[Cite as WesBanco, Inc. v. Blair, 2012-Ohio-2337.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CLARK COUNTY, OHIO
WESBANCO, INC. :
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 2011 CA 90
v. : T.C. NO. 08CV1192
JUDY A. BLAIR, etc., et al. : (Civil appeal from
Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 25th day of May , 2012.
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RICHARD HEIL, Atty. Reg. No. 0033661, One S. Limestone Street, Suite 800, Springfield,
Ohio 45501
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee, Wesbanco, Inc.
JAMES BERRY, Atty. Reg. No. 0024082, 10 W. Columbia Street, P. O. Box 1885,
Springfield, Ohio 45501
Attorney for Defendant-Appellee, Estate of Charles E. Anway
ROBERT ANWAY, 3500 E. McKinney Street, #2108, Denton, Texas 76201
Defendant-Appellant
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DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the pro se Notice of Appeal of Robert J.
Anway, filed November 22, 2011. Anway appeals from the trial court’s Entry of October
19, 2011, which denied his motion for declaratory judgment, in which Robert asked the
court to determine that the last Will and Testament executed by his father, Charles E.
Anway, on July 30, 2007, revoked or amended the September 29, 1999 Anway Family Trust
(“Trust”) and thereby appointed Robert as first successor trustee of the Trust, in lieu of Judy
A. Blair, and further eliminated Judy as a beneficiary under the Trust. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
{¶ 2} On October 4, 2011, Robert filed his pro se “Petitioner’s Motion for
Declaratory Judgment Order of Appointment to Successor Trustee of Anway Family Trust
and of Estate of Charles E. Anway, to Carryout (sic) his Wishes,” in which he alleged that he
“should have been considered and appointed” as the first successor trustee under the Trust,
instead of Judy, as a matter of law. According to Robert, Charles and Judy used to live
together, but their relationship ended shortly before Charles’ death. Robert asserted that
Charles reserved the right to amend or revoke the Trust, and that he did so when he executed
his Will. Robert’s affidavit, and copies of the Trust and Charles’ Will are attached to the
motion.
{¶ 3} The trial court’s Entry denying the motion provides that, while Article 2.6
of the Trust states that Charles may revoke the Trust at any time, the Trust “does not
expressly allow the trust to be revoked or amended by a will or codicil,” and that pursuant to
R.C. 5806.03(C) (sic), Charles’ Will had no legal effect on the Trust and Judy remains first
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successor trustee and “must carry out the trust in compliance with the terms set out in the
said trust.”
{¶ 4} We note that Article One of the Trust, entitled “Declaration of Trust,”
identifies Charles as the “Settlor/Trustee” and “Lifetime Beneficiary,” and that it identifies
Robert, Jeffery B. Anway, who is Robert’s brother, and Judy as “Remainder Beneficiaries”
and “Successor Trustees.” It further provides:
1.2 Optional Establishment of irrevocable Trust for holding Real
Estate: The other provisions of this trust notwithstanding, real estate and the
proceeds therefrom and other specific personal property of the settlor may
alternatively be held irrevocably in this trust subject to a retained lifetime
interest of the settlor, under the provisions of Article Eight of this trust
(Irrevocable Real Estate Trust Article). Any real property which is
scheduled on the “Schedule of Real Property Irrevocably Held per Trust
Article Eight,” which is attached to this trust and therein incorporated by
reference, or other real or personal property which the settlor otherwise
designate in writing to be governed under Article Eight, shall irrevocably be
subject to the provisions of Article Eight, from the date of their inclusion on
said Schedule or date of said writing. If property is not listed on the above
described “Schedule of Real Property Held Irrevocably per Trust Article
Eight” or otherwise designated in writing by the settlor to be governed under
Article Eight, the provisions of Article Eight shall not apply to said property,
and said property, shall then be subject to all of the other provisions of this
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trust.
{¶ 5} Article Two, entitled “Trust During the Life of Charles E. Anway,” provides
as follows:
2.6 Revocation During Settlor’s Life: Charles E. Anway may at any
time revoke this trust including the separate trust estate in whole or in part
(except as provided in § 1.2).
2.7 Amendment During the Settlor’s Life: Charles E. Anway may at
any time amend any of the terms of this trust by a written document included
in this trust or by changes indicated on the face of the trust document and
initialed.
{¶ 6} Article Three is entitled “Trust at Settlor’s Death” and Articles 3.3 and 3.4
provide:
3.3 Specific Distributions: The trustee shall distribute the specified
gifts to the following per stirpes:
3.3.1 Rose C. McCaffree
3.3.1.1 Ten Thousand ($10,000) Dollars outright and free of
trust.
3.4 Allocation of Trust Estate: The successor trustee shall distribute
and allocate the remainder of the trust estate, outright and free of trust,
following distribution of Specific Distribution (§ 3.3), to the following, in
equal shares per stirpes.
3.4.1 Robert J. Anway
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3.4.2 Jeffery (sic) B. Anway
3.4.3 Judy Blair
{¶ 7} Article 8 is entitled “Irrevocable Real Estate Trust,” and it provides:
8.1 Introduction - Article Eight Property
8.1.1. The trustee shall hold, administer, and distribute all real estate,
which is now or in the future, scheduled on the “Schedule of Real Property
Held Irrevocably per Article Eight,” which is attached to this trust and herein
incorporated by reference, and such other real or personal property as may at
a later time be specifically designated by the Settlor, in writing, to be held,
administered, and distributed under the provisions of this Article. Said
property shall be hereinafter known as “Article Eight Property.” Provisions
of this Article shall apply only to Article Eight Property from the date on
which said “Article Eight Property” is placed on said “Schedule of Real
Property Held Irrevocably per Article Eight,” or the date on which said
property is otherwise designated in writing as Article Eight Property by the
settlor. With respect to Article Eight Property; the trustee shall apply the
provisions of other articles of this Anway Family Trust to the extent that they
are consistent with Article Eight, however, the trustee shall resolve any
conflicts between the provisions of Article Eight and provisions of other
articles of this trust in favor of the provisions in Article Eight. The
provisions of this Article shall not apply to other real estate or other personal
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property held in trust by the trustee under other articles of this Anway Family
Trust.
{¶ 8} Article 8.3.8 provides:
Upon the death of the settlor the Article Eight Property shall be
distributed outright and free of trust, to the following beneficiary(ies),
hereinafter known as “Remainder Beneficiary(ies),” in equal shares, per
stirpes, as designated in § 3.4 of this trust:
8.3.8.1 Robert J. Anway
8.3.8.2 Jeffery (sic) B. Anway
8.3.8.3 Judy A. Blair
{¶ 9} Article 8.3.9 provides:
The settlor, reserves the limited power to amend or to change the
above remainder beneficiary(ies) in this Article and their respective
percentages, among the following classes through a writing contained as part
of the settlor’s Last Will & Testament, or as a provision of the settlor’s
Living Trust, which becomes operative at the settlor's death:
8.3.9.1 The settlor’s children or grandchildren, either natural or
adopted.
8.3.9.2 The settlor’s brothers, sisters, nieces, or nephews.
8.3.9.3 Any charities which have achieved recognition as a qualified
charity under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of the United
States.
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The provision of this Article notwithstanding, this limited power to
amend or change the beneficiary(ies) shall be personal to the settlor and any
not exercised in favor of the settlor, creditor(s) of the settlor, the estates of the
settlor, or creditors of the settlor’s estate.
{¶ 10} Attached to the Trust is the “Schedule of Real Property Held Irrevocably
Per Trust - Article Eight.” The Schedule is blank and no property is listed thereon.
{¶ 11} Charles’ Will provides in relevant part:
ITEM II: I hereby give, devise and bequeath the sum of Ten
Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00) to my daughter, Rosa Colleen,
of Kelso, Washington.
ITEM III: The rest and residue of my estate, be it real, personal or
mixed, and wherever situate, I hereby give and devise to my sons, Robert
Joseph Anway and Jeffrey Brian Anway, equally share and share alike, per
stirpes.
{¶ 12} We note that on March 26, 2010, this Court issued a Show Cause Order
directing Judy to file a brief or show cause why the matter should not be submitted to this
Court, and on April 4, 2010, Judy filed a response that provides that she “does not desire
legal representation in this matter and will not respond to the Appellate filing of Robert
Anway.”
{¶ 13} In his brief, Robert does not set forth specific assignments of error as
required by the Appellate Rules, but rather he enumerates multiple “arguments.” According
to Robert, it was Charles’ intention that Judy be “removed as heir or trustee” of the Trust.
