Schmidt v. Schmidt

[Cite as Schmidt v. Schmidt, 2012-Ohio-5252.]

STATE OF OHIO, MONROE COUNTY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

SEVENTH DISTRICT

RICHARD SCHMIDT, ) CASE NO. 11 MO 6
)
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, )
)
VS. ) OPINION
)
MARENA SCHMIDT, )
)
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil Appeal from Common Pleas Court,
Case No. 2010-312.

JUDGMENT: Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: Attorney Rebecca Bench
23 Driggs Lane
Bridgeport, Ohio 43912

For Defendant-Appellant: Attorney Mark Morrison
117 North Main Street
Woodsfield, Ohio 43793

JUDGES:
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Mary DeGenaro

Dated: November 6, 2012
[Cite as Schmidt v. Schmidt, 2012-Ohio-5252.]
VUKOVICH, J.

{¶1} Appellant Marena Schmidt appeals the decision of the Monroe County
Common Pleas Court, which terminated the alternating residential parent status
regarding one of the parties’ three children and named appellee Richard Schmidt the
residential parent of that child. The threshold issue is whether the statutory changed
circumstances provisions applicable to the modification of parental rights and
responsibilities apply here where there is a separate statute applicable to the
termination of a shared parenting decree which only requires the court to consider
whether termination is within the child’s best interests. Since the trial court here did
not state that the prior shared parenting decree was terminated when it modified the
parties’ residential parent status and certain portions of the prior decree still exist, we
agree with the mother that changed circumstances were required.
{¶2} As to the trial court’s finding of changed circumstances, the mother
argues that a nine-year-old’s wishes are not a sufficient changed circumstance to
justify naming the father as residential parent. However, the trial court heard this
child declare his wishes and concerns in chambers and could find them sincere,
serious, and worthy of respect under the circumstances of the case. In addition,
other changed circumstances involve the mother’s multiple moves since the decree,
the mother’s untimely adoption revelations without the participation of the father, the
child’s emotional turmoil and attachment to the father, and the relationship issues
between the mother and child. Thus, a finding of changed circumstances is not
unreasonable.
{¶3} The modification of custody statute has two other requirements, which
are not specifically raised as errors by the mother. Still, our review shows that it was
not unreasonable for the trial court to find that the modification was in the child’s best
interests and that the harm likely to be caused by the change or environment was
outweighed by the benefits of the change. The trial court’s decision is upheld.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
{¶4} The parties began dating while the mother was pregnant with someone
else’s child. The mother gave birth to that child in the spring of 2002, and the parties
 -2-

were married in the fall of that year. The husband acted as the child’s father and
legally adopted him at age five. (Tr. 139). The parties had two other children in 2003
and 2008.
{¶5} In September of 2010, the parties petitioned the court for a dissolution
and filed a joint shared parenting plan providing that the children would alternate
weeks with the parties and that each party would be the residential parent while they
had the children. The agreement stated that the mother’s residence shall be
considered the children’s primary residence for school purposes as long as the
children remain enrolled in either Hannibal Elementary School or River High School.
It continued to state that if the mother’s residence changes so that the children are no
longer able to remain enrolled in either school, then the father’s residence shall be
deemed the primary residence for school purposes if his residence allows the
children to be enrolled in those schools. On December 15, 2010, the trial court
entered a decree of dissolution and incorporated the shared parenting plan in its
decree.
{¶6} Six weeks later, the mother filed a motion to modify the court’s order
regarding the children’s residence for school purposes. She stated that she moved
from Hannibal and that she was relocating to Neffs, Ohio in Belmont County. She
stated that although the shared parenting plan provided that the father’s residence
would be primary for school purposes if she moved from the district, she wanted to
remain residential parent for school purposes so the children could go to “Belmont
County Schools” in the 2011-2012 school year. She also asked to change the
custody from shared to full custody because the children need stability and she works
a regular schedule whereas the father works swing shifts.
{¶7} The father responded with a memorandum in opposition. As for the
other two youngest children, the father expressed that shared parenting remained in
their best interests as they enjoyed spending alternate weeks with each parent.
Regarding the oldest child, who was about to turn nine, the father filed a motion to
terminate the shared parenting plan and to modify custody. He disclosed that the
mother moved in with her boyfriend, which resulted in chaos for all of the children.
She then announced to the oldest child that her new boyfriend was his biological
 -3-

