[Cite as McDonald v. JP Dev. Group, L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-3914.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 99322
BRIAN McDONALD, ET AL.
PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS
vs.
JP DEVELOPMENT GROUP, L.L.C., ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-763215
BEFORE: McCormack, J., Stewart, A.J., and Jones, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 12, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
Daniel S. White
34 Parmelee Drive
Hudson, OH 44236
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES
John F. Burke, III
Burkes Law, L.L.C.
614 West Superior Avenue
Rockefeller Bldg., Suite 1500
Cleveland, OH 44113
TIM McCORMACK, J.:
{¶1} Plaintiffs-appellants, Brian McDonald (“McDonald”) and Danielle Santiago
(“Santiago”), appeal the trial court’s granting of defendants-appellees, Jason Gedeon
(“Gedeon”) and JP Development Group L.L.C.’s (“JP Development”), motion for
dismissal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s decision.
Procedural History and Substantive Facts
{¶2} On August 30, 2011, McDonald and Santiago filed a complaint against
Gedeon and JP Development, alleging fraud and fraudulent inducement, or mutual
mistake of fact, with respect to the purchase of their home. A bench trial was held on the
matter on November 26, 2012. Upon the conclusion of the plaintiffs-appellants’ case, JP
Development and Gedeon moved for dismissal, which the trial court granted. This
timely appeal followed.
{¶3} JP Development, a limited liability company, purchased residential property
on Lincoln Road in Cleveland Heights from a bank taking title in January 2009. JP
Development owned the property for little more than one year prior to selling the home to
McDonald and Santiago. Gedeon, the sole member of JP Development, never occupied
the home.
{¶4} In January 2010, McDonald and Santiago entered into a purchase agreement
to buy the Cleveland Heights property. The purchase agreement indicated that the
property was being sold “as is,” and it allowed for an inspection of the property prior to
purchase. The residential property disclosure form indicated that new plumbing was
installed in 2009 as well as a new roof and gutters. The form also indicated that the
crawl space has a new moisture barrier. On the form, Gedeon denied having any
knowledge of drainage or erosion issues or any structural defects with the foundation,
basement and crawl space, floors, or walls of the home. Gedeon testified that he had the
following services performed on the house: loose mortar was cleaned up, loose bricks
were tuck-pointed, and the walls and floors in the home were painted. He also testified
that he did not notice any water infiltration or moisture in the home in the course of
performing these repairs.
{¶5} Prior to purchasing the home, McDonald testified that he had been in the
home multiple times. During these visits, McDonald had a house inspection and
inspections for radon and pests. McDonald observed the fresh paint in the basement and
testified that the basement looked “bone dry” and he saw no problems with the basement.
McDonald testified that the home inspector told him that there was normal moisture for
an older Cleveland Heights home and that he recommended the use of a dehumidifier.
On cross-examination, McDonald testified that Gedeon never made any specific
statements to him about the basement.
{¶6} McDonald and Santiago took possession of the home in March 2010.
After the first rain came, McDonald and Santiago saw water intrusion in the basement,
occurring thereafter every time it rained. McDonald testified that several areas of the
foundation leaked, there is significant water seepage through the basement walls, and the
concrete floor is disintegrating. He further testified that his home inspector did not
advise him to expect such problems. McDonald attempted to alleviate the problem
himself by snaking the storm lines and unclogging the drain by hand, to no avail. Robert
Mural, from Mural & Son Inspectional Service, Inc., testified that the water infiltration
was likely caused by improperly functioning footer drains, a leaking foundation, and
backfill materials not conducive to proper drainage. Mural stated that the cost to repair
the basement is $21,922.
Assignment of Error
The trial court’s decision to grant the motion to dismiss in this matter
constitutes reversible error on the appellants’ fraud claim.
Law and Analysis
{¶7} At the conclusion of appellants’ case during a bench trial, appellees moved
to dismiss the case against Jason Gedeon, personally, and JP Development. The trial
court granted Gedeon’s motion, finding that Gedeon was not a proper party to the
litigation. McDonald and Santiago do not raise this issue as error on appeal, and
therefore, we will not address the motion to dismiss as it pertains personally to Gedeon.
