[Cite as Inwood Village, Ltd. v. Cincinnati, 2011-Ohio-6632.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
INWOOD VILLAGE, LTD., : APPEAL NO. C-110117
TRIAL NO. A-1005768
and :
DORAIN DEVELOPMENT VI, LTD., : O P I N I O N.
Plaintiffs-Appellees, :
vs. :
CITY OF CINCINNATI, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 23, 2011
Charles G. Atkins and Gregory A. Keyser, for Plaintiffs-Appellees,
John P. Curp, City Solicitor, Richard Ganulin, and Paula Boggs Muething, Assistant
City Solicitors, for Defendant-Appellant.
Note: We have removed this case from the accelerated calendar.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CUNNINGHAM, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, appeals from the trial
court’s entry granting in part and denying in part its motion to dismiss the amended
complaint filed by the plaintiffs-appellees, Inwood Village, Ltd., and Dorian Development
VI, Ltd., the developers of the Inwood Village project located in the Mt. Auburn
neighborhood of Cincinnati. When the city failed to provide the long-anticipated funding
for the project, the developers brought this action seeking money damages for breach of
contract, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and for promissory estoppel. The city moved
under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) to dismiss the claims. The trial court entered judgment in the city’s
favor on the developers’ contract claims, but denied the city’s motion as to the promissory-
estoppel claims. Because the city had been engaged in the governmental function of urban
renewal with the goal of the elimination of slum conditions, it was immune under R.C.
Chapter 2744 from the developers’ promissory-estoppel claims and the trial court erred in
ruling otherwise.
I. Facts
{¶2} The city had sought developers to ameliorate the blighted and crime-
ridden Mt. Auburn neighborhood. Following three years of negotiations, in March 2005,
the developers and the city signed a funding letter for the Inwood Village development
project. The letter, signed by the developers and the city’s director of community
development, provided that the director would recommend a $1,500,000 forgivable loan
to fund the project. The director’s recommendation to the city manager, who retained the
final authority to bind the city, was contingent upon the accomplishment of 12 conditions,
including, city council approval, negotiation of a development agreement, completed
plans, specifications and cost estimates acceptable to the city, and updated evidence of
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
private financing commitments. In June 2005, upon the city manager’s recommendation,
the city council adopted an ordinance incorporating a funding plan. The plan contained
all of the detailed mutual obligations to be accomplished in furtherance of the urban
renewal project.
{¶3} Though the developers struggled to meet the conditions of the funding
plan, they secured construction loan commitments from a major bank to supplement their
own investment of over $2,000,000. But the developers alleged that the city began to
delay accomplishment of its development tasks such as infrastructure improvements. The
cost of the project continued to rise.
{¶4} But on May 20, 2010, the city manager refused to go forward and fund
the much-delayed project. The developers alleged that representatives of The Christ
Hospital had “destroyed [the] development’s imminent funding” to reserve the property
for its own future expansion in the Mt. Auburn neighborhood.
{¶5} The developers brought this action against the city alone seeking over
$10,000,000 in monetary damages for breach of contract, breach of implied-in-fact
contract, and for promissory estoppel. The city moved under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) to dismiss
the claims because, absent final city manager approval of the development, no binding
contract existed between the parties, and because it was immune from the developers’
promissory-estoppel claims. On February 17, 2011, the trial court entered judgment in the
city’s favor on the developers’ contract claims. The trial court denied the city’s motion as
to the promissory-estoppel claims. The entry did not contain the court’s express
determination pursuant to Civ.R. 54(B) that there was no just reason for delay. This
appeal followed.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
II. Appealing from an Order Denying Immunity
{¶6} Because an appellate court’s jurisdiction is limited to review of judgments
or final orders, it must determine its own jurisdiction to proceed before reaching the
merits of any appeal. See State ex rel. White v. Cuyahoga Metro. Hous. Auth., 79 Ohio
St.3d 543, 544, 1997-Ohio-366, 684 N.E.2d 72. R.C. 2744.02(C) permits a political
subdivision to immediately appeal, in a multiple-claim action, a trial court’s order that
denies it the benefit of an alleged immunity from liability under R.C. Chapter 2744, even
when the order makes no determination pursuant to Civ.R. 54(B). See Sullivan v.
Anderson Twp., 122 Ohio St.3d 83, 2009-Ohio-1971, 909 N.E.2d 88, syllabus. Since
the city is appealing from an order denying it immunity, its appeal is taken from a
final, appealable order, and we have jurisdiction to proceed. See Section 3(B)(2),
Article IV, Ohio Constitution; see, also, R.C. 2505.03(A).
{¶7} We note that the developers also filed an appeal from that part of the trial
court’s entry dismissing their contract claims. The developers, however, cannot benefit
from the General Assembly’s “express[ ] * * * determination with the enactment of
R.C. 2744.02(C)” that an order denying a political subdivision immunity from
liability is final and immediately appealable. Sullivan v. Anderson Twp., at ¶12.
Since the developers’ appeal was taken from an order disposing of “one or more but
fewer than all of the claims” but lacking the trial court’s Civ.R. 54(B) determination,
we dismissed their appeal, numbered C-110125, on August 4, 2011.
III. The Standard of Review
{¶8} In ruling on a motion to dismiss made under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), the trial
court must accept as true all factual allegations made in the complaint and draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Mitchell v. Lawson Milk Co.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 190, 192, 532 N.E.2d 753. The court may dismiss a complaint
under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) only when the plaintiff can prove no set of facts that would entitle it
to relief. See O’Brien v. Univ. Community Tenants Union, Inc. (1975), 42 Ohio St.2d 242,
327 N.E.2d 753, syllabus. In reaching that determination, the court may not rely on
evidence outside the pleadings, although it may consider materials that are
incorporated into the complaint. See State ex rel. Hanson v. Guernsey Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 65 Ohio St.3d 545, 548, 1992-Ohio-73, 605 N.E.2d 378; see, also, Mann v.
The Cincinnati Enquirer, 1st Dist. No. C-090747, 2010-Ohio-3963, ¶11. We review de
novo the trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6). See Perrysburg
Twp. v. Rossford, 103 Ohio St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-4362, 814 N.E.2d 44, ¶5.
{¶9} In its single assignment of error, the city contends that it was entitled to
judgment on the developers’ remaining promissory-estoppel claims. Because it had been
engaged in an urban-renewal project with the goal of the elimination of slum conditions, a
governmental function under R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(q), the city argues that it was immune
from the developers’ promissory-estoppel claims under the rule of Hortman v.
Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194, 2006-Ohio-4251, 852 N.E. 2d 716, syllabus.
IV. Sovereign Immunity
{¶10} The application of the doctrine of sovereign immunity can lead to harsh
results, denying recovery to an injured plaintiff without regard to the political
subdivision’s culpability. See, e.g., Haverlack v. Portage Homes, Inc. (1982), 2 Ohio
St.3d 26, 30, 442 N.E.2d 749. But the Ohio Supreme Court has long held that “ ‘[t]he
manifest statutory purpose of R.C. Chapter 2744 is the preservation of the fiscal
integrity of political subdivisions.’ ” Hubbell v. Xenia, 115 Ohio St.3d 77, 2007-Ohio-
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
4839, 873 N.E.2d 878, ¶23, quoting Wilson v. Stark Cty. Dept. of Human Serv., 70
Ohio St.3d 450, 453, 1994-Ohio-394, 639 N.E.2d 105.
{¶11} “To limit the exposure of political subdivisions to money damages,
R.C. Chapter 2744 provides a three-tiered scheme that grants nearly absolute
immunity to political subdivisions.” Engleman v. Cincinnati Bd. of Edn. (June 22,
2001), 1st Dist. No. C-000597. The first tier of the scheme provides a general grant of
immunity: “[A] political subdivision is not liable in damages in a civil action for injury,
death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the political
subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in connection with a governmental
or proprietary function.” R.C. 2744.02(A)(1). The next tier of the analysis carves out
certain exceptions to immunity listed in R.C. 2744.02(B). Finally, if any exception applies
to impose liability, the third tier of the analysis focuses on whether any of the defenses
contained in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity. See Kenko Corp. v. Cincinnati,
183 Ohio App.3d 583, 2009-Ohio-4189, 917 N.E.2d 888, ¶17.
V. The City Was Engaged in a Governmental Function
{¶12} First, it is beyond cavil that the city, a municipal corporation, is
specifically included in the statutory definition of a political subdivision. See R.C.
2744.01(F). The city next argues that its involvement in obtaining funding assistance
for the Inwood Village development was a governmental function for which it was
entitled to immunity. See R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).
