[Cite as Bungard v. Jeffers, 2014-Ohio-334.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
WASHINGTON COUNTY
KENNETH R. BUNGARD, JR., : Case No. 12CA26
:
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
: DECISION AND
v. : JUDGMENT ENTRY
:
STEVEN E. JEFFERS, :
: RELEASED: 01/28/14
Defendant-Appellant. :
______________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
Mark A. Preston, Mann & Preston, LLP, Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellant.
Richard D. Dunbar, Dunbar & Fowler, PLLC, Parkersburg, West Virginia, and Ethan
Vessels, Fields, Dehmlow & Vessels, LLC, Marietta, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, J.
{¶1} Steven Jeffers appeals from the jury’s verdict awarding Kenneth Bungard,
Jr. economic damages for injuries Bungard suffered after an automobile accident
between the parties. Initially, Jeffers argues that he was entitled to fellow employee
immunity as a matter of law under R.C. 4123.741 and the trial court erred by allowing
the case to go to the jury. However, because Bungard did not properly make a motion
for a directed verdict at the close of evidence, the trial court did not err by allowing the
jury to decide the case.
{¶2} Next Jeffers argues that the trial court erred by overruling his motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We agree. Based on the evidence produced at
trial, reasonable minds could only conclude that the parties’ employer controlled the
parking lot where the accident occurred and therefore it occurred in the zone of
employment. And because Bungard was on his way to work when the accident
Washington App. No. 12CA26 2
happened and it was necessary for him to pass through one of the employee parking
lots to enter his place of work, his injury occurred in the course of and arising out of his
employment and is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act. By
establishing the causal connection between Bungard’s injury and employment, Jeffers
was entitled to fellow employee immunity as a matter of law.
I. FACTS
{¶3} This case arose from an automobile accident in an employee parking lot.
Bungard parked his truck in a Kraton Ploymers (Kraton) employee parking lot prior to
starting his shift and was getting ready to exit his vehicle. Jeffers, also an employee at
Kraton, pulled into the parking spot directly behind Bungard, failed to stop his
automobile and rear-ended Bungard’s truck.
{¶4} As a result of the accident, Bungard filed a complaint against Jeffers
alleging negligence. Jeffers answered admitting that he was negligent, but asserted
numerous affirmative defenses, including “the fellow employee immunity doctrine set
forth in R.C. 4123.741.” The case proceeded to trial on the issues of fellow employee
immunity and damages. At the close of evidence, Jeffers argued that fellow employee
immunity is a question of law and the case should be taken away from the jury. The
trial court disagreed and the jury returned with a verdict in favor of Bungard and
awarded him $723,751.13 in economic damages, but failed to award him non-economic
damages. In arriving at the award, the jury found that the accident did not occur in the
course of and arising out of Bungard’s employment and therefore, Jeffers was not
entitled to fellow employee immunity. Thereafter, Jeffers filed motions for judgment
Washington App. No. 12CA26 3
notwithstanding the verdict and a new trial, which the trial court denied. This appeal
followed.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶5} Jeffers raises five assignments of error for our review:
1. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SUBMITTING THIS CASE TO THE
JURY FOR A DETERMINATION ON THE QUESTION OF FELLOW
EMPLOYEE IMMUNITY AS THIS WAS AN ISSUE WHICH SHOULD
HAVE BEEN DETERMINED BY THE COURT AS A MATTER OF LAW.
2. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION
FOR JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT.
3. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN INSTRUCTING ON THE ELEMENTS
NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH THE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE OF
FELLOW EMPLOYEE IMMUNITY, BY CHARGING THE JURY (1) AN
EMPLOYEE IS IN THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT WHILE
PERFORMING SOME REQUIRED DUTY DONE DIRECTLY OR
INCIDENTALLY IN THE SERVICE OF THE EMPLOYER; (2)
APPELLANT HAD THE BURDEN TO PROVE THAT THE EMPLOYMENT
WAS A DIRECT AND PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE INJURY AND; (3)
AN INJURY ARISES OUT OF EMPLOYMENT WHEN IT IS
PROXIMATELY CAUSED BY SOMETHING THAT OCCURRED AS
PART OF THE ACTIVITIES, CONDITIONS AND RISKS OF THE
WORKPLACE.
4. THE JURY VERDICT IN THIS CASE IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND SHOULD BE VACATED.
5. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION
TO[SIC] A NEW TRIAL.
III. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Submitting the Issue of Fellow Employee Immunity to the Jury
{¶6} In his first assignment of error, Jeffers argues that the trial court erred by
allowing the case to go to the jury because the evidence established that he was
entitled to fellow employee immunity under R.C. 4123.741 as a matter of law.
{¶7} R.C. 4123.741 states:
Washington App. No. 12CA26 4
No employee of any employer * * * shall be liable to respond in damages
at common law or by statute for any injury or occupational disease,
received or contracted by any other employee of such employer in the
course of and arising out of the latter employee’s employment * * * on the
condition that such injury, occupational disease, or death is found to be
compensable under sections 4123.01 to 4123.94, inclusive, of the Revised
Code.
{¶8} Jeffers bases his first assignment of error on the following exchange at the
close of evidence between his trial counsel and the court:
Counsel: Your Honor, could I have just a moment to – for a motion?
The Court: Yes, Counsel?
Counsel: I believe, Your Honor, in this particular case, that all of the
evidence demonstrates that this was in fact a workplace accident. Mr.
Jeffers was on the premises of his employer. There’s some question, I
guess, as to whether or not it was exclusive, which seems to be a term
that shows up in, you know, some of the cases or mo-- I guess, all of the
cases, particularly from the Supreme Court. But on the other hand, if the
context of those cases and the circumstances of – of the various cases
addressed by the Ohio Supreme Court are taken, you know, from the
cases themselves, it’s evident that all of those cases hold that accidents
on the employer’s premises between employees are treated as fellow
employee -- or, I’m sorry, are treated as workers’ compensation accidents.
Now, true, most of those focus on the situation as it would relate to
an injured employee, but this is a situation that goes one step further, and
turns that around to the fellow employee immunity standard. And I -- I
would submit that it -- it really is a question of law that should be applied,
and this case should be taken away from the jury at this point.
***
The Court: Well, the Court – I’m going to let the Court – the jury make the
decision.
{¶9} Reasonably, one could construe this statement as a motion for a directed
verdict. However, it seems equivocal and Civ.R. 7(B)(1) requires that a motion “shall
state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order
sought.” And because Jeffers does not make any assertion on appeal that we should
Washington App. No. 12CA26 5
treat counsel’s statement as a motion for a directed verdict, we decline to do so.
Accordingly, because Jeffers did not properly make a motion for a directed verdict, the
trial court did not err by submitting the case to the jury and we overrule his first
assignment of error. See Civ.R. 50(A)(4). Nevertheless, because he presents the
same argument in his second assignment of error, we still reach the merits of his
argument below.
B. Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
{¶10} In his second assignment of error, Jeffers asserts that the trial court erred
by denying his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because he was entitled
to fellow employee immunity as a matter of law.
{¶11} A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, like a motion for a
directed verdict, tests the sufficiency of the evidence and therefore presents a question
of law which we review de novo. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-
2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 25. A motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict
should be granted if the trial court, after construing the evidence in favor of the non-
moving party, finds that upon any determinative issue reasonable minds could come to
but one conclusion and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Vance v. Consol. Rail Corp., 73 Ohio St.3d 222, 231 652 N.E.2d 776 (1995); Pepin v.
Hansing, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3552, 2013-Ohio-4182, ¶ 10. In doing so, a trial
court may not weigh the evidence or judge witness credibility. Pepin at ¶ 10.
{¶12} Because “injury by fellow servant” is an affirmative defense under Civ.R.
8(C), Jeffers carries the burden of proof on the issue by a preponderance of the
evidence. See Fossett v. Fossett, 4th Dist. No. 91CA19, 1992 WL 129316, *5 (June 11,
Washington App. No. 12CA26 6
1992) (Harsha, J., dissenting). Thus, he had the burden to establish that Bungard’s
injury occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment.
{¶13} “The coming-and-going rule is a tool used to determine whether an injury
suffered by an employee in a traffic accident occurs ‘in the course of’ and ‘arise[s] out
of’ the employment relationship so as to constitute a compensable injury” under R.C.
Chapter 4123. Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d 117, 119, 689 N.E.2d
917 (1998); Maienza v. Conrad, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 00CA08, 2000 WL 1468503, *2
(Sept. 20, 2000). Generally, the coming-and-going rule provides that “‘an employee
with a fixed place of employment, who is injured while traveling to or from his place of
employment, is not entitled to participate in the Workers’ Compensation Fund because
the requisite causal connection between injury and the employment does not exist.’”
Ruckman at 119, quoting MTD Products, Inc. v. Robatin, 61 Ohio St.3d 66, 68, 572
N.E.2d 661(1991); Maienza at *2.
{¶14} Neither party disputes that Bungard was a “fixed situs” employee and thus
subject to the coming-and-going rule. Nevertheless, based on our holding in Maienza,
Jeffers argues that an exception to the coming-and-going rule exists and Bungard is
entitled to participate in the Workers’ Compensation Fund as a matter of law.
Therefore, he contends that he is also entitled to immunity as a matter of law.
{¶15} In Maienza, we recognized that “‘coming-and-going’ cases have
developed a ‘unique group of tests.’” Maienza at *2, quoting Fisher v. Mayfield, 49 Ohio
St.3d 275, 280, 551 N.E.2d 1271 (1990). This is so because workers’ compensation
cases are, to a large extent, very fact specific and no one test is applicable to each and
every factual possibility. Maienza at *2, citing Ruckman at 122. Accordingly in Maienza
Washington App. No. 12CA26 7
we applied a “unique” coming-and-going test as set forth in Donnelly v. Herron, 88 Ohio
St.3d 425, 727 N.E.2d 882 (2000):
“[a]n employee who, on his way from the fixed situs of his duties after the
close of his work day, is injured in a collision of his automobile and that of
a fellow employee occurring in a parking lot located adjacent to such situs
of duty and owned, maintained and controlled by his employer for the
exclusive use of its employees, receives such injury ‘in the course of, and
arising out of’ his employment, within the meaning of that phrase in the
Workers' Compensation Act * * *.”
Donnelly at 429, quoting Marlow v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 10 Ohio St.2d 18, 225
N.E.2d 241 (1967), syllabus.
{¶16} Thus, applying Marlow to the facts of the case we found that because
Maienza was injured in an automobile accident following work with another employee
on an access road owned, maintained, and controlled by their employer for its exclusive
benefit, he was entitled to participate in the workers’ compensation fund as a matter of
law. Maienza at *3.
{¶17} Here, the parties agree that the accident occurred in a parking lot owned
by Kraton, adjacent to Bungard’s fixed situs of employment; however it was outside the
fence and gated area of the plant. They also agree that the lot was for employees with
at least one space reserved for visitors and that sometimes pizza delivery drivers,
spouses and contractors parked in these spaces. There was no gate or other physical
barrier restricting access to this lot. Furthermore, Bungard admits that the only other
available parking for employees was another employee lot on Kraton’s premises on the
other side of the plant. Thus, the only real dispute is whether these facts establish that
Bungard’s injury occurred in the zone of the employment.
Washington App. No. 12CA26 8
{¶18} At trial, Jeffers testified that the parking lot was for “employee parking” and
owned by Kraton. He explained that at the time of the accident there was a separate
parking lot indicated by signs for subcontractors, as well as visitors. In addition, Jeffers
also stated that that there is one visitor parking spot in the lot and “if somebody parks
there that’s not supposed to be there, the guard comes out and asks what’s going on * *
*.” He stated that he had once been stopped and questioned by the guards. While
working late Jeffers explained that he went out to his car in the employee parking lot
and the guard did not recognize him and asked what he was doing. Jeffers further
testified that employees had to pass through one of the two employee parking lots to
gain entry into the plant.
{¶19} Jeffers was shown Exhibit 305, a photograph of the parking lot. He
testified that “all of the premises to the top of the photograph * * * from Highway 618,”
which included the access road leading to the parking lot, were also owned by Kraton.
{¶20} Bungard testified employees parked in the lot, along with “pizza delivery
people,” and visitors, particularly spouses dropping things off to employees. He
explained that there was no gate restricting access to the lot and contractors sometimes
parked in the lot as well, especially if the visitor lot was full. Bungard further testified
that he had no reason to believe that Kraton did not own the parking lot.
{¶21} Randall Mills, a Human Resources Field Representative at Kraton,
testified that the parking lot where the parties’ accident occurred is for “Kraton
personnel.” He stated that it is not monitored by video, but a “guard force” will make
rounds through the lot two to three times per shift “to make sure everything’s safe,
nobody’s breaking into automobiles.” Mills also stated that Kraton has the right to
Washington App. No. 12CA26 9
inspect any of the employee’s vehicles parked in the lot, if they “suspect stolen property,
firearms, alcohol or controlled substances.” Mills explained that the only alternative
employee parking was a lot on the north side of the plant that was subject to same
controls as the lot where the accident occurred. He explained the employees usually
parked in the lot closest to the area of the plant where they worked and had to pass
through one of the lots and a guard shack to enter the plant.