{¶8} JP Development moved the trial court to dismiss the claims of fraud and
mistake of fact, stating that McDonald and Santiago failed to present adequate evidence
to support their claim against JP Development.1 Civ.R. 41(B)(2) provides the procedure
for an involuntary dismissal in a bench trial:
While the trial judge inadvertently referred to JP Development’s motion as a motion for a
1
After the plaintiff, in an action tried by the court without a jury, has
completed the presentation of the plaintiff’s evidence, the defendant,
without waiving the right to offer evidence in the event the motion is not
granted, may move for a dismissal on the ground that upon the facts and the
law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief. The court as trier of the facts
may then determine them and render judgment against the plaintiff or may
decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence * * *.
Upon a defendant’s motion under Civ.R. 41(B)(2), the trial court’s role is “to weigh the
evidence, resolve any conflicts therein, and render judgment for the defendant if the
plaintiff has shown no right to relief.” Bank One, Dayton, N.A. v. Doughman, 59 Ohio
App.3d 60, 63, 571 N.E.2d 442 (1st Dist.1988). The trial court must, therefore,
determine whether plaintiff has established his or her case by a preponderance of the
evidence. Pacher v. Invisible Fence of Dayton, 154 Ohio App.3d 744, 2003-Ohio-5333,
798 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 29 (2d Dist.), citing L.W. Shoemaker, M.D., Inc. v. Connor, 81 Ohio
App.3d 748, 752, 612 N.E.2d 369 (10th Dist.1992).
{¶9} Upon review, the findings of the trial court will not be overturned unless they
are against the manifest weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co.,
54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus. An appellate court will not reverse
the decision of a trial court for being against the manifest weight of the evidence if the
decision of the trial court is supported by competent, credible evidence. Id. at 280.
directed verdict, we note that a motion for a directed verdict applies only to a jury trial. Civ.R. 50;
Am. Family Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88023, 2007-Ohio-7271, ¶ 8. Where a
bench trial is held, a motion for a directed verdict will be treated as a motion for involuntary dismissal
under Civ.R. 41(B)(2). Id. We, therefore, apply the Civ.R. 41(B)(2) standard of dismissal in this
case.
{¶10} For the reasons that follow, we find that the judgment of the trial court was
supported by competent, credible evidence.
Fraud
{¶11} McDonald and Santiago claim that JP Development fraudulently induced
them into purchasing their Cleveland Heights home by failing to disclose or affirmatively
denying the existence of water seepage in the basement of the home. As a general rule,
Ohio follows the doctrine of caveat emptor in all real estate transactions, which precludes
a purchaser from recovering for a structural defect if: “(1) the condition complained of is
open to observation or discoverable upon reasonable inspection; (2) the purchaser had the
unimpeded opportunity to examine the premises; and (3) there is no fraud on the part of
the vendor.” Layman v. Binns, 35 Ohio St.3d 176, 519 N.E.2d 642 (1988), syllabus.
{¶12} In determining whether a defect is open to observation or reasonably
discoverable, the issue is ultimately whether the facts were such that a reasonably prudent
person would be put on notice of a possible problem. Yahner v. Kerlin, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 82447, 2003-Ohio-3967, ¶ 18, citing Tipton v. Nuzum, 84 Ohio App.3d 33,
38, 616 N.E.2d 265 (9th Dist.1992). Once alerted to a possible defect, a purchaser may
not sit back and then raise his lack of expertise when a problem arises. Upon becoming
aware of a possible problem, the buyer has a duty to either (1) make further inquiry of the
owner, or (2) seek the advice of someone with sufficient knowledge to appraise the
defect. Id.
{¶13} As noted above, caveat emptor does not apply when the decision to purchase
has been induced by fraud. In order to establish fraud, a purchaser must show: (a) a
representation or, where there is a duty to disclose, concealment of a fact, (b) which is
material to the transaction at hand, (c) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity, or with
such utter disregard and recklessness as to whether it is true or false that knowledge may
be inferred, (d) with the intent of misleading another into relying upon it, (e) justifiable
reliance upon the representation or concealment, and (f) a resulting injury proximately
caused by the reliance. Burr v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 23 Ohio St.3d 69, 491 N.E.2d
1101 (1986), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶14} As this court has previously held, if a seller fails to disclose a material fact
on a residential property disclosure form with the intention of misleading the buyer, and
the buyer relies on the form, the seller is liable for any resulting injury. Wallington v.
Hageman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94763, 2010-Ohio-6181, ¶ 18, citing Pedone v.