father. This announcement resulted in a particularly emotional situation for this child,
especially since the child had never been informed that he had been adopted and
since the mother made this revelation without the participation of the adoptive father.
{¶8} The father’s motion asked the court to interview the oldest child to
ascertain that it is in his best interests to terminate shared parenting and to live full-
time with him. The court interviewed the oldest child in chambers. The parties then
came to a temporary agreement for the summer, allowing the child to primarily stay
with the father. The case was heard in August of 2011.
{¶9} The counselor for the two older children, who was employed by the
mother, testified that the child has been having problems in his relationship with his
mother and the child is very close to his father. (Tr. 9, 11). He said the child wants to
live with his father, acknowledging that the father has likely attempted to influence the
child’s decision. (Tr. 13-14). It was suggested that the mother should have
consulted with the counselor and the current father prior to announcing to the child
that he had been adopted and that he was now living with his biological father. (Tr.
18-19, 23). The counselor described this event as a “psychological bombshell” for
which all parties should have been present. (Tr. 19, 21). He noted that the child
immediately asked to schedule a visit with him after the announcement. (Tr. 21).
{¶10} The counselor testified that the child likes his school and has a good
relationship with his classmates. (Tr. 25). He noted that the child was currently
playing football, which he loved. He described school and sports as being a large
part of the child’s life. (Tr. 26).
{¶11} The counselor would not provide a recommendation as to custody but
merely stated that both parents need to discontinue their “game playing” and to be
more cooperative. (Tr. 33, 44). He gave an example of the father’s family planning
an event during the mother’s week while she was at work, the mother stating that
they could only have the children if she got a day during the father’s week, and the
father disagreeing so the children ended up not being able to attend the event. (Tr.
36, 41, 54). It was also noted that the mother registered the child for baseball in the
league within her school district while the father registered the child for the league
within the children’s school district. (Tr. 41).
 -4-

{¶12} The mother testified that the children should remain together. (Tr. 47).
She complained that the father often has his parents or her grandparents babysit. (Tr.
48). She opined that the father does not have the children bathe often enough, that
he does not have a set routine, and that he lets them stay up too late. (Tr. 49-50,
52). She stated that he has transported the three-year-old without a car seat. (Tr.
51). She also noted that the father’s house is in foreclosure. (Tr. 50).
{¶13} At the time of the dissolution, the mother lived in Hannibal (Monroe
County), which was where she agreed the children would attend school and which
was near her work across the river in New Martinsville, West Virginia. In December,
just after the decree, she moved nearly an hour away to Neffs, Ohio (Belmont
County) with her former boyfriend (the oldest child’s biological father). (Tr. 63). When
that relationship appeared unsuitable for her children, she moved to Bellaire. (Tr. 68-
69). Then, in May, she moved to Shadyside, which is more than thirty minutes from
Hannibal. (Tr. 67).
{¶14} She testified that she lived within walking distance of the Shadyside
schools and opined that it was a better district because it had more students. (Tr. 55-
56). She did not look into the academic ratings of the new district, and she did not
know if the oldest child could still play football that season or if the middle child could
cheer there. (Tr. 77). When asked why she agreed with the provision regarding the
school district in the shared parenting plan, she stated that her lawyer knew that she
was uncomfortable with that provision. (Tr. 65-66).
{¶15} It was developed that the mother could pass through Hannibal on her
drive to work in New Martinsville, West Virginia every weekday. (Tr. 77). It was
established that the oldest child, who was nine and will be in fourth grade, has
attended the same school since kindergarten. He receives As and Bs, he has friends
there, and he plays football, basketball, and baseball, which are a big part of his life.
The middle child, who was almost eight and entering second grade, has also
attended since kindergarten. She was involved in basketball, softball, and
cheerleading and also has many friends. (Tr. 75-76, 123). After the presentation of
this information, the mother voiced that children can make friends and play sports
anywhere. (Tr. 74).
 -5-

{¶16} The mother’s step-mother, who lives nearly an hour away, testified that
her teenager babysits the children during the summer while the mother works. (Tr.
91, 99, 101). She complained that the father sends the children home dirty and that
he allows them to eat junk food. (Tr. 92). She testified that the middle child misses
the oldest child since he has been staying with their father. (Tr. 95). The mother’s
friend also testified that the mother is a good parent. (Tr. 114-115).
{¶17} The maternal great-grandfather testified that he lives in Monroe County,
that he and the maternal great-grandmother have helped babysit the children since
they were born, and that they love watching the children, eschewing any suggestion
that the father was imposing upon them. (Tr. 105). He opined that he is satisfied
with the current arrangement whereby the oldest child primarily stays with his father
and the younger children stay alternate weeks with the parents. (Tr. 106, 108). He
explained that the mother’s relationship with the children was poor until recently,
noting that she had been acting selfish. (Tr. 107). He stated that the oldest child has
really bonded with the father. (Tr. 106). He disputed testimony that the father keeps
the children in a dirty condition. (Tr. 107).
{¶18} The father testified as to how upset the oldest child was when the
mother informed the child he had been adopted by the father and expressed that it
was a harmful time to tell him. (Tr. 134, 137). He stated that the event brought the
child even closer to him. (Tr. 136). He opined that the oldest child is unhappy when
he is staying with his mother unlike the other two children who are happy during their
week with their mother. He testified that the oldest child has been more cooperative
about going with his mother since the temporary agreement allowed him to stay with
the father most of the time as the child knows he will be back soon. (Tr. 142-143).
The father explained that this child wanted to live with him prior to the dissolution but
he had encouraged him to give the alternate week arrangement a chance. (Tr. 145,
153).
{¶19} The father also testified that he and the oldest child love the outdoors;
they fish together and watch baseball games. (Tr. 137). He confirmed that the two
older children have many friends and that it would be especially stressful on the older
child to switch school districts. (Tr. 128). The father coaches the oldest child in
 -6-

football, basketball, and baseball. (Tr. 123). He also coaches the middle child in
softball and basketball. (Tr. 124). His mother is a cook at the school. (Tr. 127). He
testified that his parents, his aunt, his uncle, and her grandparents live near him. (Tr.
133). He noted that he previously picked the children up at school for the mother and
kept them until she got off work on her weeks. (Tr. 130). He testified that he cooks,
that he has the children bathe every other night, and that he only forgot the car seat
on one occasion. (Tr. 147-148, 149-150).
{¶20} The father testified that his house had just entered the foreclosure
process two weeks ago, pointing out that he was behind because the mother was
behind when he moved in and that their agreement states that she owes him $8,000
on the house. (Tr. 120, 167). He states that he is trying to keep the house, but if the
foreclosure eventually occurs, he will temporarily move into a three-bedroom mobile
home belonging to his mother that is located behind the school in the district as
agreed in the shared parenting plan. (Tr. 119, 152). He stated that his girlfriend lives
with him and that her young children stay with them Monday through Thursday. (Tr.
151).
{¶21} On August 23, 2011, the court denied the mother’s motion and ordered
that, pursuant to the shared parenting plan, the children’s residential address for
school purposes would change to the father since the mother moved out of the
school district and the father still lives in the district. Besides implementing this
previously agreed-upon modification, the court left the parenting arrangement for the
two youngest children unchanged.
{¶22} As for oldest child, however, the court named the father as the
residential parent with whom the child would primarily reside, named the mother the
non-residential parent, and granted the mother standard visitation. In doing so, the
court found changed circumstances in the child’s expressed desire to live with his
father and noted that the mother relocated multiple times and did not live in the
agreed school district. The court found that its new order was in the child’s best
interest, listing various facts and considerations.
{¶23} The mother filed a timely notice of appeal. Notably, the mother does
not contest the court’s decision denying her motion or the court’s decision in
 -7-

changing the school residence designation as agreed in the shared parenting plan.
Her sole assignment of error revolves around whether or not there were sufficient
changed circumstances in this case to name the father the sole residential parent of
the oldest child. The father initially responds that changed circumstances are not
required here. Thus, we begin with this issue.
CUSTODY LAW
{¶24} When allocating parental rights and responsibilities in an original decree
or in any proceeding for modification, the court shall consider the child’s best
interests. R.C. 3109.04(B)(1). To determine best interests, the court shall consider
all relevant factors including: (a) the parents' wishes; (b) the child's wishes if the
court has interviewed the child; (c) the child's interaction and interrelationship with the
child's parents, siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the child's
best interests; (d) the child's adjustment to home, school, and community; (e) the
mental and physical health of all relevant persons; (f) the parent more likely to honor
and facilitate court-approved parenting time rights or companionship rights; (g)
whether either parent has failed to make all child support payments pursuant to a
child support order; (h) whether either parent or any member of the household of
either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to certain criminal
offenses involving children; (i) whether the residential parent or one of the parents
subject to a shared parenting decree has continuously and willfully denied the other
parent's right to parenting time in accordance with a court order; and (j) whether
either parent has established a residence, or is planning to establish a residence,
outside of Ohio. R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a)-(j). The allocation of parental rights and
responsibilities deals with the designation of the residential parent and legal
custodian to one parent or to both (as in many shared parenting decrees). Fisher v.
Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-Ohio-5589, 876 N.E.2d 542, ¶ 23-25.
{¶25} Once the allocation has been performed, division (E)(1)(a) then
provides that the court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and
responsibilities for the care of a child unless it finds, based upon facts that have
arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior
decree, that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child’s
 -8-

residential parent, or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree and
the modification is necessary to serve the child’s best interests.
{¶26} This division continues to state that the court shall retain the residential
parent designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting decree unless
modification is in the best interests of the child and one of the following applies: (i)
the residential parent agrees to a change or both parents under shared parenting
decree agree to a change in designation of the residential parent; (ii) the child, with
the consent of the residential parent or both parents under a shared parenting
decree, has been integrated into the family of the person seeking to become
residential parent; or (iii) the harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is
outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the child. R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a).
{¶27} In addition to a modification authorized under (E)(1)(a), there are three
other types of changes relevant to a shared parenting decree. For instance, the
parties may jointly modify the terms of a shared parenting plan unless the court finds
the modification is not in the child’s best interests. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(a). In
addition, the court may modify the terms of the plan for shared parenting on its own
motion at any time or upon request of one or both parents if the court determines the
modification is in the child’s best interests. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(b).
{¶28} Finally, the court may terminate a prior final shared parenting decree
that included a shared parenting plan such as the one at issue here upon the request
of one or both parents or whenever it determines that shared parenting is not in the
child’s best interests. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c). Upon the termination of a prior final
shared parenting decree under (E)(2)(c), the court shall proceed and issue a modified
decree for the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the
children under the standards applicable in divisions (A) through (C) as if no decree
for shared parenting had been granted and as if no request for shared parenting had
been made. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(d).
{¶29} The Supreme Court has decided a case where the parents equally
shared parental rights and responsibilities under a shared parenting agreement
adopted by the trial court and both later asked to be named sole residential parent
 -9-

and legal custodian of the child. Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-
Ohio-5589, 876 N.E.2d 542, ¶ 2. The trial court found that it was in the child’s best
interests to terminate the shared parenting plan and found it in the child’s best
interests for the mother to be designated the residential parent. Id. at ¶ 3. The
Supreme Court found that the changed circumstances test of (E)(1)(a) applied in that
case.
{¶30} To ascertain the effect of that holding, the appellate process of that
case may be important. The appellate court in Fisher examined the four modification
provisions in (E)(1)(a), (E)(2)(a), (E)(2)(b), and (E)(2)(c) outlined above. Id. at ¶ 5.
The appellate court found that (E)(2)(a) was inapplicable because it was not a joint
modification of the terms. The appellate court also concluded, that although the trial
court stated that it “terminated” the shared parenting plan, the decision was actually a
modification and was thus not subject to (E)(2)(c). Id. at ¶ 6. The appellate court
then analyzed whether to apply the (E)(1)(a) changed circumstance test or the
(E)(2)(b) best interests test. The appellate court concluded that the trial court was
permitted to modify the shared parenting plan with respect to the residential parent
and legal custodian of the child under (E)(2)(b) upon a mere finding of best interests.
Id. at ¶ 9.
{¶31} The Supreme Court accepted the case as a discretionary appeal, and
the following certified question was also presented: whether a change in the
designation of residential parent and legal custodian of children is a modification of a
“term” of a shared parenting decree, allowing the designation to be modified solely on
a finding that the modification is in the best interest of the children pursuant to
(E)(2)(b) and without a determination that a change in circumstances has occurred
pursuant to (E)(1)(a). Id. at ¶ 1. Thus, the Supreme Court did not review the
appellate court’s decision that this was not a termination of the shared parenting plan
under (E)(2)(c). Besides noting that the appellate court had found that this was not a
termination under (E)(2)(c), the Supreme Court majority made no further mention of
that section.
{¶32} The Court held that (E)(1)(a) controls when a court modifies an order
designating the residential parent and legal custodian and this designation cannot be
 -10-

modified under (E)(2)(b), which allows only for the modification of the terms of a
shared parenting plan. Id. at ¶ 26 (emphasizing the difference between the order for
allocation versus the plan containing mere “terms” of shared parenting). The Court
stated that a modification of the terms of the plan mentioned in (E)(2)(b) would not
encompass changing the order designating the residential parent but would apply to
items such as the child's living arrangements, medical care, school placement, and
child support. Id. at ¶ 30. The Court noted the various reasons for the higher
standard for changing the residential parent designation. Id. at ¶ 32-36.
{¶33} A dissent urged that the case involved the termination of a shared
parenting decree under (E)(2)(c). The dissent stated that the majority should not
have relied on the appellate court’s statement that the trial court’s order was not a
termination. Id. at ¶ 38. The dissent concluded that by failing to analyze that holding,
the majority answered a question that did not need answered. Id. at ¶ 60.
{¶34} Thereafter, this court ruled on a case where the trial court granted the
father’s request to terminate shared parenting and to designate him the residential
parent. Surgenavic v. Surgenavic, 7th Dist. No. 08MA29, 2009-Ohio-1028, ¶ 5. This
court stated:

Although Appellee requested “termination” of the shared
parenting plan, R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c) is not applicable in this case. The
Ohio Supreme Court, in Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-
Ohio-5589, 876 N.E.2d 546, recently recognized that a shared
parenting plan is not the vehicle by which a trial court designates a
residential parent or legal custodian. Id., ¶ 31, 876 N.E.2d 546.
Because the designation of the residential parent and legal custodian
involves the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities, “R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a) controls when a court modifies an order designating
the residential parent and legal custodian.” Id., ¶ 26, 876 N.E.2d 546.

Surgenavic, 7th Dist. No. 08MA29 at ¶ 9.
{¶35} Thereafter, this court issued a non-unanimous decision regarding the
effect of the Supreme Court’s Fisher holding and our holding in Surgenavic. In
 -11-

Kougher, the father sought termination of the shared parenting decree. Kougher v.
Kougher, 194 Ohio App.3d 703, 2011-Ohio-3911, 957 N.E.2d 835. The trial court
denied the motion, holding that the father failed to show changed circumstances. The
father appealed, arguing that the changed circumstances test was not required under
(E)(2)(c). We agreed, holding that Fisher only dealt with modification of parental
rights under a shared parenting plan and did not involve the complete termination of
shared parenting. Id. at ¶ 5. We noted that Fisher did not decide whether (E)(2)(c)
had any bearing on (E)(2)(a). Id. at ¶ 15.
{¶36} We stated that the trial court misinterpreted our prior case of
Surgenavic. We distinguished that case, stating that we applied Fisher there
because it involved termination of a shared parenting plan, rather than a complete
termination of shared parenting, which includes the termination of the shared
parenting decree as well as the shared parenting plan. Id. at ¶ 18. We pointed to the
statement in Fisher that there are differences between the shared parenting plan
(which implements the specific day-to-day details of shared parenting) and the
decree itself (the order granting shared-parenting rights or designating parental rights
and responsibilities). Id. When the shared parenting decree is terminated, the court
must start from scratch and create a completely new parenting order. Id.
{¶37} We then stated that the order the father was attempting to terminate in
its entirety was, in all respects, a shared parenting decree incorporating a shared
parenting plan. Id. at ¶ 22. We thus held that (E)(2)(c) was applicable. We noted
that (E)(2)(c) requires only the best interests test to determine whether the court
should “terminate a prior final shared parenting decree that includes a shared
parenting plan * * *.” Id. We then declared, “[t]his statutory subsection was not
reviewed in the majority opinion of the Ohio Supreme Court's Fisher case, and we
must allow the plain words of the statute to speak for themselves.” Id. We concluded
that Fisher does not require a finding of a change in circumstances when a party
attempts to completely terminate a shared parenting decree under (E)(2)(c). Id. at ¶
25.
{¶38} The Kougher dissent noted that Fisher required a change of
circumstances under (E)(1)(a) whenever the residential parent and legal custodian is
 -12-

changed, whether in a sole custody situation or a shared parenting situation. Id. at ¶
49, 58 (DeGenaro, J., dissenting) (and also pointing out how Fisher listed the
reasons why changed circumstances are important when reallocating parental rights
and responsibilities). The dissent opined that termination of the plan pursuant to
(E)(2)(c) presupposes that a change of circumstances has been found by the trial
court under (E)(1)(a). Id. at ¶ 52.
{¶39} Without redeciding the controversy here, we conclude that the case
before is distinguishable because the shared parenting decree here was not actually
terminated. Firstly, the language of the trial court’s order leaves some terms of the
shared parenting plan in existence with regards to the oldest child.
{¶40} We recognize that the trial court did rule that the father shall be named
the residential parent of the oldest child, the child shall primarily reside with his father,
the mother shall be deemed the non-residential parent, and the mother shall be
entitled to parenting time consistent with the court’s standard order of visitation. This
seems to suggest a termination of shared parenting.
{¶41} However, (E)(1)(a) speaks of allocation of parental rights and
responsibilities upon a change in the circumstances of a residential parent or either of
the parents subject to a shared parenting decree. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). See also
Fisher, 116 Ohio St.3d 53 at ¶ 26 (allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
means designation of residential parent and legal custodian).
{¶42} And, the trial court did not actually state that it was terminating the
shared parenting decree. To the contrary, the court stated that all prior orders not
specifically addressed shall remain unchanged. The prior order stated that the
shared parenting plan was incorporated as if fully rewritten into the court’s decree.
Said plan provided that the mother shall be residential parent at all times that the
father is not exercising his rights as residential parent and provided that the father
was the residential parent every other week for one entire week. These provisions
may have been eliminated by the court’s new order naming the father as the primary
residential parent, naming the mother non-residential parent, and imposing standard
visitation for the mother.
 -13-

{¶43} Yet, there were also other aspects of the plan. For instance, it stated
each parent shall have reasonable access by telephone at all times. There is also a
provision requiring consultation on non-emergency medical treatment, insurance
coverage, schooling, day care, religion, and discipline. This provision supplied the
parties with the right to mediation on these subjects if agreement cannot be reached.
Furthermore, the shared parenting plan contains the allocation of the tax treatment of
the children.
{¶44} Finally, the plan and decree clearly still exist regarding the other two
children. In fact, the court enforced the plan’s provision regarding the modification of
the residential parent for school purposes due to the mother’s move from the school
district. Thus, we conclude under the unique circumstances existing herein, that the
court’s decision was not a termination under (E)(2)(c) but rather than a modification
under (E)(1)(a) requiring changed circumstances.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶45} The mother’s sole assignment of error provides:
{¶46} “IT IS PREJUDICIAL ERROR TO FIND THAT THE WISHES OF A
NINE YEAR OLD CHILD ARE SUFFICIENT WITHOUT OTHER CHANGES OF
CIRCUMSTANCES TO JUSTIFY A MODIFICATION OF RESIDENTIAL PARENT
STATUS ONE MONTH AFTER THE ORIGINAL DECREE.”
{¶47} In determining whether a change of circumstances has occurred, the
Supreme Court has expressed that “custody issues are some of the most difficult and
agonizing decisions a trial judge must make.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415,
418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Thus, the trial court’s decision must not be reversed
absent an abuse of discretion. Id. The trial judge has the best opportunity to view
the demeanor, attitude, and credibility of each witness, and this is even more crucial
in a child custody case where there may be much evident in the parties' demeanor
and attitude that does not translate to the record well. Id. at 418-419. “There must
be a change of circumstances to warrant a change of custody, and the change must
be a change of substance, not a slight or inconsequential change.” Id. at 418.
However, the change need not be “substantial.” Id. at 417-418.
 -14-

{¶48} The mother states that a nine-year-old’s wishes are not a sufficient
changed circumstance. She also asks how there can be changed circumstances so
soon after the original decree. As to the mother’s complaint about the short amount
of time that had passed since the prior decree, she was the party who, six weeks
after the shared parenting decree was issued, filed a motion to ignore the school
district provision and to terminate shared custody on grounds of a need for stability. A
month after that, the father responded in opposition and filed his own motion to
terminate shared parenting with regards to the oldest child. Thus, the timing cannot
be held against the father.
{¶49} In determining changed circumstances, the trial court can consider both
post-decree events and facts unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree.
R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). The father testified that the oldest child wished to live with
him even before the shared parenting decree was entered. This fact was unknown to
the trial court. In addition, post-decree events occurred contributing to the weight of
the changed circumstances.
{¶50} For instance, the mother moved three times since the decree (all into
different school districts), and she changed her mind about which school district the
children should attend three times in a matter of months. Furthermore, the mother
released a “psychological bombshell” on the oldest child, who was already having
troubles with the situation, when she moved in with her former boyfriend and
announced without the father’s assistance that her boyfriend is the child’s biological
father. This worsened the child’s already suffering relationship with his mother.
{¶51} The mother points out that Ohio abolished a child’s right to elect where
they wish to live and even then, this child would have been too young to have his
choice binding. See Former R.C. 3109.04(A) (permitting a child of twelve to elect the
residential parent). However, the court here did not proceed as if it was bound by the
child’s election. Upon the father’s request, the court conducted an in camera
interview with the child as required by R.C. 3109.04(B)(1). The court was thereafter
permitted to determine the child’s wishes and concerns. R.C. 3109.04(B)(2)(a). The
court can then attribute the weight it desires to the child’s wishes. As the court
pointed out, the child had expressed his wishes to both of his parents. The child had
 -15-

also advised his counselor of his wishes, and the mother’s grandfather was aware of
those wishes.
{¶52} The mother also complains that the father manipulated the child’s
feelings. However, the trial court was in the best position to evaluate whether the
father was honest or manipulative and whether the child’s wishes arose from his own
true needs and desires or those of his father.
{¶53} In conclusion, the child’s wishes were not slight or inconsequential. The
trial court could find that this child’s wishes were strong and serious based upon
various issues including those involving the mother’s recent actions. The mother
agreed to a summer schedule to accommodate the child’s wishes to primarily reside
with the father, at least temporarily, and this agreement eased the child’s emotional
issues during transfer to his mother. Furthermore, the court had additional evidence
before it such as the multiple moves (into various school districts), which the court did
point to in its entry dealing with changed circumstances, and the mother’s treatment
of the adoption issue, which was encompassed in the child’s wishes as it firmed up
the child’s desire.
{¶54} Considering the entire record, the trial court could reasonably find
changed circumstance that were of substance and that represented more than a
slight or inconsequential change. See Davis, 77 Ohio St.3d at 418. See also
Wallace v. Willoughby, 3d Dist. No. 17-10-15, 2011-Ohio-3008 (trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding changed circumstances where eleven-year-old
expressed great desire to reside with father, his desire was so strong that mother
allowed child to live with father for three months, children were enrolled in three
different schools within a span of nine months, and mother relocated with children 30
miles from place they had lived their entire lives).
{¶55} The text of the mother’s assignment of error only argues that the child’s
wishes did not constitute sufficient changed circumstances. It does not claim that the
decision was faulty for any other reason. Although she later cites the other two
statutory requirements for changing the allocation of parental rights and
responsibilities, she does not clearly set forth arguments thereon. Still, our analysis
will proceed with the remainder of the test for changing custody, beginning with the
 -16-

child’s best interests as the factors analyzed under this element assist in evaluating
harm versus advantages, the third element.
{¶56} Each parent wanted to terminate shared parenting and be named
residential parent. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a) (wishes of the child’s parents). The
child’s wishes were ascertained through an in camera interview. See R.C.
3109.04(F)(1)(b). The child had a good and very close relationship with his father
and a troubled relationship with his mother. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(c) (interaction
and interrelationship with parents, siblings, and others who significantly affect best
interests). The child has a loving relationship with his maternal great-grandparents,
which the father encourages. See id. The child has a sibling who is less than two
years younger than him and a sibling who is six years younger than him. See id.
{¶57} Although the child would not be on the exact schedule as his younger
siblings, he would still be with them regularly as the father has custody of the younger
children every other week for the whole week and the mother will have visitation with
him according to standard visitation, which will often include times when she has the
other children. The child has many friends in the school district where his father
lives, and his grandmother works in the school. The child’s paternal grandparents
live nearby, as do his maternal great-grandparents and a paternal aunt and uncle.
{¶58} Along these lines, the child is in fourth grade and has attended this
school district since kindergarten. The mother states that a child of this age is
resilient and can make friends and play sports elsewhere. However, the child plays
at least three sports that are coached by the father, which would likely not continue
should he reside solely with his mother and attend her school district.
{¶59} The child’s emotional state is a concern: his counselor expressed that
the divorce and the revelation of his parentage affected him, and his mother’s
grandfather expressed that his mother’s actions after the divorce affected his
relationship with her negatively. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(e) (mental and physical
health). And, a trier of fact can acknowledge that a child having issues such as those
described to the court (after a recent divorce and a jarring revelation of parentage)
can find much comfort in familiar surroundings and a familiar school. See R.C.
3109.04(F)(1)(d) (child’s adjustment to home, school, and community).
 -17-

{¶60} Even if neither parent has cooperated well with accommodating
requests for switching days, both parents have honored the court-ordered visitation
rights and there is no indication that either is unlikely to facilitate future court-ordered
rights. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(f) (parent more likely to honor and facilitate court-
ordered visitation), (i) (whether one parent has continuously or willfully denied the
other his or her right to court-ordered visitation).
{¶61} Regarding child support arrearages, the father was current. The
mother indicated that he was behind a few weeks prior to the final modification
hearing; however, he explained that this was a worker’s compensation issue and that
the child support agency advised him that he could pay at the end of the two-week
compensation check rather than before he received it. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(g).
Neither parent had been convicted of any of the listed criminal offenses. See R.C.
3109.04(F)(1)(h). Neither parent appears to be planning a residence out of the state.
See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(j). We do note here though that the mother’s residential
status has been unstable, and she works in West Virginia.
{¶62} The mother complains that the children are often left with her
grandparents while the father has custody. However, the mother’s grandfather
testified that he and the mother’s grandmother love the children and they want to
babysit whenever they can. He dispelled any notions that the father is imposing
upon them. He also revealed that he has been babysitting since the children were
born; thus, it is not a new situation that the father is creating, but one started by the
mother. The trial court could conclude that this shows that the father has the best
interests of the children in mind by allowing her relatives to participate in the
children’s lives even when it is his time with the children. The mother’s grandfather
not only testified that his granddaughter caused her relationship with the children to
suffer, he also opined that the oldest child would be better served if remained
primarily with the father as he had over the summer.
{¶63} For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in finding that the modification served the child’s best interests in order
to satisfy the second part of the test for changing custody.
 -18-

{¶64} The remaining part of the statutory test for changing the allocation of
parental rights and responsibilities provides that the court shall retain the residential
parent designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting decree unless: (i)
both parents in shared parenting decree agree to a change in the residential parent;
(ii) the child, with the consent of both parents to a shared parenting decree, has been
integrated into the family seeking to become the residential parent; or (iii) the harm
likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantages of
the change in environment to the child. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii).
{¶65} Here, both parents agreed to terminate the plan and change the
residential parent. Still, they did not agree who should be named residential parent.
The child could be said to have been integrated into the father’s household with the
mother’s consent as he primarily lived there over the summer pursuant to an
agreement based upon his desire to live with his father. Still, this was a temporary
agreement pending the hearing on the opposing motions.
{¶66} As for the final option, the trial court found that pulling the child out of
his established environment and community that he cherishes would dramatically
harm him and that the harm that would result by changing his environment and trying
to integrate him into a different environment is outweighed by any advantages of
such a change. The court specified that there would be no advantages by naming
the mother the residential parent. These were opinions within the trial court’s broad
discretion.
{¶67} Even if the child had not been living with the father during the summer,
it is not unreasonable to find that, under all of the circumstances of this case, any
harm to the child in changing his environment is outweighed by the advantages of the
change. In any event, as aforementioned, the mother does not make specific
arguments regarding this finding and does not point to any harm to the child by
changing his environment from spending one week every other week with his mother
to spending standard visitation with his mother.
{¶68} The closest argument she makes is in the conclusion to the brief where
she states that the child would not be seriously harmed by moving in with her and
attending her school district because children this age are resilient. However, the
 -19-

court interviewed this specific child, evaluated his emotional situation from this
interview and the testimony of his counselor and others, and found his wishes to be
meritorious. It was the trial court’s position to determine whether the child would be
as resilient as his mother generally believed all children were and to evaluate
whether the harm the child would suffer while attempting to become resilient should
be avoided.
{¶69} For all of the foregoing reasons, this assignment of error is overruled,
and the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed.

Waite, P.J., concurs.
DeGenaro, J., concurs.