Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Prods. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States

Slip Op. 13- 76

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

___________________________________
:
ZHEJIANG NATIVE PRODUCE & :
ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS IMPORT & :
EXPORT CORP., et al., :
:
Plaintiffs, :
:
v. :
:
UNITED STATES, : Before: Richard K. Eaton, Judge
:
Defendant, : Court No. 02-00057
:
and :
:
THE AMERICAN HONEY PRODUCERS :
ASSOCIATION and THE SIOUX :
HONEY ASSOCIATION, :
:
Defendant-Intervenors. :
___________________________________ :

OPINION

[The United States Department of Commerce’s Final Results of Redetermination are sustained.]

Dated: June 18, 2013

Ned H. Marshak, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt, LLP, of New
York, NY, argued for plaintiffs. With him on the brief were Bruce M. Mitchell and Mark E.
Pardo.

Jane C. Dempsey, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant. With her on the brief
were Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and
Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Sapna Sharma,
Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, United States Department of
Commerce, of Washington, D.C.

Michael J. Coursey, Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for
defendant-intervenors. With him on the brief was R. Alan Luberda.
Court No. 02-00057 2

Eaton, Judge: Before the court are the Final Results of Redetermination (ECF Dkt. No.

114) (“Third Remand Results”) issued pursuant to the court order in Zhejiang Native Produce &

Animal By-Products Import & Export Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT __, Slip Op. 11-110 (Sept.

6, 2011) (Zhejiang V). At issue is the Department of Commerce’s (the “Department” or

“Commerce”) “critical circumstances” determination in the investigation of Honey from the

People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) covering the period of investigation (“POI”) January 1,

2000 through June 30, 2000. Honey From the PRC, 66 Fed. Reg. 50,608, 50,610 (Dep’t of

Commerce Oct. 4, 2001) (notice of final determination of sales at less than fair value), as

amended by Honey From the PRC, 66 Fed. Reg. 63,670 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 10, 2001)

(notice of amended final determination of sales at less than fair value and antidumping duty

order) (collectively, the “Final Results”).

In Zhejiang V, the court directed the Department to “use any analysis permitted by

Zhejiang IV to complete its critical circumstances review, provided that it not use evidence

prohibited by this opinion.” Zhejiang V, 35 CIT at __, Slip Op. 11-110, at 24; see Zhejiang

Native Produce & Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 34 CIT __, Slip Op.

10-30 (2010) (Zhejiang IV). In these Third Remand Results, Commerce finds that critical

circumstances did not exist. Third Remand Results at 3.

Plaintiffs1 assert that Commerce’s critical circumstances determination is supported by

substantial evidence and is in accordance with law, and that Commerce “clearly conformed to

1
Plaintiffs are Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Products Import & Export
Corp., Kunshan Foreign Trade Co., China (Tushu) Super Food Import & Export Corp., High
Hope International Group Jiangsu Foodstuffs Import & Export Corp., National Honey Packers &
Dealers Association, Alfred L. Wolff, Inc., C.M. Goettsche & Co., China Products North
America, Inc., D.F. International (USA) Inc., Evergreen Coyle Group, Inc., Evergreen Produce,
Inc., Pure Sweet Honey Farm, Inc., and Sunland International, Inc.
Court No. 02-00057 3

the Court’s instructions” in Zhejiang V. Pls.’ Resp. to Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. Re: Third Remand

Results 2 (ECF Dkt. No. 125) (“Pls.’ Reply”).

Defendant-intervenors,2 however, urge that Commerce’s “determination is not supported

by substantial evidence or in accordance with law.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. to Third Remand Results

1–2 (ECF Dkt. No. 119) (Def.-Ints.’ Cmts.”). Therefore, they ask the court to “again remand the

proceeding to Commerce [and] instruct[] the agency to determine, based on the record as [a]

whole and without requiring proof of actual importer knowledge of dumping, whether substantial

evidence supports imputing importer knowledge of dumping for purposes of an affirmative

critical circumstances determination.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 3.

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006) and 19 U.S.C. §§

1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) and (B)(i) (2006). For the reasons set forth below, the Third Remand

Results are sustained.

BACKGROUND

The facts of this case are fully set forth in the prior decisions in Zhejiang Native Produce

& Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 27 CIT 1827 (2003) (Zhejiang I),

Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 432 F.3d

1363 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (Zhejiang II), Zhejiang IV, 34 CIT __, Slip Op. 10-30, Zhejiang V, 35 CIT

__, Slip Op. 11-110, and the court’s Order of September 26, 2007 denying plaintiffs’ USCIT

Rule 60(b) motion for relief from judgment, Ct. Order at 14 (Sept. 26, 2007) (ECF Dkt. No. 78)

(“Sept. 26 Order”). A brief restatement of the case follows to place this opinion within its

broader context.

2
Defendant-intervenors are The American Honey Producers Association and The
Sioux Honey Association (collectively, “defendant-intervenors”).
Court No. 02-00057 4

In 1994, Commerce initiated an unfair trade investigation of honey from the PRC. The

investigation was subsequently halted when the Department entered into a suspension agreement

with the PRC. Honey From the PRC, 60 Fed. Reg. 42,521 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 16, 1995)

(suspension of investigation) (the “Suspension Agreement”). The Suspension Agreement was in

effect from August 16, 1995 through August 16, 2000. Honey From the PRC, 65 Fed. Reg.

46,426 (Dep’t of Commerce July 28, 2000) (termination of suspended antidumping duty

investigation).

In 2000, following the termination of the Suspension Agreement and at the urging of the

domestic industry, Commerce initiated a second investigation. Honey From Argentina & the

PRC, 65 Fed. Reg. 65,831 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 2, 2000) (initiation of antidumping duty

investigations) (the “Second Investigation”). During the Second Investigation, the petitioners

alleged the existence of “critical circumstances” which, if determined to exist, would result in

antidumping duties going into effect ninety days earlier than would be the case in the absence of

“critical circumstances.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(e)(1) (2000); 19 C.F.R. § 351.206 (2002).