Demarchi, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88667, 2007-Ohio-6809, ¶ 31. When a buyer has had
the opportunity to inspect the property, however, “he is charged with knowledge of the
conditions that a reasonable inspection would have disclosed.” Wallington; Pedone at ¶
33.
{¶15} The purchase agreement in this case contained an “as is” clause, which
essentially disclaims any warranties made by the seller. In such case, a buyer, therefore,
agrees to make his or her own appraisal of the bargain and accept the risk that he or she
may be wrong. Kern v. Buehrer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97836, 2012-Ohio-4057, ¶ 5,
citing Tipton, 84 Ohio App.3d at 39, 616 N.E.2d 265. An “as is” clause, however, does
not prevent recovery where a buyer has demonstrated that a seller has engaged in fraud.
Kern, citing Brewer v. Brothers, 82 Ohio App.3d 148, 151, 611 N.E.2d 492 (12th
Dist.1992).
{¶16} In this case, McDonald and Santiago elected to have the home inspected.
McDonald attended the inspection. During the inspection, the inspector told McDonald
that there was “normal moisture for Cleveland Heights” and he recommended the use of a
dehumidifier. Following the inspection, McDonald and Santiago purchased the property
“as is.”
{¶17} Gedeon testified that he had no knowledge of any water problems in the
basement. Furthermore, knowledge of the water problem cannot be inferred from the
facts of the case. The evidence shows that JP Development is in the business of buying
and selling homes. In the course of this business, JP Development purchased the
Cleveland Heights home, made certain repairs, and in little more than a year, sold the
property to McDonald and Santiago. During that time period, the house was unoccupied.
The fact that Gedeon painted the basement walls and floor alone does not necessarily
establish that Gedeon knew of a water problem and attempted to conceal it. Further,
McDonald and Santiago had the home inspected by a professional home inspector who
failed to discover significant water problems with the basement during the course of his
inspection.
{¶18} In light of the above, we find that the trial court’s determination that there
was no fraud on the part of JP Development was supported by competent, credible
evidence.
Mutual Mistake of Fact
{¶19} McDonald and Santiago alternatively claim that they are entitled to
rescission of the purchase agreement due to a mutual mistake of fact and the trial court
incorrectly rejected this claim. We disagree.
{¶20} Ohio recognizes the doctrine of mutual mistake of fact as a ground for the
rescission of a real estate contract where: (1) there is a mutual mistake as to a material
fact in the contract; and (2) the complaining party is not negligent in failing to discover
the mistake. Reilley v. Richards, 69 Ohio St.3d 352-353, 1994-Ohio-528, 632 N.E.2d
507. “A mistake is material to a contract when it is ‘a mistake * * * as to a basic
assumption on which the contract was made [that] has a material effect on the agreed
exchange of performances.’” Id. at 353, quoting 1 Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts
(1981) 385, Mistake, Section 152(1). The intention of the parties, therefore, “must have
been frustrated by the mutual mistake.” Id.
{¶21} In this case, McDonald and Santiago entered into a purchase agreement for
the Cleveland Heights property “as is,” following an inspection of the home. This court
has previously held that, under such facts, the buyers cannot argue that the absence of
water problems in the basement was “a basic assumption upon which the contract was
made.” Wallington, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94763, 2010-Ohio-6181, at ¶ 27. This
court further determined that “the claimed defects in the property as to water intrusion
issues do not go to the character of the property, were not material to the completion of
the contract, and did not frustrate either side’s ability to complete the contract.” Id.
Moreover, McDonald and Santiago do not demonstrate that, because of the water
intrusion, the home has lost a significant portion of its fair market value or has become
uninhabitable. Novotny v. Fierle, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2011-L-148, 2012-Ohio-4007, ¶
30 (finding that the development of the new water seepage problem did not materially
affect a basic underlying assumption of the parties’ purchase agreement).
{¶22} Additionally, McDonald testified that he observed fresh paint on the
basement walls and floor and the home inspection revealed moisture in the basement.
These observations should have, upon the exercise of due care, alerted McDonald and
Santiago and their home inspector of the possibility of a water problem prior to the
purchase of the home. Id.
{¶23} As such, the trial court’s conclusion that there was no mutual mistake of fact
in this case is supported by competent, credible evidence and its decision, therefore, will
not be reversed.
{¶24} McDonald and Santiago’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
{¶25} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellees recover of appellants costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
______________________________________________
TIM McCORMACK, JUDGE
MELODY J. STEWART, A.J., and
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCUR