus, when a third-party defense is
offered, it is primarily the jury‟s role to assess whether the evidence creates a reasonable
doubt as to the defendant‟s guilt. Although trial courts play a somewhat overlapping role
12
in evaluating the admissibility of this evidence,4 they “must be careful not to „bootstrap
[themselves] into the jury box via evidentiary rules.‟” Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, ¶ 43, 230
P.3d at 1174, quoting State v. LaGrand, 153 Ariz. 21, 28, 734 P.2d 563, 570 (1987)
(alteration in Machado). Our courts must bear in mind that threshold determinations of
admissibility go too far when the preclusion of evidence “infringe[s] upon the role of the
jury and improperly insulate[s] the state‟s evidence from critique.” State v. Lehr, 201
Ariz. 509, ¶ 29, 38 P.3d 1172, 1180 (2002).
¶24 As the majority correctly notes, we observed in Machado that the defendant
is not entitled to “throw strands of speculation on the wall and see if any of them will
stick.” 224 Ariz. 343, n.11, 230 P.3d at 1172 n.11, quoting David McCord, “But Perry
Mason Made It Look So Easy!”: The Admissibility of Evidence Offered by a Criminal
Defendant to Suggest that Someone Else is Guilty, 63 Tenn. L. Rev. 917, 984 (1996). In
so stating, however, we did not mean to suggest that third-party culpability evidence must
itself engender some level of certainty in the guilt of the third party to be admissible.
Rather, the evidence in question must be permitted when it tends to make a reasonable-
doubt defense more plausible. See State v. Prion, 203 Ariz. 157, ¶ 24, 52 P.3d 189, 193
(2002) (evidence must “„tend to create a reasonable doubt as to the defendant‟s guilt‟”),
4
See David McCord, “But Perry Mason Made It Look So Easy!”: The
Admissibility of Evidence Offered by a Criminal Defendant to Suggest that Someone Else
is Guilty, 63 Tenn. L. Rev. 917, 984 (1996) (observing third-party culpability evidence
creates problem without satisfying solution “because the preliminary question[] the trial
judge has to decide . . . is the same basic issue the jury would have to decide if the
evidence were admitted, i.e., whether the . . . evidence gives rise to a reasonable doubt
that the defendant committed the crime”).
13
quoting Gibson, 202 Ariz. 321, ¶ 16, 44 P.3d at 1004. Put another way, if the evidence in
question would suggest a reasonable possibility that a person other than the defendant
committed the crime, it should be admitted. Cf. State v. Portillo, 182 Ariz. 592, 596, 898
P.2d 970, 974 (1995) (approving instruction to jurors that “[i]f . . . you think there is a
real possibility that [the defendant] is not guilty, you must give him/her the benefit of the
doubt and find him/her not guilty”).
¶25 Our courts have found third-party evidence irrelevant when it casts nothing
more than suspicion against a class of people, e.g., Dann, 205 Ariz. 557, ¶ 36, 74 P.3d at
243, or reveals the bad character or criminal propensities of a person otherwise
unconnected to the crime. E.g., Fulminante, 161 Ariz. at 252, 778 P.2d at 617; accord
Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, n.11, 230 P.3d at 1172 n.11. In other words, something more
than “a possible ground of suspicion against another” person is required. Prion, 203
Ariz. 157, ¶ 21, 52 P.3d at 193.
¶26 Here, however, Alvarez was prepared to offer more than proof that a
landscaper with a prior felony conviction had some association with the victim. Indeed,
the victim was prepared to testify that the landscaper had been present in the victim‟s
backyard on the morning of the burglary, and his normal duties would have involved his
continued presence there for a substantial portion of the time the victim was absent.
Because the victim was prepared to testify she had seen the landscaper upon her
departure for work, a jury reasonably could have inferred the landscaper was likewise
aware that she had departed and, because he had worked at her house on six to eight prior
14
occasions, he presumably knew she was not likely to return anytime soon. Moreover, the
landscaper was last seen by the victim in a fenced backyard area which gave ready access
to the undisputed point of entry—the backdoor of the victim‟s house. Finally, the victim
would have testified the landscaper never returned to her house in the four years after the
burglary.5 Thus, the defense was prepared to offer evidence of motive (the landscaper‟s
prior felony for a property crime), presence (he was last seen in the backyard near the
point of entry), opportunity (he was uniquely aware that the house was unoccupied), and
temporal proximity. See Prion, 203 Ariz. 157, ¶¶ 19-25, 52 P.3d at 193-94 (finding trial
court erred in precluding similar evidence when third-party suspect had “the opportunity
and motive” to commit the crime, and was present in pertinent time window).
¶27 While such facts alone might be insufficient to convict the landscaper of the
crime, they comfortably cleared the threshold of relevance in assessing who committed
the burglary in question. Given that the state itself elicited that the victim departed for
work in the morning and returned mid-afternoon, and that the state‟s own case depended
on inferences derived from items appearing and disappearing between her departure and
arrival, the factual presentation of the case seems remarkably incomplete in the absence
of the evidence related to the landscaper‟s presence during that time. As we observed in
Machado, “a jury can . . . be confused in its deliberations by the preclusion of relevant
5
The record suggests he was never again specifically scheduled to return.
However, we properly view excluded third-party culpability evidence in the light most
favorable to its proponent, even when the evidence has been deemed irrelevant by the
trial court. See Machado, 224 Ariz. 343, n.1, 230 P.3d at 1164 n.1.