Generally, Commerce will find the presence of critical circumstances if there is a surge of

imports and if the importers know or can be charged with knowing (1) that the product is being

dumped, and (2) that there would be material injury as result of the dumped sales. See 19 U.S.C.

§ 1673d(a)(3).

For the Second Investigation, Commerce identified the POI as January 1, 2000 through

June 30, 2000, a period during which the Suspension Agreement was still in effect. The

Department used this POI to determine (1) if plaintiffs were dumping their merchandise, and (2)

if critical circumstances were present. See Honey From the PRC, 66 Fed. Reg. 24,101, 24,106
Court No. 02-00057 5

(Dep’t of Commerce May 11, 2001) (notice of preliminary determination of sales at less than fair

value).

After completing its Second Investigation, Commerce issued an affirmative finding of

dumping and an affirmative finding of critical circumstances based on its “twenty-five percent”

methodology. Final Results, 66 Fed. Reg. at 50,608, 63,671. Under this methodology, the

Department considers dumping

“margins of 25 percent or more for [export price] sales sufficient to impute
knowledge of dumping” . . . . In other words, in cases where, as here, export price
is calculated by reference to sales made to unaffiliated purchasers in the United
States, and Commerce determines that the antidumping duty margin with respect
to those sales is 25% or more, Commerce “imputes” knowledge of dumping to the
importer

during the period leading up to the investigation. Zhejiang I, 27 CIT at 1842–43 (citation

omitted). In the Final Results, Commerce found that “there is evidence of the knowledge of

dumping . . . [that was] demonstrated by the fact that [plaintiffs] have dumping margins of over

25 percent.” Zhejiang I, 27 CIT at 1843 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Based

on this imputation of knowledge, the Department issued an affirmative critical circumstances

determination.

Plaintiffs sought judicial review of the Final Results in this court, challenging (1) the

Department’s “calculation of antidumping duty margins”; (2) Commerce’s critical circumstances

determination based on the use of its twenty-five percent methodology to impute knowledge of

dumping; and (3) “the reliability of certain sources” of surrogate valuation data. Zhejiang I, 27

CIT at 1831. The court held that the Suspension Agreement did not prevent Commerce from

using its twenty-five percent methodology and remanded the case on the other questions. Id. at

1849–50, 1855–56 (holding that compliance with a suspension agreement designed to prevent

the suppression of prices or price undercutting did not negate the use of Commerce’s twenty-five
Court No. 02-00057 6

percent methodology to impute knowledge of dumping in a critical circumstances determination

because dumping and price suppression or undercutting are not the same thing). Consequently,

the court sustained Commerce’s affirmative critical circumstances determination. Id. at 1851.

After remand, the court sustained the Department’s determination that the honey had been

dumped and dismissed the case. See Judgment (Aug. 26, 2004) (ECF Dkt. No. 47).

Plaintiffs appealed only the court’s critical circumstances holding in Zhejiang I to the

Federal Circuit, again arguing that the existence of the Suspension Agreement prevented the

imputation of knowledge of dumping. The Federal Circuit reversed the court’s critical

circumstances decision, holding that plaintiffs’ compliance with the Suspension Agreement

precluded an imputation of knowledge of dumping using the Department’s twenty-five percent

methodology during the POI, and stating

“[I]t strains credibility to suggest that Commerce could establish minimum prices
for honey designed to ‘prevent the suppression or undercutting of price levels of
the United States honey products’ and then determine that U.S. importers
purchasing honey in accordance with these pricing guidelines should have known
these sales would be found to be at less than fair value” [(i.e., were dumped)].
When all factors are considered, there is not substantial evidence to support the
finding of critical circumstances.

Zhejiang II, 432 F.3d at 1368 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). Thus, the Court found that, in

the context of a critical circumstances determination, price suppression and price undercutting,

concepts normally associated with International Trade Commission (“ITC”) injury

determinations, can play some role in a finding related to knowledge of dumping.3 The Court

then remanded the case to this court for further proceedings in accordance with its decision. Id.

3
Dumping and sales at less than fair value are the same thing because sales at less
than fair value indicate that dumping is occurring. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a) (stating that in
order to make an antidumping determination, Commerce must determine “whether subject
merchandise is being, or is likely to be, sold at less than fair value.”).
Court No. 02-00057 7

The court further remanded the matter to Commerce for reconsideration of the critical

circumstances issue. Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp. v.

United States, 30 CIT 725, 725–26 (2006) (Zhejiang III). Pursuant to the Federal Circuit ruling,

the court instructed Commerce to further consider “its critical circumstances finding, provided

that in no event shall Commerce impute to plaintiffs any knowledge prohibited by the [Federal

Circuit]’s decision.” Id.

After the Federal Circuit’s decision in Zhejiang II, plaintiffs filed a motion for relief from

judgment under USCIT Rule 60(b). Pls.’ Mot. for Relief from J. (ECF Dkt. No. 69) (“Pls.’

Relief Mot.”). By their motion, plaintiffs sought to amend the judgment of the court in Zhejiang

I, arguing that, in light of the Federal Circuit’s reversal in Zhejiang II, the judgment should be

“modified with instructions requiring the Department to recalculate the dumping margins for

[plaintiffs] in compliance with the appellate court’s finding that sales made in compliance with

the terms of the Suspension Agreement were not made at less than fair value and with

instructions to amend the Antidumping Duty Order accordingly.” Pls.’ Relief Mot. 2. In other

words, in addition to the remand to the Department relating to Commerce’s critical

circumstances determination, plaintiffs also “ask[ed] the court to direct Commerce to make the

additional finding that their sales made during the [POI] for the Second Investigation were not

made at less than fair value [(i.e., dumped)] because of plaintiffs’ compliance with the

Suspension Agreement. In seeking this relief, plaintiffs hope[d] to eliminate the antidumping

duties imposed by the antidumping duty order.” Sept. 26 Order at 5 (citation omitted).