{¶22} Mills further testified that there are several visitors’ parking spots “in front
of the administration building, which is just below that parking lot.” He explained that
right next to the entry gate to the plant there are “a couple slots for various deliveries,”
including pizza delivery. On cross-examination Mills clarified that the parking lot where
the accident occurred was for “just employees,” but there were “designated parking
spots” for visitors dropping things off for employees also.
{¶23} Jack Sprung, Bungard’s supervisor at Kraton, also testified that the
parking lot was “a large parking lot * * * that the employees all parked in.” He testified
that there were also spaces in the lot for visitors near the “guard shack,” and separate
visitor parking in front of the administration building. Sprung explained that the only
other employee parking was a parking lot on the “north side” of the plant and agreed
that the lot that was “essentially the same * * * in terms of dedicated parking for
employees” and the employees typically parked in the lot that was closer to their area of
work in the plant.
{¶24} Dave Davis, a Kraton employee, testified that the parking lot where the
accident occurred is “a Kraton employee parking lot” and did not think visitors were
permitted to park there. He also testified that there was a visitor parking lot in front of
Washington App. No. 12CA26 10
the administrative building where the contractors park. Davis further explained that
people do park in the lot to drop things off to employees, including pizza delivery
drivers. He explained however, that the pizza delivery drivers and other people
dropping things off to employees typically do not park their vehicles and leave. Rather,
they park in the parking lot and then walk to the main gate and ask the guard to call the
employee to meet them. He clarified that “visitors can’t park [in the lot] and then walk
into the plant, as far as I know.”
{¶25} Even construing the evidence in favor of Bungard, reasonable minds could
only conclude that Kraton owned, maintained and controlled the parking lot where the
parties’ accident occurred for the exclusive use and benefit of its employees. Jeffers
testified that Kraton owned the lot and Bungard testified that he had no reason to
believe otherwise. The evidence also showed that the parking lot was adjacent to the
plant entrance and the employees had to pass through one of two employee parking
lots to enter the plant. Mills testified that there were guards that made rounds of the
parking lot several times per shift to ensure the employees’ automobiles were safe and
only authorized persons were in the lot. Both parties and several other witnesses
testified that the parking lot was for employees, but there was at least one spot reserved
for visitors to drop things off to employees. However, Davis explained that these visitors
were not permitted to park and enter the plant. Rather, they had to approach the gate
and request that the employee meet them there to drop off the items. Even if we
construe the testimony to mean that contractors or other visitors were permitted on
occasion to park their vehicles in the parking lot where the accident occurred, this does
not defeat the overwhelming evidence that the parking lot was designated by Kraton as
Washington App. No. 12CA26 11
one of two exclusive parking areas for its employees. In light of the fact there was a
separate lot for visitors, incidental use by visitors of the employee parking lot does not
transform its character.
{¶26} Bungard urges us to conclude that there were “no controls” over the
parking lot because there were no visible restrictions, gates or key codes to restrict
access, however we disagree. Control is the “‘direct or indirect power to direct
management and policies of a person or entity * * *.’” Jobe v. Conrad, 2nd Dist.
Montgomery No. 18459, 2001 WL 62516, *3 (Jan. 26, 2001), quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary 330 (7th Ed.1999); Foster v. Bur. of Workers’ Comp., 2nd Dist. Montgomery
No. 25657, 2013-Ohio-4075, ¶ 10. The evidence here clearly showed that Kraton
controlled the parking lot where the accident occurred. Kraton owned the lot and had
guards patrolling it to ensure that the employee’s cars were safe and no one was there
who was not supposed to be. In fact, Jeffers himself testified that he had once been
stopped by the guards in the parking lot because they did not recognize him. The
evidence also showed that Kraton had the right to inspect the employee’s vehicles
parked in the lot.
{¶27} In further support of his argument Jeffers cites to numerous cases in
which the plaintiff was injured in or near the employer’s parking lot and was entitled to
workers’ compensation benefits because the injury occurred in the “zone of
employment.” And even assuming, arguendo, that Jeffers failed to establish the
requirements of the “unique” coming-and-going exception set forth in Maienza, there is
no doubt that Bungard’s injury occurred in the zone of employment.
Washington App. No. 12CA26 12
{¶28} “The ‘zone of employment’ is another exception to the coming-and-going
rule and allows employees to recover for injury sustained in the place of employment, or
in the areas thereabouts, so long as those places are under the control of the
employer.” Moss v. Conrad, 157 Ohio App.3d 47, 2004-Ohio-2065, 809 N.E.2d 36 ¶ 28
(4th Dist.). Again, control is the “‘direct or indirect power to direct management and
policies of a person or entity * * *.’” Jobe at *3, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 330 (7th
Ed.1999); Foster at ¶ 10. Generally, an injury is compensable if it occurred in the zone
of employment because there is a sufficient causal connection between the injury and
the employment to warrant compensation. See MTD Products, 61 Ohio St.3d at 68,
572 N.E.2d 661(1991).
{¶29} The facts of this case are similar to Pursley v. MBNA Corp., 8th Dist. No
88073, 2007-Ohio-1445, which also involved a car accident between two coemployees
in an employer owned parking garage. In Pursley the injured employee filed suit
against the employer. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the
employer, finding that workers’ compensation was the injured employee’s sole remedy.
Pursley at ¶ 6.
{¶30} On appeal, the court agreed and held that workers’ compensation barred
Pursely’s negligence claims against her employer because her injuries occurred in the
zone of employment. Id. at ¶ 15. Applying this exception to the coming-and-going rule
the court found that the employer “owned the parking garage; therefore it had control
over the scene of the accident. There was no alternative off-site parking available;
therefore, Pursley had to park in a company-owned lot. The fact that she picked this
parking lot over another company-owned parking garage is of no relevance.” Id. at ¶ 14.
Washington App. No. 12CA26 13
The court reasoned that the fact that an employee “‘had two ways of getting to work
from the parking lot was not relevant in this case in determining whether employer’s
parking lot was within worker’s “zone of employment.” * * * The point appears to be
illogical. If an employer provides two accesses and the employee has a choice, an
injury on either may not be compensable because the other was available for use.’” Id.,
quoting Meszaros v. Legal News Publishing Co., 138 Ohio App.3d 645, 648, 742 N.E.2d
158 (8th Dist.2000). Accordingly, the court held that because Pursley was injured in an
employer owned garage, she was “clearly within the zone of employment when she
sustained her injury.” Id. at ¶ 15.
{¶31} Here, we have already concluded that Kraton controlled the parking lot
where the accident occurred. The evidence showed that the parking lot was on
premises owned by Kraton, next to Bungard’s fixed situs of employment and that the
employees had to pass through one of two employee parking lots to enter the plant.
Moreover, the parking lot was patrolled by security guards two to three times per shift to
ensure the employee’s cars were safe and there were not unauthorized persons in the
lot. And following the rationale in Pursely, the fact that Bungard had a choice of another
employee parking lot on the employer’s premises is irrelevant to determining whether
his injury occurred in the zone of employment. Therefore, reasonable minds could only
conclude that Kraton controlled the parking lot where the parties’ accident occurred and
thus it was also in the zone of employment. Because Bungard was on his way to work
and it was necessary for him to pass through one of the employee parking lots to enter
his place of work, his injury occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment
and is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act.
Washington App. No. 12CA26 14
{¶32} Bungard also cites to R.C. 4123.74 and argues that because Jeffers failed
to present any evidence that Kraton “pa[id] money into the workers compensation fund
or me[t] the self-insured requirements,” he is not entitled to fellow employee immunity.
{¶33} However, R.C. 4123.74 deals with employer immunity and is distinct from
fellow employee immunity under R.C. 4123.741. And because R.C. 4213.741 does not
require the fellow employ to establish his employer’s compliance with the workers’
compensation fund, we reject Bungard’s argument. Because Jeffers established that he
was entitled to immunity under the terms of R.C. 4123.741 as a matter of law, the trial
court erred by denying his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
Accordingly, we sustain his second assignment of error.
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶34} Because Jeffers established that he was entitled to fellow employee
immunity under R.C. 4123.741, we sustain his second assignment of error and reverse
the trial court’s decision. We overrule his first assignment of error because he did not
properly make a motion for a directed verdict. The issues raised in Jeffers’ third, fourth
and fifth assignments are rendered moot by our resolution of his second assignment of
error and therefore we decline to address them. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
JUDGMENT REVERSED
AND CAUSE REMANDED.
Washington App. No. 12CA26 15
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS REVERSED and that the CAUSE IS
REMANDED. Appellee shall pay the costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Washington County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.
Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date of
this entry.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Abele, P.J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ________________________________
William H. Harsha, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.