15
evidence” as much as by the admission of irrelevant evidence. 224 Ariz. 343, ¶ 22, 230
P.3d at 1169. Here, the trial court‟s ruling only presented jurors with The Curious Case
of the Casual, Well-Hydrated Burglar, but the competing story Alvarez sought to tell was
potentially explanatory as well as exculpatory.
¶28 Notably, the trial court did not articulate the reasons behind its Rule 401
and 403 rulings here, which is troubling given the low threshold under our rules for
characterizing evidence as relevant, the jury‟s presumptive primary role in evaluating the
weight to be given evidence, and the minimal court time necessary to present the
proffered evidence in this case.6 In order to characterize that evidence as confusing or
misleading, one would have to accept the truth of the state‟s theory of the case (Alvarez‟s
guilt) as a threshold matter. But we do not assess the admissibility of third-party
culpability evidence with the presumption that a defendant is guilty or that the evidence is
only relevant if it directly rebuts the state‟s theory of culpability.
¶29 At times, of course, the state‟s evidence of a defendant‟s guilt may be
nearly dispositive, making alternative explanations preposterous and unreasonable. Some
DNA evidence will surely fall into that category and cause appropriate skepticism of the
relevance and probative value of third-party evidence under the Gibson and Prion
standard. Here, for example, had the state found Alvarez‟s DNA on the jewelry box or
on the dresser where the jewelry was located, it would serve little purpose to alert the jury
6
As demonstrated by Alvarez‟s offer of proof, the entirety of the excluded
evidence could have been presented by merely asking several of the state‟s witnesses a
few additional questions.
16
to the existence of alternate or additional suspects. At other times, however, DNA
evidence will permit alternative, non-inculpatory explanations, and the existence of such
evidence will not inform a court‟s assessment of the relevance of the third-party evidence
offered. I conclude the DNA evidence here falls in the latter category.
¶30 To be sure, the DNA found on the water bottle was substantial
circumstantial evidence of guilt. It certainly allowed the jury to draw a reasonable
inference that Alvarez had perpetrated the burglary or at least conspired with the person
responsible. It was sufficient, in short, to allow a conviction that would withstand a
challenge under Rule 20, Ariz. R. Crim. P. Cf. McGriff, 7 Ariz. App. at 501, 441 P.2d at
267 (concluding palm print provided sufficient circumstantial evidence of guilt). Yet the
DNA evidence, when coupled with the proffered evidence of third-party culpability, also
allowed alternative explanations that would not inculpate Alvarez.
¶31 As defense counsel argued in summation, the DNA test established only
that Alvarez had drunk from the water bottle. It could not and did not establish where or
when he had done so. It did not rule out that Alvarez had shared the water bottle with
someone else or that another person had handled or used the bottle for some purpose after
Alvarez. Indeed, the presence of a female‟s DNA on the other bottle demonstrated that at
least one other person drank from the bottles and was presumably on hand at some point
during their handling.
¶32 Did the female, after departing from an innocent Alvarez, then proceed to
act as an accomplice to the landscaper in the burglary with the bottles in tow? Did the
17
landscaper keep the bottles from a prior work site to reuse them? Indeed, the presence of
the bottles in the trash can and refrigerator suggests a burglar who was casual rather than
urgent in his trespass, which would be consistent with a perpetrator who was confident in
knowing the occupant would not soon return, much like the landscaper. And while it
would seem odd for a random burglar to encumber himself with one or more water
bottles while breaking into a home, it would be a rare landscaper who would fail to bring
some water with him to a Tucson work site in August. In short, the landscaper evidence
would have provided the jury both a potential alternate suspect in the burglary and a
reasonable alternative inference regarding who brought the water bottles into the house.
¶33 Finally, even if one assumes that Alvarez‟s DNA on the water bottle
demonstrates his presence at the scene of the crime, the presence of others, like the
landscaper, who might have invited him inside, would raise new questions about whether
the fifteen-year-old Alvarez was aware entry had been forced and others intended to steal
items from the house. Certainly, that the water bottles were so casually and
conspicuously left behind might support an inference that the owners of the water bottles
were not aware they occupied a crime scene.
¶34 In sum, Alvarez‟s DNA on the water bottle was substantial, but not
unassailable, evidence of guilt. In that context, evidence of another plausible perpetrator
would have raised a number of other potential inferences consistent with Alvarez‟s
innocence. It is the function of the jury rather than the trial court, or this court, to weigh
the reasonableness and plausibility of those inferences. Finally, as defense counsel
18
strenuously argued before the trial court, the failure of the state to contact or investigate
the landscaper strongly supported the defense argument that the state had simply
conducted too little investigation, and presented too little evidence, to be entitled to a
conclusion that it had eliminated all reasonable exculpatory inferences.
¶35 For those reasons, I would hold the proffered evidence was relevant, it was
erroneously excluded by the trial court, and the error was not harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. The exclusion of the proffered third-party evidence here led the jury to
assess the probative value of the DNA evidence in a different light than if they had
known there was a person with a felony record for a property crime present on the
victim‟s property on the morning of the burglary—a person who, because of his job as a
landscaper, had ready access to the ultimate point of entry and a unique awareness that
the victim had departed for work.
¶36 I therefore respectfully dissent.
/s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom
PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge
19