In making their case, plaintiffs contended that “the Federal Circuit not only held that the

Suspension Agreement precluded the imputation of knowledge of dumping in the context of a

critical circumstances finding, but also held ‘that sales made in compliance with the terms of the
Court No. 02-00057 8

Suspension Agreement were not made at less than fair value.’” Sept. 26 Order at 6–7 (quoting

Pls.’ Relief Mot. 2). Thus, for plaintiffs, the logical extension of the Federal Circuit’s

“suppression or undercutting of price levels” analysis was that they could not have been found to

have dumped honey during the POI.

The court denied this motion, stating that plaintiffs’ requested relief “would be a

considerable expansion of the effect of the Federal Circuit’s opinion, as it would wholly

eliminate the basis for the antidumping duty order.” Sept. 26 Order at 7. The court based its

decision on two findings.

First, that the Federal Circuit’s holding did “not reach the question of whether plaintiffs

could be found to be dumping during the POI[, but] held that a suspension agreement designed to

prevent the suppression and undercutting of price levels prevented the imputation of knowledge

of dumping to the [plaintiffs]” solely for purposes of finding critical circumstances. Sept. 26

Order at 9; see also Sept. 26 Order at 13 (“Price suppression and sales at less than fair value are

just not the same thing.”).

Second, “plaintiffs [were] not entitled to the relief they seek because they did not appeal

the court’s holding that substantial evidence supported a determination that their sales during the

POI were made at less than fair value.” Sept. 26 Order at 10–11 (citation omitted); see also Sept.

26 Order at 11 (“[W]hile they pursued the question of the imputation of knowledge with respect

to critical circumstances in their appeal, plaintiffs did not appeal this court’s holding that

substantial evidence supported a finding of dumping during the POI.”).

Plaintiffs appealed the denial of this motion to the Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit

dismissed the appeal, finding that it was interlocutory and therefore “simply an effort to obtain

review of an issue in a pending trial court proceeding without waiting for the trial court to enter a
Court No. 02-00057 9

final judgment in the case.” Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp.

Grp. v. United States, 339 F. App’x 992, 994 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

Following the remand ordered in Zhejiang III, Commerce filed its First Remand Results,

finding that critical circumstances did not exist. Upon review of the First Remand Results, the

court remanded once again, explaining that the Federal Circuit’s decision in Zhejiang II did not

prevent the Department from considering analyses other than the twenty-five percent

methodology or time periods other than the POI in making its critical circumstances

determination. Zhejiang IV, 34 CIT at __, Slip Op. 10-30, at 20 (“Commerce has the authority to

exercise its discretion to apply any other reasonable method or look to any other reasonable time

period in making its critical circumstances determination.”). In addition, the court provided

examples of other methodologies Commerce might have employed. Id. at __, Slip Op. 10-30, at

12 (citation omitted) (“Prior to its adoption of the 25 percent method, Commerce found that, with

respect to respondents from non-market economies, it would use a case by case determination

‘using all available information and drawing upon market conditions of the industry subject to

the investigation’ when imputing knowledge of less-than-fair value sales.”).

Commerce then filed its Second Remand Results pursuant to Zhejiang IV, again using its

twenty-five percent methodology, but using as the time period for its analysis the 190-day period

between the initiation of the investigation and the issuance of the Preliminary Results. Zhejiang

V, 35 CIT at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 10–11 (citing Results of Redetermination Pursuant to

Remand at 62–63 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 8, 2010) (ECF Dkt. No. 95) (“Second Remand

Results”)). There, the Department found “that critical circumstances existed for Zhejiang . . .

because [based on the twenty-five percent methodology] ‘record evidence demonstrates that

importers knew or should have known that the exporter was selling the subject merchandise at
Court No. 02-00057 10

less than its fair value.’” Id. at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 3 (quoting Second Remand Results at 42).

In Zhejiang V, the court once again remanded to Commerce, finding “that Commerce’s critical

circumstances determination is not supported by substantial evidence.” Id. at __, Slip-Op. 11-

110, at 24. In doing so, the court held that the Department’s “application of the 25%

methodology to the 190-day period beginning at the initiation of the less than fair value

investigation through the Department’s Preliminary Results is clearly authorized by Zhejiang

IV.” Id. at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 19. The court further held, however, that Commerce’s critical

circumstances determination “lacks the support of substantial evidence because (1) the initiation

of the antidumping investigation cannot be said to have put plaintiff on notice that the prices set

by the Suspension Agreement were dumped prices, and (2) the prices importers paid did not

materially change from the period when the Suspension Agreement was in effect.” Id. at __,

Slip-Op. 11-110, at 19–20. The court then stated,

as was shown in Zhejiang IV, Commerce had other evidentiary tools that it might
have used to produce the substantial evidence needed to make its case. For
instance, in Potassium Permanganate From the PRC, 48 Fed. Reg. 57,347 (Dec.
29, 1983) (final determination of sales at less than fair value) (“Potassium
Permanganate”), Commerce found that the importers were actually aware of the
pricing of the merchandise for non-Chinese sources, and were, therefore, “aware
of the entire range of pricing in a marketplace where pricing was a major factor in
determining sales.” In Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 24 CIT 1158, 118 F.
Supp. 2d 1366 (2000), this Court listed “numerous press reports [and] falling
domestic prices resulting from rising imports” to support its determination.

Id. at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 23. Hence, the court invited Commerce to explore the use of the

analysis found in Potassium Permanganate along with the kind of evidence presented in Nippon

Steel as a means for determining the existence of critical circumstances. Accordingly, the court

directed, “[o]n remand, the Department may use any analysis permitted by Zhejiang IV to

complete its critical circumstances review, provided that it not use evidence prohibited by this
Court No. 02-00057 11

opinion. In addition, Commerce may, in its discretion, reopen the record.” Id. at __, Slip-Op.

11-110, at 24.

The Department issued its preliminary Third Remand Results and received comments

from both plaintiffs and defendant-intervenors. At the request of defendant-intervenors,

Commerce also “re-open[ed] the record on a limited basis . . . to solicit information ‘concerning

importers’ knowledge of prices of honey from all sources imported into the United States during

the time period after August 16, 2000.’”4 Third Remand Results at 5 (citation omitted).

On March 22, 2012, Commerce filed its Third Remand Results, finding that critical

circumstances did not exist because the Department did “not find that importers knew or should

have known that imports of subject merchandise . . . were at [less than fair value] prices.” Third

Remand Results at 3.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found . . . to be

unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19

U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Framework

Under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3), “critical circumstances” exist when

(A) . . . the person by whom, or for whose account, the merchandise was imported
knew or should have known that the exporter was selling the subject merchandise

4
After reopening the record, defendant-intervenors submitted new factual
information, “including United States pricing data on honey, trade journal articles, and testimony
from the investigation at the International Trade Commission,” and plaintiffs submitted an
affidavit from an importer. Third Remand Results at 6.
Court No. 02-00057 12

at less than its fair value and that there would be material injury by reason of such
sales,

and

(B) there have been massive imports of the subject merchandise over a relatively
short period.

19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3) (emphasis added).

If the criteria for critical circumstances are met, then antidumping duties go into effect

ninety days earlier than the effective date of antidumping duties in the absence of critical

circumstances. 19 C.F.R. § 351.206(a). While the statute specifies that this extension of

antidumping duties is appropriate when importers “knew or should have known” that the price

was below fair value and would materially injure domestic industry, the statute does not specify

how the presence of such knowledge should be determined. Therefore, Commerce has adopted a

general practice of imputing knowledge (without requiring evidence of actual knowledge) when

a calculated dumping margin for the POI is greater than twenty-five percent.

In the Final Results, “[t]he Department found evidence of massive imports of subject

merchandise by [plaintiffs] within a relatively short period,” thus fulfilling the second criterion

for critical circumstances under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3)(B). Third Remand Results at 17 n.5.

The court sustained this finding and plaintiffs did not challenge this aspect of the Final Results.

Zhejiang I, 27 CIT at 1849 (“Plaintiffs do not challenge Commerce’s massive imports

determinations.”). Hence, the remaining issue is whether importers had or should have had

knowledge that dumping was occurring, the first prong of 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3).

In the Third Remand Results, Commerce states that it normally employs its twenty-five

percent methodology to impute knowledge, but that “the Court . . . made clear [in Zhejiang V]

that any prices that were consistent with the suspension agreement prices cannot, alone, serve as
Court No. 02-00057 13

substantial evidence that the relevant party knew or should have know[n] that the sales were at

[less than fair value].” Third Remand Results at 18 (citing Zhejiang V, 35 CIT at __, Slip Op.

11-110, at 22–23). After reopening the record, “[t]he Department [did] not identif[y] any sales

of subject merchandise on the record that [were] inconsistent with the suspension agreement

prices.” Third Remand Results at 18. For this reason, “consistent with the Court’s opinion [in

Zhejiang V], the Department . . . examined the record to determine if there [was] any other

evidence demonstrating that the importers knew or should have known that the exporter was

selling subject merchandise at [less than fair value].” Third Remand Results at 18. Because it

failed to find such evidence, Commerce issued a negative critical circumstances determination.

Third Remand Results at 33.

Defendant-intervenors challenge the Third Remand Results, and urge the court to remand

the Results to Commerce once again. In support of their position, defendant-intervenors offer

four arguments.

II. Proof of Actual Knowledge of Dumping

Defendant-intervenors first argue that Commerce “narrowly interpret[ed] the Court’s

remand instructions [in Zhejiang V] as requiring a finding that importers had actual knowledge

of dumping of Chinese honey to reach an affirmative critical circumstances determination and

rendering impossible the imputation of knowledge of dumping.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 5.

Defendant-intervenors observe, however, that “actual knowledge of dumping is not a

requirement for an affirmative critical circumstances finding.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 10.

Furthermore, defendant-intervenors urge that “the Court did not intend to require Commerce to

demonstrate actual importer knowledge of dumping, but instead to require evidence of actual
Court No. 02-00057 14

knowledge of prices and other information reasonably within the purview of importers from

which knowledge of dumping could be imputed.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 8.

Commerce, however, asserts that it did not adopt an “actual knowledge” requirement in

the Third Remand Results. Def.’s Reply 15. Rather, the Department states that it first found that

“the evidence does not demonstrate that U.S. importers had actual knowledge that honey from

the PRC was priced at [less than fair value].” Third Remand Results at 27. It then further

examined the record and found that the evidence did not support a determination that “importers

knew or should have known that the exporter was selling subject merchandise at [less than fair

value].” Third Remand Results at 17–18; Def.’s Reply 15 (“In addition to finding that the honey

importers did not have actual knowledge of dumping, Commerce also ‘examined the record to

determine if there is any other evidence demonstrating that the importers . . . should have known

that the exporter was selling the subject merchandise at [less than fair value].’”) (quoting Third

Remand Results at 18). For this reason, Commerce argues that it did not rely on an “actual

knowledge” requirement to support its determination.

A review of the Final Results reveals that the Department did not rely solely upon an

“actual knowledge of dumping” standard, despite defendant-intervenors’ arguments to the

contrary. Indeed, Commerce searched the record for any indication “that importers knew or

should have known that imports of subject merchandise . . . were at [less than fair value] prices.”

Third Remand Results at 3 (emphasis added). As shall be seen, while the Department was able

to find some evidence that importers were knowledgeable about the honey industry and pricing

in general, absent from the record was evidence that they knew, or could be charged with

knowing, that these prices were at less than fair value, rather than simply low. Therefore, the
Court No. 02-00057 15

Department did not unlawfully impose an “actual knowledge of dumping” requirement on its

critical circumstances analysis.

III. Alternative Methodologies for Imputing Knowledge

Defendant-intervenors also object to Commerce’s treatment of the alternative

methodologies noted by the court in Zhejiang V. See Zhejiang V, 35 CIT at __, Slip Op. 11-110,

at 23 (“Commerce had other evidentiary tools that it might have used to produce the substantial

evidence needed to make its case. For instance, in [Potassium Permanganate] . . . , Commerce

found that the importers were actually aware of the pricing of the merchandise for non-Chinese

sources, and were, therefore, ‘aware of the entire range of pricing in a marketplace where pricing

was a major factor in determining sales.’ In Nippon Steel Corp. . . . , this Court listed ‘numerous

press reports [and] falling domestic prices resulting from rising imports’ to support its

determination.”) (citations omitted).

Had the Department correctly employed the methodologies from Potassium

Permanganate and Nippon Steel, defendant-intervenors insist that it would have identified record

evidence to support a finding of importer knowledge. Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 6–7 (Zhejiang V “permit[s]

Commerce to impute knowledge of dumping using the 25 percent test if supported by substantial

evidence of the type that Commerce had relied upon and the Court had upheld in Potassium

Permanganate and Nippon Steel. Such evidence includes broad knowledge of market prices for

various sources of the allegedly dumped product and the presence of falling prices resulting from

rising subject imports.”). Consequently, defendant-intervenors believe that the evidence they have

placed on the record, which they contend is the kind of evidence found in Potassium Permanganate

and Nippon Steel, could have been used by Commerce on remand, in combination with the twenty-

five percent methodology, to impute knowledge of sales of honey at less than fair value. Put another
Court No. 02-00057 16

way, defendant-intervenors claim that knowledge of low prices together with margins determined to

be twenty-five percent or more would be sufficient to impute knowledge that the honey was dumped.

In response, Commerce first asserts “that as a result of the passage of time and the

changes made to the statute and Commerce’s non-market economy analysis, the methodology

used in Potassium Permanganate to find critical circumstances was no longer reasonable.”

Def.’s Reply 6; Third Remand Results at 20 (“The Department no longer considers the analysis

used in Potassium Permanganate an appropriate framework for determining critical

circumstances because export prices from a broad range of third countries may not be

representative of normal value for a PRC product. In the nearly 30 years since the agency issued

its determination in Potassium Permanganate, . . . the Department’s [non-market economy]

methodology have changed significantly.”).

Specifically, in a non-market economy country situation, “the Department now

determines the existence of dumping, and of critical circumstances, by comparing a product’s

U.S. prices to normal value calculated using factors of production from an economically

comparable country, and not by comparing U.S. prices to the prices of that product from other

countries exporting the product, regardless of economic comparability.” Third Remand Results

at 21 (emphasis added). That is, in Potassium Permanganate, the Department based its critical

circumstances determination on a direct comparison of the price of the potassium permanganate

from the PRC (a non-market economy country) to the price of potassium permanganate imported

from Spain (a market economy country). See Third Remand Results at 21 n.8. Under the

Department’s critical circumstances methodology that is used today (i.e., the twenty-five percent

methodology), surrogate prices for the factors of production are used to determine normal value

and that value is compared to the U.S. price to determine a dumping margin. If the margin is

twenty-five percent or more, this can result in a critical circumstances determination based on
Court No. 02-00057 17

imputation of knowledge of dumping. Thus, for Commerce, because its critical circumstances

methodology has matured to take into account actual evidence of dumping, the price

comparisons found in Potassium Permanganate simply have no role in determining critical

circumstances because they have no role in a less than fair value determination.

Nevertheless, based on the court’s citation of earlier critical circumstances findings, the

Department reopened the record and made the price comparisons defendant-intervenors sought.

Third Remand Results at 23–32. To this end, in order “to comply with the Court’s remand order,

Commerce examined the evidence in light of Potassium Permanganate and Nippon Steel [and]

found that even using these methodologies, substantial evidence did not support a finding that

United States importers knew or should have known honey . . . from China was being sold at less

than fair value.” Def.’s Reply 6–7. As shall be seen, the Department reached its conclusion

based on its finding that, although the importers were generally aware of honey prices, the level

of awareness did not rise to the level found in these prior investigations.

Finally, the Department emphasized the court’s statement in Zhejiang V “that a critical

circumstances determination based solely on prices that are ‘broadly the same’ as those

established under the Suspension Agreement, even if taken from the period following the

Suspension Agreement’s termination, cannot be supported by substantial evidence.” Zhejiang V,

35 CIT at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 22–23. Here, “the record demonstrates that U.S. importers

stated that the Chinese government’s quota licensing system kept prices at the same or higher

levels than those at the time of the Suspension Agreement.” Third Remand Results at 32. That

is, the prices on the record for the period following the termination of the Suspension Agreement

were the same as or higher than the prices established by the Suspension Agreement. Third

Remand Results at 32. Therefore, the Department believes that its finding comported with the
Court No. 02-00057 18

court’s decision in Zhejiang V, which held that a critical circumstances determination would not

be supported by substantial evidence if it were based on prices that were “broadly the same” as

those in the Suspension Agreement. Zhejiang V, 35 CIT at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 22–23.

Based on the foregoing, the court finds that Commerce reasonably considered the

alternative methodology used in the critical circumstances determination made in Potassium

Permanganate and the kind of evidence found in Nippon Steel and determined that they did not

lead to an affirmative critical circumstances determination in this case. First, Commerce has

convincingly explained why the analysis performed in Potassium Permanganate is no longer a

valid method of determining knowledge of sales having been made at less than fair value. See

Third Remand Results at 21–22 (“[A] comparison of U.S. sales prices of subject merchandise

from the country under investigation to sales prices of the same merchandise sold into the United

States from other countries, . . . [can no longer] be a reliable indicator of whether or not sales of

subject merchandise under investigation are being sold at [less than fair value].”). This is

because the standard found in the statute is knowledge of dumping. Therefore, the critical

circumstances determination in Potassium Permanganate, which was based on a direct

comparison of the prices of the potassium permanganate from the PRC to the prices of potassium

permanganate imported from Spain, would not be used today to establish that sales were made at

less than fair value. Today, determinations of sales at less than fair value in a non-market

economy country are derived from normal value, which is calculated using the factors of

production from a surrogate country. See Third Remand Results at 21 n.8. Thus, the

Department’s former methodology based on a price comparison alone would reveal nothing of

knowledge of dumping, while the methodology used today would.
Court No. 02-00057 19

Commerce’s determination as to whether a critical circumstances methodology will result

in valid results is entitled to deference. See Pesquera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States,

266 F.3d 1372, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[S]tatutory interpretations articulated by Commerce

during its antidumping proceedings are entitled to judicial deference.”); Koyo Seiko Co. v. United

States, 36 F.3d 1565, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Here, it is difficult to see how, under the facts of

this case, Commerce’s former price analysis would have been useful in making a determination

that, according to the statute, must be based on an actual or imputed knowledge of dumping. 19

U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3)(A); see Sept. 26 Order at 13 (“Price suppression and sales at less than fair

value are just not the same thing.”).

Moreover, as the review of evidence later in this opinion reveals, the Department

reasonably attempted to use the “other evidentiary tools” identified by the court and by

defendant-intervenors. In doing so, Commerce concluded that the evidence in this case would

not have supported an affirmative critical circumstances determination, even if the Potassium

Permanganate or Nippon Steel analyses were valid. The evidence only revealed that importers

had a general knowledge of honey prices that were equal to or higher than those found in the

Suspension Agreement. Third Remand Results at 27. Thus, the more particularized knowledge

of prices found determinative in Potassium Permanganate is absent here.

Finally, the Department examined the record of prices during the 190-day period between

the initiation of the investigation and the issuance of the Preliminary Results and found that all of

the prices were “‘broadly the same’ as those established under the Suspension Agreement.”

Third Remand Results at 27 (citation omitted). As noted, the Federal Circuit has found that

imputation of knowledge of dumping is incompatible with sales of merchandise that comply with

the prices found in the Suspension Agreement. Zhejiang II, 432 F.3d at 1368 (“[I]t strains
Court No. 02-00057 20

credibility to suggest that Commerce could establish minimum prices for honey designed to

‘prevent the suppression or undercutting of price levels of the United States honey products’ and

then determine that U.S. importers purchasing honey in accordance with these pricing guidelines

should have known these sales would be found to be at less than fair value.”) (citation omitted).

Therefore, in order to overcome the Federal Circuit’s holding and make an affirmative critical

circumstances finding, Commerce would have had to find evidence of actual knowledge of

dumping or evidence from which knowledge of dumping could be imputed. Because the record

did not contain this evidence, Commerce was unable to support with substantial evidence an

affirmative critical circumstances determination in light of the court’s statement in Zhejiang V

that “a critical circumstances determination based solely on prices that are ‘broadly the same’ as

those established under the Suspension Agreement, even if taken from the period following the

Suspension Agreement’s termination, cannot be supported by substantial evidence.” Zhejiang V,

35 CIT at __, Slip-Op. 11-110, at 22–23.

In summary, the court holds that the Department is correct that the methodologies found

in Potassium Permanganate and Nippon Steel would not yield reliable indications of critical

circumstances, and it did not err in its use of the methodologies found in Potassium

Permanganate and Nippon Steel.

IV. Consideration of the Record Evidence as a Whole

In a related argument, the defendant-intervenors’ next claim is that Commerce failed to

consider the record evidence as a whole, as is required by the Potassium Permanganate

methodology. If the Department had done so, defendant-intervenors claim, the record now

contains information “that should lead to the conclusion that importers had sufficient knowledge

of market pricing to be on notice that imports of honey from China during the 190-day period
Court No. 02-00057 21

were likely to be dumped in light of the more than 25 percent dumping margins on such

imports.”5 Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 18. Hence, the defendant-intervenors assert that new evidence they

have placed on the record, including industry, non-industry, and government publications and

findings, is of the type that was important in Potassium Permanganate, and supports the

imputation of knowledge based on the twenty-five percent methodology. Therefore, “[b]ased on

these facts, and the application of the 25 percent rule to imports during 190-day period, importers

knew or should have known that the Chinese honey import prices were less than fair value.”

Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 19; Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 7 (“[T]he record now contains such substantial evidence

to support Commerce’s use of the 25 percent test . . . , including evidence of importer knowledge

of pricing from various sources and a variety of other evidence that should have led the importers

to have reason to know that dumping was occurring.”).

First, defendant-intervenors claim that record evidence demonstrates that importers were

actually aware of market pricing of honey from the relevant source countries. Def.-Ints.’ Cmts.

19–20, 24. According to these domestic producers, they placed evidence on the record which

demonstrates that importers had actual knowledge of prices from which knowledge of dumping

5
In particular, defendant-intervenors argue that the twenty-five percent
methodology can now be supported with substantial evidence of the type used in making the
affirmative critical circumstances determination in Potassium Permanganate, including evidence

that: (1) Argentina and China were the primary import sources for honey and
there [was] a relatively small number of sources of honey; (2) U.S. importers
were fully aware of honey prices from all major sources; (3) U.S. importers were
aware of the Suspension Agreement’s failure to prevent price depression, the
Suspension Agreement’s expiration, and of an imminent dumping case against
Chinese honey imports; (4) Chinese honey prices were 24.5 percent less than
honey from fairly-priced source countries during the 190-day period from the
initiation to the preliminary determination; and (5) massive imports of Chinese
honey occurred during the same period.

Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 18–19.
Court No. 02-00057 22

could be imputed. Specifically, they point to the widespread reporting of honey pricing in

government and industry publications and newspaper articles. Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 20 (“The market

knowledge came not only from their experience in importing from multiple sources, . . . it also

came from the widespread publication of honey prices by the Agricultural Marketing Service . . .

of the United States Department of Agriculture.”).

Second, defendant-intervenors “submitted numerous newspaper articles, industry

publications, and government publications which demonstrate that importers had knowledge of

. . . specific differentials between such prices, decreasing prices of Chinese honey imports, and

that the filing of a new dumping case was imminent.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 31; see also Def.-Ints.’

Cmts. 33–34 (“All of the mainstream news articles show that importers and the general public

were well aware of the relative prices of honey from different sources; that Chinese honey was

the cheapest source and was being dumped on the U.S. market; and that the filing of a new

dumping case was imminent. It is thus unreasonable for Commerce to conclude that U.S.

importers of honey did not know these facts as well.”).

Third, defendant-intervenors contend that testimony before the ITC, ITC findings, and

ITC staff reports demonstrate that importers had knowledge of honey market prices and

underselling. In particular, defendant-intervenors state that “the importers themselves

specifically testified at the preliminary staff conference of the ITC that they had such broad

knowledge.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 25. Furthermore, the ITC “concluded that the significant price

effects and volume effects of imports of honey from China had a significant adverse impact on

the domestic industry, leading to a finding that there was a reasonable indication of material
Court No. 02-00057 23

injury by reason of the subject imports.”6 Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 27 (citation omitted).

In response, Commerce notes that, as a preliminary matter, “[o]f the total of eight non-

industry newspaper articles placed on the record, five of these were published while the

suspension agreement was still in effect. Therefore, the Department believes that[, in accordance

with the Federal Circuit opinion in Zhejiang II,] these articles could not have alerted honey

importers that the honey they were importing from the PRC was being sold for [less than fair

value].” Third Remand Results at 30.

Next, Commerce disputes both the probative value and the sufficiency of the evidence

highlighted by defendant-intervenors. That is, for Commerce, the material defendant-intervenors

placed on the record neither demonstrates that plaintiffs had a detailed knowledge of honey

pricing, nor that plaintiffs could be said to have either actual or imputed knowledge of dumping,

even using the Potassium Permanganate methodology. This is especially true because the

record evidence indicates that there were a large number of companies exporting honey into

United States from at least seven countries, making it difficult to assume that honey importers

could be charged with knowledge of pricing from all sources. Def.’s Reply 11; Third Remand

Results at 24–25. This is in contrast to the “closely knit industry” in Potassium Permanganate

where the product was only available from two countries other than the PRC, and therefore

importers could be charged with being “acutely aware of pricing from all sources.” Third

Remand Results at 24; Third Remand Results at 23 (“[T]he agency found that the number of

6
“Specifically, imports of honey from China were, on average, 23.2 percent below
those from all other countries beside Argentina (which with China was then subject to an
ongoing antidumping duty investigation) during the period Commerce has identified as relevant.
This is higher than the 22 percent price difference (underselling margin) Commerce relied on in
Potassium Permanganate to justify its critical circumstances finding.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 31
(citations omitted).
Court No. 02-00057 24

companies that produced and marketed potassium permanganate was limited to a single company

in the United States (Carus Chemicals), a single company in Spain (Asturquimica), and several

companies in the PRC.”).

As to the content of the articles themselves, the Department agrees that “all of the

newspaper articles, including those in both industry and non-industry publications, indicate that

importers knew the general conditions in the U.S. honey market, and were aware that low-priced

honey was being imported from other countries.” Third Remand Results at 31. The Department

notes that although the prices were low, they were equal to or higher than those found in the

Suspension Agreement. Consequently, the Department found that the facts did not support

defendant-intervenors’ contentions.

Commerce also returns to its argument that evidence of knowledge of low-priced sales, or

even of undercutting, may not be used to demonstrate actual knowledge or to impute knowledge

of dumping, and thus that the Potassium Permanganate methodology is no longer an appropriate

means of determining knowledge of or imputing knowledge of dumping. Therefore, “[w]hile

these prices may indicate an awareness of the pricing levels of PRC and Argentine honey

imports, . . . the Department determines a dumping margin by calculating the difference between

a producer’s normal value and U.S. price, and not by calculating the difference in price between

PRC goods and third country goods sold in the United States.” Third Remand Results at 31.

As to the information from the ITC, Commerce notes that defendant-intervenors “state

that the ITC determined that the prices and volumes of PRC honey imports had a significant

negative impact on the U.S. honey industry and was a reasonable indication of material injury by

reason of subject imports.” Third Remand Results at 28. The Department reiterates, however,

that evidence of low prices and high volume, or even of injury, are not evidence of sales at less
Court No. 02-00057 25

than fair value. Third Remand Results at 31 (“[T]he Department does not agree with [defendant-

intervenors’ contention that knowledge of low-priced imports generally, or of the specific prices

of these imports, necessarily indicates the U.S. importers knew or should have known that honey

from the PRC was being sold at [less than fair value].”).

The court agrees with defendant that, taken as a whole, the record evidence indicates

some awareness of pricing and other market factors among U.S. honey importers. It does not,

however, demonstrate that importers had knowledge of sales at less than fair value during the

relevant period, nor does the record contain evidence from which such knowledge could be

imputed.

First, Commerce correctly disregarded the information placed on the record by the

defendant-intervenors that was from the period when the Suspension Agreement was still in

effect because this information cannot form the basis for the imputation of knowledge. See

Zhejiang II, 432 F.3d at 1368 (“[I]t strains credibility to suggest that Commerce could establish

minimum prices for honey designed to ‘prevent the suppression or undercutting of price levels of

the United States honey products’ and then determine that U.S. importers purchasing honey in

accordance with these pricing guidelines should have known these sales would be found to be at

less than fair value.”) (citation omitted).

Second, as noted, “in prior critical circumstances determinations [(i.e., those conducted

prior to the adoption of the 25% methodology)], the Department had based its affirmative critical

circumstances determination on the agency’s finding that ‘importers were actually aware of the

pricing of the merchandise for non-Chinese sources, and were, therefore, aware of the entire

range of pricing in a marketplace where pricing was a major factor in determining sales.’” Third

Remand Results at 2–3 (quoting Zhejiang V, 35 CIT at __, Slip Op. 11-110, at 23). In Potassium
Court No. 02-00057 26

Permanganate, for example, “the Department found that it was reasonable to rely on an

assumption that U.S. importers were aware of prices from Spain, because the subject

merchandise was produced and marketed by a limited number of companies from within a

similarly limited number of countries.” Third Remand Results at 24.

Here, as noted, the Department found that the evidence “demonstrates that United States

importers were aware to some degree of world market prices of honey, but fails to conclusively

establish that they were aware of the full range of prices. Specifically, the evidence establishes

that at least seven countries—Argentina, Canada, Chile, Mexico, China, Uruguay, and

Vietnam—exported honey to the United States, and that other sources of honey imports may

exist.” Def.’s Reply 11; Third Remand Results at 24.

A review of the evidence confirms that the Department correctly found that, in contrast to

the “closely knit industry acutely aware of pricing from all sources” that was present in

Potassium Permanganate, today’s honey industry is composed of a large number of companies

that conduct business in many countries, thereby reducing the possibility of awareness of

“pricing from all sources.” Third Remand Results at 24; Third Remand Results at 26–27

(“[W]hile U.S. importers were aware, to some degree, of world market prices of honey, the

evidence does not conclusively demonstrate that they were aware of the full range of prices, as

they were in Potassium Permanganate, because of the more numerous countries from which

honey was, or could have been, exported to the United States.”). In other words, in Potassium

Permanganate, unlike in this case, there were so few exporters of potassium permanganate that it

would be difficult to find that a U.S. importer of potassium permanganate was not intimately

familiar with the pricing from the limited number of sources.
Court No. 02-00057 27

Next, the evidence that defendant-intervenors cite as showing actual knowledge of

dumping or actual knowledge that plaintiffs’ prices were below the domestic cost of production

does not tend to prove their case. That is, defendant-intervenors rely on evidence (i.e., the

newspaper articles, industry publications, and government publications) that demonstrates only

that readers of this material would be made aware of general pricing conditions and other market

factors, including the relatively low prices for Chinese honey, but not that such low prices were

the result of sales at less than fair value. In addition, the evidence shows that plaintiffs were

aware that these prices, while low, were equal to or greater than those found in the Suspension

Agreement, prices which the Federal Circuit has found would preclude an imputation of

knowledge of dumping. In like fashion, the ITC evidence shows that low prices were causing

injury, but says nothing about prices being at less than fair value.

Therefore, Commerce was reasonable in its conclusion that, taken as a whole, the

evidence did not show that plaintiffs either had, or could be charged with having, knowledge that

honey was being dumped by Chinese exporters during the 190-day period between the initiation

of the investigation and the issuance of the Preliminary Results.

V. The Import Surge

The defendant-intervenors’ final argument is that the massive increase in honey imports

from the PRC, which Commerce found in its original affirmative critical circumstances

determination, occurred in response to the initiation of the Second Investigation. Def.-Ints.’

Cmts. 13–16. For this reason, defendant-intervenors assert that “[i]mporters must have had

ample reason to believe that they were buying these imports at dumped prices at the time they

made their decision to accelerate their imports, because if they didn’t have such reason, they

would have had no reason to rush in the imports, and the[re] would have been no surge.” Def.-
Court No. 02-00057 28

Ints.’ Cmts. 36. According to defendant-intervenors, “there was a substantial surge, which the

importers obviously undertook because they knew or suspected that they were paying dumped

[prices] for the imports.” Def.-Ints.’ Cmts. 36.

In response, Commerce notes that, under the statute, “the Department must base its

affirmative critical circumstances determination on two separate findings—one with regard to

importers’ knowledge of [less than fair value] pricing and the other with regard to a surge of

imports.” Third Remand Results at 29. Here, “Commerce had already determined that a surge

of imports over a relatively short period of time existed, thereby satisfying one of the two

statutory requirements.[7] This finding, however, does not support nor does it satisfy the separate

statutory requirement of establishing importer knowledge of dumping.” Def.’s Reply 18. In

other words, for Commerce, defendant-intervenors have conflated the two separate statutory

requirements for a finding of critical circumstances, and have attempted to bootstrap the finding

of a surge to necessarily require a finding that plaintiff knew or should have known that honey

was being sold at less than fair value.

The court agrees with defendant that the import surge is a separate statutory requirement

necessary for a critical circumstances determination, but is not, standing alone, sufficient for

such a finding. Were this not the case, evidence of a surge would be the only criterion necessary

for an affirmative critical circumstances determination. The import surge, moreover, does not

speak to the first criterion of importers’ knowledge, which has been the crux of these lengthy

proceedings.

7
In particular, in the Final Results, “[t]he Department found evidence of massive
imports of subject merchandise by [plaintiffs] within a relatively short period,” thus fulfilling the
second criterion for critical circumstances under 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a)(3)(B). Third Remand
Results at 17 n.5.
Court No. 02-00057 29

That this is the case can be seen from plaintiffs’ observations that there may be many

reasons for a surge in imports, other than importer knowledge that dumping is occurring. See

Pl.’s Br. 10 (“[P]erhaps the most rational reason why a company would purposely accelerate

imports after an antidumping duty investigation is commenced would be to avoid the uncertainty

which arises when merchandise is subject to ‘suspension of liquidation,’ as distinguished from a

belief that the merchandise is actually dumped. An importer’s liability for antidumping duty is

only set in stone when its entries are liquidated, after an Annual Review is completed and after

litigation is concluded, an event which may not take place for many years after entry.”). Thus,

while it may be that the importers increased their honey purchases in anticipation of the

investigation, the surge alone does not amount to substantial evidence that they were aware, or

should have been aware, that the honey was being dumped. For these reasons, Commerce’s

conclusion that a finding that there was a surge of honey imports does not necessarily result in

the imputation of knowledge of dumping, is sustained.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Commerce’s determination that critical circumstances did not

exist because U.S. importers did not possess the requisite knowledge that exporters were selling

the subject merchandise at less than fair value was supported by substantial evidence and made

in accordance with law.

Accordingly, Commerce’s Final Results of Redetermination are sustained.

/s/ Richard K. Eaton
Richard K. Eaton

Dated: June 18, 2013
New York, New York