[Cite as State v. Greenlee, 2012-Ohio-1432.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
: Appellate Case No. 24660
Plaintiff-Appellee :
: Trial Court Case No. 10-CRB-1102-A
v. :
:
KIEL GREENLEE : (Criminal Appeal from Miamisburg
: (Municipal Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 30th day of March, 2012.
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CHRISTINE L. BURK, Atty. Reg. #0050559, City of Miamisburg Prosecutor’s Office,
10 North First Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
SCOTT BLAUVELT, Atty. Reg. #0068177, 246 High Street, Hamilton, Ohio 45011
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
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HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Kiel Greenlee appeals a trial court’s verdict finding him guilty of child
endangerment. He contends that the verdict is not supported by sufficient evidence. Greenlee
alternatively contends that the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. We
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affirm.
A. The Facts
{¶ 2} One morning in May 2010, Greenlee was doing various household chores
and his four-year-old son, T.G., was watching cartoons. Greenlee’s mother, Gloria Greenlee,
also a resident at the home, had already left for work.1 Greenlee went upstairs to the bathroom,
where he stayed for 10-15 minutes. When he came down, T.G. was gone.
{¶ 3} Greenlee looked for his son in the house for about 10 minutes. He then looked
outside in the front and back yards and checked at a neighbor’s house. Not finding him,
Greenlee walked toward a park at a school down the street. On his way, Greenlee met a friend,
Doug Tussey, and he asked Tussey to help him look. Tussey searched the neighborhood in his
car. At the school, Greenlee asked teachers and students if they had seen his son. No one had.
At some point, Greenlee called his mother to tell her that T.G. was missing. Gloria left work to
come home.
{¶ 4} Four to six houses away from Gloria’s house, David Lambert was working in
his back yard. He looked up and saw a small boy whom he did not recognize peering over the
edge of a retaining wall into a ravine 8 feet below. Worried that the boy might tumble over
and get hurt, Lambert quickly went over to the boy and led him to Lambert’s front porch. He
and the boy sat on his front porch for 15 minutes or so with the hope that someone would soon
come looking for him. When no one did, Lambert took him around to neighbors’ houses,
trying to find the boy’s parents. After 45 minutes or so, Lambert called the police.
{¶ 5} Officer Neer arrived at Lambert’s house about 10 minutes after he was
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Greenlee lives with his mother. Under a custody agreement, Gloria has custody of T.G. every other weekend.
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dispatched. Neer had been there for 15-20 minutes when Tussey arrived and identified the boy
as Greenlee’s child. Tussey called Greenlee on his cell phone to tell him that he found his
son. Soon, both Gloria and Greenlee arrived at Lambert’s. Neer learned that Greenlee had a
warrant out for his arrest. So he released T.G. to Gloria.
{¶ 6} Greenlee, taking the stand in his own defense, testified that the total time from
when he discovered T.G. was gone until they were reunited was about 25 minutes. But the
trial court expressly found that Greenlee had no idea where his son was for about 1 hour and
40 minutes. The record supports the finding of the trial court. It is undisputed that, during that
time, Greenlee never called the police. He testified that he did not call “because of the time
frame if I found him it would be a waste of the police’s time at that point.” (Tr. 41).
{¶ 7} Greenlee was charged with one count of endangering children under R.C.
2919.22(A). A bench trial was held in Miamisburg Municipal Court. After the prosecutor had
presented her case, Greenlee moved for an acquittal under Crim.R. 29. The court overruled the
motion. Greenlee then presented his defense. Ultimately, the court found Greenlee guilty and
imposed a 180-day suspended jail sentence.
{¶ 8} Greenlee appealed.
B. The Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶ 9} Greenlee alleges in the first assignment of error that the trial court erred by
overruling his motion for acquittal and erred by finding him guilty of child endangerment. He
contends that the evidence is insufficient to find him guilty.
{¶ 10} “A sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument challenges whether the state has
presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow the case to go to the jury
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or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Cephus, 161 Ohio App.3d 385,
2005-Ohio-2752, 830 N.E.2d 433, ¶ 50 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d
380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). In a sufficiency challenge, “the relevant inquiry is whether after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State
v. McLeod, 165 Ohio App.3d 434, 2006-Ohio-579, 846 N.E.2d 915, ¶ 9 (2d Dist.), citing State
v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). “The legal sufficiency of the
evidence is a question of law, not a question of fact.” Id., citing Thompkins at 386. So “an
appellate court must give ‘full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve
conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic
facts to ultimate facts.’” Id., quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
{¶ 11} “An inexcusable failure to act in discharge of one’s duty to protect a child
where such failure to act results in a substantial risk to the child’s health or safety is an offense
under R.C. 2919.22(A).” State v. Kamel, 12 Ohio St.3d 306, 466 N.E.2d 860 (1984),
paragraph one of the syllabus. Specifically, R.C. 2919.22(A) pertinently prohibits a parent of a
young child (under 18 years) from “creat[ing] a substantial risk to the health or safety of the
child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support.” The culpable mental state for this
offense is recklessness. McLeod at ¶ 11, citing State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 153, 404
N.E.2d 144 (1980).
{¶ 12} Greenlee contends that the evidence is not sufficient to find that he created a
substantial risk to his son’s health or safety, or to find that he violated one of the duties
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mentioned, or to find that he acted recklessly. We disagree.
{¶ 13} The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that by failing to call the police
Greenlee created a substantial risk to his son’s safety. “Endangering children may be
committed by an omission resulting in a substantial risk of injury to a child.” (Citation
omitted.) McLeod, 165 Ohio App.3d 434, 2006-Ohio-579, 846 N.E.2d 915, at ¶ 12.
“‘Substantial risk’ means a strong possibility, as contrasted with a remote or significant
possibility, that a certain result may occur or that certain circumstances may exist.” R.C.
2901.01(A)(8). The undisputed evidence is that, at the time, T.G. was only 4 years old, and
that the house from which he escaped is in a city neighborhood. Vehicles drive on
neighborhood streets, and four-year-olds are not the most cautious. Such a young child could
run out in front of a car and be hit. Also, those who abduct children can prowl neighborhood
streets. A four-year-old would be helpless if he were an abductor’s target. Furthermore, it is
undisputed that a ravine runs near the house, which Greenlee admitted he knew about. That
T.G. was found poised on the edge of an 8-foot drop into the ravine plainly shows that it posed
a substantial risk to his safety. Therefore a rational factfinder could find that a strong
possibility existed that T.G.’s safety was at risk roaming the neighborhood for an hour and
forty minutes.
{¶ 14} The evidence also supports the trial court’s finding that Greenlee created the
risk to his son’s safety by violating a duty of protection. It cannot seriously be disputed that,
given the dangers that exist, noted above, a parent’s duty to protect his young child requires
keeping the child from wandering around outside unsupervised. To be clear, a four-year-old
child wandering off, by itself, is not necessarily indicative of child endangerment. But if the
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child manages to escape the parent’s supervision, whether or not this is the parent’s fault, the
duty of protection demands that the parent make an effort to find the child as quickly as
possible. A reasonable interpretation of the time parameters in the record is that the defendant
had only been looking for the child for less than a half hour. (T. 40) Given the trial court’s
determination that the child had been missing for a total of 1 hour and 40 minutes, that means
that the defendant was not aware the child was missing for over an hour. At no time during the
entire 1 hour and 40 minutes that his son was missing did Greenlee ever call the police. A
rational factfinder could find that by failing to do so Greenlee violated his duty to protect his
son.
{¶ 15} Finally, the evidence supports the court’s finding that Greenlee’s failure to call
the police was reckless. “A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the
consequences, he perversely disregards a known risk that his conduct is likely to cause a
certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C). “‘[S]omething is likely
when there is merely good reason for expectation or belief.’” State v. Hartley, 194 Ohio
App.3d 486, 2011-Ohio-2530, 957 N.E.2d 44, ¶ 30 (1st Dist.), quoting 1974 Legislative
Service Commission staff comment to H.B. No. 511. There is good reason to believe that
every minute a young child is missing brings the strong possibility that he will be harmed. It is
one more opportunity for the child to dart in front of a car; it is more time for an abductor to
escape. Odds are that by involving the police a missing child will be found sooner. And
finding the child sooner, rather than later, undoubtedly decreases the strong possibility for
harm. His son had been missing for an extended time yet Greenlee did not call the police. A
rational factfinder could find that by failing to do so Greenlee was disregarding the fact that he
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was creating a strong possibility that his son would be harmed.
{¶ 16} Greenlee asserts that not calling the police was entirely reasonable. He claims
that he believed that he would find his son soon, and he points out that Lambert did not
contact police for at least 45 minutes after discovering T.G. Given the strong possibility for
harm, we think that a rational factfinder could find it unreasonable that Greenlee did not call
the police, at all, when his 4-year-old child went missing for an extended time. That Lambert
did not contact police sooner is irrelevant. Lambert knew where T.G. was and knew that,
while T.G. was with him, T.G. was not in any danger. Additionally, Greenlee testified that he
did not call the police because he did not want to waste their time. But the trial court could
have rejected this explanation based on the fact that, at the time, there was an outstanding
warrant for Greenlee’s arrest. A rational factfinder could find that it was not his concern for
the police but the warrant that played the key role in Greenlee’s decision not to involve the
police.
{¶ 17} The first assignment of error is overruled.
C. The Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶ 18} Although the evidence may be sufficient, its manifest weight may nevertheless
be against the verdict. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541. Greenlee, in the
second assignment of error, alternatively contends that the trial court’s guilty verdict was
erroneous because it is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 19} Greenlee says in his brief that he is not challenging the trial court’s credibility
determinations. He indicates that there is no real conflict in the trial testimony. “This case is
not about a question of credibility,” Greenlee says, “but, instead, about a conviction not
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supported by the manifest weight of the evidence regardless of credibility determinations.”2
While “weight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of credible
evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other,’” (Emphasis
deleted.) Thompkins at 387, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th Ed.1990), the relevant
inquiry when the evidence’s weight is challenged focuses on the factfinder’s resolution of
conflicting testimony. See id. Indeed, a weight-of-the-evidence challenge is all about
conflicting evidence. See id. (“The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and
all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way.”), quoting State v. Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversal based on the weight of the
evidence requires an appellate court to “disagree[] with the factfinder’s resolution of the
conflicting testimony.” Id. Because Greenlee says that no such conflicts exist, there can be no
reversal on this basis.
{¶ 20} The second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 21} The judgment of the municipal court is affirmed.
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DONOVAN and FROELICH, JJ., concur.
Copies mailed to:
2
Reply Brief of Kiel Greenlee, p.4. Despite this argument, the record, and the trial court’s written entry, support the notion that the
court did not believe Greenlee’s testimony that he was only upstairs for 10-15 minutes before he discovered the boy missing.
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Christine L. Burk
Scott M. Blauvelt
Hon. Robert E. Messham, Jr.