{¶13} In Kenko v. Cincinnati, we denied the city immunity from a
developer’s claim to recover damages incurred in preparing a city-owned tract of
land for the construction of a public right-of-way in a subdivision created by the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
developer. We rejected the city’s assertion that road construction in a private
development was a governmental function. See id. at ¶32. We noted that road
construction was not specifically identified in R.C. Chapter 2744 as a governmental
function. See id. at ¶19. Where the statutory scheme did not expressly define a
function as a governmental one, we concluded that the court must look to what it is
that the political subdivision was “actually doing” when performing the function.
Kenko v. Cincinnati at ¶27, quoting Allied Erecting and Dismantling Co. v.
Youngstown, 151 Ohio App.3d 16, 2002-Ohio-5179, 783 N.E.2d 523, ¶23.
{¶14} But unlike the function disputed in Kenko, the General Assembly has
expressly defined “[u]rban renewal projects and the elimination of slum conditions”
as governmental functions. R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(q); see, also, Moore v. Lorain Metro.
Hous. Auth., 121 Ohio St.3d 455, 2009-Ohio-1250, 905 N.E.2d 606, ¶13. Relying on
Moore, we have held that a public housing authority exercises a governmental
function because it accomplishes “urban renewal projects and the elimination of
slum conditions.” See Torrance v. Cincinnati Metro. Hous. Auth., 1st Dist. No. C-
081292, 2010-Ohio-1330, ¶14 (citations omitted).
{¶15} Here the city was performing those functions. The developers’ amended
complaint described the Inwood Village project area as blighted, its “clustered row houses
and adjacent street * * * riddled with crime and drug activity.” A primary term of the
funding commitment and funding plan included the provision of “$1,500,000 in direct
project assistance to aid in the elimination of slum and blighting influences * * *.” The
draft statement of work and budget noted that funds were provided “to aid in the
elimination of slum and blighting influences.” Here, the city’s acts were in furtherance
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of an urban renewal project with the goal of the elimination of slum conditions. It was
engaged in a governmental function under R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(q).
VI. Promissory-Estoppel Claims Barred
{¶16} The city next argues that since it had been engaged in a governmental
function, the developers’ promissory-estoppel claims were barred under the rule of
Hortman v. Miamisburg. In the syllabus paragraph, the supreme court clarified its
earlier rulings and explained that “[t]he doctrines of equitable estoppel and promissory
estoppel are inapplicable against a political subdivision when the political
subdivision is engaged in a governmental function.”
{¶17} The developers counter that their claim for damages based upon
promissory estoppel was a “cause of action sounding in contract.” Hortman v.
Miamisburg at ¶27 (Pfeifer, J., dissenting); see, also, Shampton v. Springboro, 98 Ohio
St.3d 457, 2003-Ohio-1913, 786 N.E.2d 883, ¶33. Thus, under R.C. 2744.09(A), they
assert that their claims for damages under contractual liability were exempted from the
statutory-immunity scheme. They also contend that, unlike in Hortman, the city’s
promises had been legislatively authorized and thus fell outside the facts of that case. See
Hortman v. Miamisburg at ¶28 (Pfeifer, J., dissenting).
{¶18} Despite the developers’ cogent argument that Hortman is “a factually
narrow case which makes a sweeping pronouncement” precluding promissory-
estoppel claims, we are constrained to follow it. In Hortman, the supreme court
rejected the argument that because the court had employed the words “generally” or
“as a general rule” in its previous discussions of the inapplicability of promissory
estoppel, exceptions to the general rule could be found. See id. at ¶25. Instead, the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
supreme court categorically declared that claims for promissory estoppel “are
inapplicable against a political subdivision when the political subdivision is engaged
in a governmental function.” Id.
{¶19} Because the city had been engaged in an urban-renewal project with the
goal of the elimination of slum conditions, governmental functions under R.C.
2744.01(C)(2)(q), it was immune from the developers’ promissory-estoppel claims. The
assignment of error is sustained.
VII. Conclusion
{¶20} Therefore, that portion of the trial court’s entry denying the city immunity
from liability under R.C. Chapter 2744 on the developers’ promissory-estoppel claims is
reversed. And the case is remanded to the trial court with instructions for it to enter
judgment in favor of the city on those claims.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
HENDON, P.J., and FISCHER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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