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Robert again asserts that Charles revoked or amended the Trust by means of his Will, and
that Judy accordingly is no longer a beneficiary under the Trust.
{¶ 14} Robert relies upon the language of Article 8.3.9 above and further directs
our attention to In re Estate of Davis, 109 Ohio App.3d 181, 671 N.E.2d 1302 (Twelfth Dist.
1996). In Davis, Charles Davis executed a trust in 1987 which provided in part that he
reserved the right, during his life, to revoke his trust or amend its terms. The trust further
directed the trustee to distribute specific amounts of money to a local organization and
charity, and the residue to his wife, unless she predeceased him. In that event, the trustee
was to distribute the residue to Davis’ nieces and nephews. In 1991, Davis and his wife
separated, and in 1992, he executed a will that directed his executor to distribute greater
amounts of money to the local organization and charity than set forth in the trust. The will
further addressed the trust in the residuary clause as follows: “Item V. All the rest, residue
and remainder of my property * * * , which I may own or have the right to dispose of at the
time of my decease, including the principal and undistributed income contained in [the]
Trust * * * [shall] be divided into seven equal portions which I give, bequeath and devise as
follows to [seven named] nieces and nephews * * *.” Davis died in 1994.
{¶ 15} After the probate court held a hearing to determine whether Davis’ will
revoked, amended or failed to alter the trust, the referee determined that the “residuary
clause in the decedent’s will revoked the trust.” Id., 183. Davis’ wife appealed. The
Twelfth District initially noted as follows:
The interpretation of wills, including the intent of the testator, is a
question of law, * * * and therefore is subject to independent appellate
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review. Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm. (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d
145, 147, 593 N.E.2d 286, 287.
A settlor has the right to reserve power to revoke or amend a trust.
R.C. 1335.01 1 ; Magoon v. Cleveland Trust Co. (1956), 101 Ohio App.
194, 198, 1 O.O.2d 126, 128-129, 134 N.E.2d 879, 882. If the settlor retains
a restricted power to revoke or amend during his life, the revocation or
amendment is valid only if it takes effect before the death of the settlor.
First Nat’l. Bank of Cincinnati v. Oppenheimer (P.C. 1963), 23 O.O.2d 19,
23, 190 N.E.2d 70, 73-74.
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The general rule is that a will is ambulatory and does not take effect
until the testator’s death. Id. at 23, 190 N.E.2d at 73. An exception exists,
however, stating that a will can operate as an in praesenti instrument capable
of revoking or amending a revocable trust during the life of the settlor where
the settlor uses language which appropriately manifests an intention to do so.
Id. at 23, 190 N.E.2d at 74.
{¶ 16} The Twelfth District determined that Davis did not revoke the trust but
rather amended it by means of his will, since Davis:
executed a will several months after becoming separated from
appellant which specifically refers to the trust, names the trustee and notes the
trust’s account number. The will does not use the word “revoke” in
1
Former R.C. 1335.01 governed the creation of inter vivos trusts and
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connection with the trust, or repeat the distribution directions of the trust’s
terms. Instead, the will alters the terms of disposition of the trust assets,
directing that the trust assets be distributed to different beneficiaries in
different amounts than the original trust terms had directed. Id., at 184-85.
{¶ 17} While we agree that Davis allows a settlor to revoke or amend a trust by a
last will and testament, Robert overlooks the plain language of R.C. 5806.02 (incorrectly
cited as R.C. 5806.03(C) by the trial court) which provides:
(C) The settlor may revoke or amend a revocable trust by substantial
compliance with a method provided in the terms of the trust or, if the terms of
the trust do not provide a method, by any method manifesting clear and
convincing evidence of the settlor’s intent, provided that a revocable trust
may not be revoked or amended by a will or codicil, regardless of whether it
refers to the trust or specifically devises property that would otherwise have
passed according to the terms of the trust unless the terms of the trust
expressly allow it to be revoked or amended by a will or codicil
{¶ 18} By its express language, the Will does not purport to amend (as in Davis) or
revoke the Trust, and Article Two does not expressly allow for amendment or revocation of
the Trust by will or codicil. Article Eight of the Trust, upon which Robert relies, only
applies to the property listed in the “Schedule of Real Property,” and none is listed thereon.
The trial court correctly found that the Will did not alter the terms of the Trust.
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
concerned protections of creditors as against fraud of the settlor.
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GRADY, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Richard Heil
James Berry
Robert Anway
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter