umbilical cord wrapped around his neck. His Appearance, Pulse, Grimace,
Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) scores were low, he appeared to have
an infection, and he was placed in the hospital's neonatal intensive care
unit While still in the hospital's care, he was treated for jaundice. And,
when he was released six days later, his release was conditioned upon
regular home nurse visits to check his bilirubin levels.
The victim's parents, Casillas and Monique, both worked.
Casillas usually watched the victim because he had a flexible work
schedule. Monique took the victim to his scheduled pediatric wellness
visits, and she took him to the pediatrician when he had a fever, his throat
was sore, his nose was runny and he was coughing, and when he was
spitting-up after feeding. The victim was treated for a throat infection and
gastroesophageal reflux, and he was believed to have breath-holding
spells. By the time the victim was two months old, he had been to the
pediatrician's office six times.
On October 4, 2011, Monique's father watched the victim in
the morning, Casillas watched the victim in the afternoon, and Monique
visited the victim, saw that he was fine, and returned to work at 5:45 p.m.
The victim suffered a seizure at 6:20 p.m. Casillas called 911 for help and
carried the victim outside to await the ambulance. A paramedic observed
that the victim was lethargic and not tracking, gave the victim some
oxygen, and administered an anti-seizure medicine when he began to
seize. The hospital tested the victim and released him to the care of his
parents.
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On October 12, 2011, the victim suffered another seizure while
under Casillas's care. Casillas called 911 for help and carried the victim
outside to await the ambulance. The paramedic observed that victim
acted normally and testified that the ride to the hospital was uneventful.
The hospital conducted a CAT scan of the victim, tested his blood and
urine, concluded that he was fine, and told the parents to make a follow-
up visit with the pediatrician.
On October 13, 2011, Casillas and Monique took the victim to
the pediatrician. The pediatrician was concerned about the victim's two
seizures, determined that he had bulging on the softest part of his head,
and immediately referred him to a neurologist. The neurologist
considered the possibility of infection and pressure inside the brain and
sent the victim to the Sunrise Hospital emergency room for a lumbar
puncture and an MRI scan of the brain. He determined that the victim
did not have meningitis and prescribed an anti-seizure medicine. And he
later testified that his observations were consistent with the victim having
been shaken—but he also testified that he saw nothing to indicate abuse.
The Sunrise Hospital contacted Dr. Sandra Cetl, a
pediatrician who specializes in child abuse pediatrics, and asked her to
evaluate the victim for child abuse. Dr. Ceti consulted with Dr. Neha
Mehta, a board certified child abuse pediatrician; Dr. Arthur Montes, a
pediatric radiologist; and Dr. Jack Abrams, an ophthalmologist.
Dr. Montes determined that the victim's CAT and MET scans
revealed that he had two subdural brain bleeds, the bleeds were in
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different locations, and the bleeds were different ages. Dr. Montes
concluded that the victim had sustained two separate injuries and,
because there was no external trauma to the victim's head and the blood
had traveled into the fissure between the two hemispheres, the injuries
were suspicious and suggested that shaking was involved.
Dr. Abrams examined the victim and determined that he had
retinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants of both eyes. Dr. Abrams ruled
out natural causes because the hemorrhages occurred in both eyes. He
opined that the individual diagnoses of subdural hemorrhage, seizures,
and retinal hemorrhages indicated abusive head trauma. And he testified
that retinal hemorrhages may have lasting consequences to the victim
because the inflammation that occurs during the healing process causes
scarring and the scarring may result in vision loss.
Drs. Cetl, Mehta, and Montes reviewed the CAT and WU
scans, the ophthalmic report, and the other tests conducted on the victim,
and concluded that the victim had suffered an abusive trauma. The
Sunrise Hospital reported the suspected child abuse to the Clark County
Child Protective Services and the Henderson Police Department.
Detective Thomas Logiudice interviewed Casillas. Although
the interview was recorded and the recording was played for the jury,
neither the recording nor a transcript was provided for our review.
Logiudice testified that "[viery early on in the interview, we actually got to
hear Mr. Casillas tell us the baby was shaken." Logiudice stated that
Casillas's apologies, questions, and responses of guilt provided him with
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everything he needed to establish that a non-accidental head trauma
occurred. And Logiudice observed that "[pleople who are wrongly accused
of crimes or accusations, they don't sit in a chair calmly for an hour and a
half in front of you and just say I didn't do it."
Casillas testified on his own behalf. He stated that he calmed
the victim down by holding "him on his chest right here, if not I would
hold him this way, and I would eventually, you know, bounce up and down
but like rocking him at the same time, that's what I would do." He denied
ever violently shaking or striking the victim. And he acknowledged that
by the end of the police interview he believed that he may have accidently
harmed the victim.
We conclude that a rational juror could infer from this
evidence that Casillas twice abused his child and that the second instance
of abuse resulted in substantial bodily harm. See NRS 0.060; NRS
200.508(1). It is for the jury to determine the weight and credibility to
give conflicting testimony, and the jury's verdict will not be disturbed on
appeal where, as here, substantial evidence supports the verdict. See
Bolden v. State, 97 Nev. 71, 73, 624 P.2d 20, 20 (1981).
Sufficiency of the indictment
Casillas contends that the indictment failed to provide
adequate notice of what he must defend against and was drafted in a
manner that allowed the State to change its theory of prosecution during
the trial. He argues that the State's theory at the start of the trial was
that the abuse was committed by a violent act and its theory at the
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conclusion of the trial was that the abuse was committed by allowing the
victim's head to rock back and forth. And he asserts that the indictment's
allegation that the abuse was accomplished by "manner and means
unknown" was prejudicial because it "foreclosed any possible defense that
the injury was an accident."
An indictment "must contain the elements of the offense
intended to be charged [and] . . . be sufficient to apprise the accused of the
nature of the offense so that he may adequately prepare a defense," Laney
v. State, 86 Nev. 173, 178, 466 P.2d 666, 669 (1970) (internal quotation
marks omitted), and "be definite enough to prevent the prosecutor from
changing the theory of the case," Husney v. O'Donnell, 95 Nev. 467, 469,
596 P.2d 230, 231 (1979). An indictment may allege that the offense was
committed by one or more specified means or that it was committed by an
unknown means. NRS 173.075(2).
We apply a reduced standard to test the sufficiency of the
indictment because it is being challenged for the first time on appeal. See
Larsen v. State, 86 Nev. 451, 456, 470 P.2d 417, 420 (1970) ("If the
sufficiency of an indictment or information is not questioned at the trial,
the pleading must be held sufficient unless it is so defective that it does
not, by any reasonable construction, charge an offense for which the
defendant is convicted." (internal quotation marks omitted)). We conclude
that the indictment plainly charges the offenses for which Casillas was
convicted and therefore no relief is warranted.
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Proposed defense instruction
Casillas contends that the district court erred by rejecting his
proposed theory-of-defense instruction. Casillas's proposed instruction
stated, "If you find that the child suffered unjustifiable physical pain or
mental suffering due to an accident or natural causes, including but not
limited to an infectious disease, then you must find the defendant not
guilty." The district court rejected this instruction after concluding that it
was covered by the reasonable doubt instruction.
"The district court has broad discretion to settle jury
instructions, and this court reviews the district court's decision for an
abuse of that discretion or judicial error." Crawford v. State, 121 Nev. 744,
748, 121 P.3d 582, 585 (2005). We have repeatedly held that "a defendant
is entitled to a jury instruction on his theory of the case, so long as there is
evidence to support it, regardless of whether the evidence is weak,
inconsistent, believable, or incredible" Hoagland v. State, 126 Nev. ,
240 P.3d 1043, 1047 (2010); Ouanbengboune v. State, 125 Nev. 763,
774, 220 P.3d 1122, 1129 (2009); Rosas v. State, 122 Nev. 1258, 1262, 147
P.3d 1101, 1104 (2006); see also Carter v. State, 121 Nev. 759, 767, 121
P.3d 592, 597 (2005) (if requested, the district court must provide
instructions on the significance of findings that are relative to the
defense's theory of the case). And we have stated that "[i]f a proposed
defense instruction is poorly drafted, a district court has an affirmative
obligation to cooperate with the defendant to correct the proposed
instruction or to incorporate the substance of such an instruction in one
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drafted by the court." Carter, 121 Nev. at 765, 121 P.3d at 596 (internal
alterations and quotation marks omitted).
Our review of the record reveals that substantial evidence was
presented that the victim's injuries may have flowed from natural causes
or been the result of an accident—this evidence included testimony by
Casillas's expert witness, Dr. Robert Rothfeder. Casillas's proposed
instruction was poorly drafted, but it was not "misleading, inaccurate or
duplicitous," id., and it was not an incorrect statement of the law, see
generally NRS 194.010(6); Curtis v. State, 93 Nev. 504, 568 P.2d 583
(1977). We conclude that the district court erred by refusing to instruct
the jury on Casillas's theory of defense, the errorS was not harmless, and
the error warrants reversal. See Williams v. State, 99 Nev. 530, 531, 665
P.2d 260, 261 (1983) ("If a defense theory of the case is supported by some
evidence which, if believed, would support a corresponding jury verdict,
failure to instruct on that theory totally removes it from the jury's
consideration and constitutes reversible error.").
Physical injury instruction
Casillas contends that the district court erred by failing to
instruct the jury on the definitions of "physical injury" and "mental injury"
as required by our decision in Clay v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 129
Nev. , 305 P.3d 898 (2013). Because Casillas did not object to the
adequacy of jury instructions, we review his claim for plain error affecting
his substantial rights. Ramirez v. State, 126 Nev. „ 235 P.3d 619,
623 (2010).
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The State accused Casillas of committing child abuse by
causing nonaccidental physical injuries to the victim. The jury was
instructed that a person who wilfully, unlawfully, and feloniously causes
or allows a child "to suffer unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering
as a result of abuse or neglect is guilty of child abuse," it was instructed on
the definitions of "abuse and neglect," "permit," and "allow," but it was not
instructed on the definition of "physical injury."
When the basis of a child abuse charge is nonaccidental
physical injury, physical injury is an element of the offense that must be
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See NRS 200.508(1), (2), (4)(d); Clay,
129 Nev. at , 305 P.3d at 902-03. We have determined that "[t]he
statutory definition of 'physical injury' set forth in NRS 200.508(4)(d) is
more limited than a layperson's common understanding of the term . . .
[therefore, it is] incumbent upon the prosecutor to provide the statutory
definition of this element" to the grand jurors when seeking an indictment
for child abuse that is based on nonaccidental physical injury. Clay, 129
Nev. at , 305 P.3d at 905-06. Because a prosecutor must provide the
grand jury with the definition of physical injury for its probable cause
determination, it follows that a district court must provide the definition
to the petit jury for its reasonable-doubt determination.
The district court's failure to instruct the jury on the definition
of physical injury appears plainly on the record. However, we conclude
that this error, by itself, did not affect Casillas's substantial rights.
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198*.
Improper opinion testimony
Casillas contends that the district court violated his
constitutional right to have his case decided by a fair and impartial jury
when it admitted improper opinion testimony as to his guilt. He argues
that Detective Logiudice impermissibly commented on his guilt and
invaded the province of the jury by testifying that he arrested Casillas
when "all the elements of the crime were met," Casillas made "responses
of guilt" during the interview that "established everything for the non-
accidental head injury," and Casillas's body language and other subtle
clues suggested that he was guilty. Because Casillas did not object to this
testimony, we review his claim for plain error affecting his substantial
rights. See Mclellan v. State, 124 Nev. 263, 267, 182 P.3d 106, 109 (2008).
Although "[Wistrict courts are vested with considerable
discretion in determining the relevance and admissibility of evidence,"
Castillo v. State, 114 Nev. 271, 277, 956 P.2d 103, 107-08 (1998), we have
recognized that it is impermissible for a law enforcement officer to give an
opinion on the ultimate issue of guilt or innocence because "jurors 'may be
improperly swayed by the opinion of a witness who is presented as an
experienced criminal investigator," Cordova v. State, 116 Nev. 664, 669, 6
P.3d 481, 485 (2000) (quoting Sakeagak v. State, 952 P.2d 278, 282 (Alaska
Ct. App. 1998)).
Detective Logiudice was not noticed or called as an expert
witness. However, the State presented him as an experienced interviewer
and his opinion of Casillas's guilt appears plainly on the record. The State
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recognized and attempted to cure the error: during redirect examination,
it elicited the detective's acknowledgement that only the jury can
determine whether Casillas abused the victim and, during rebuttal
argument, it told the jury to disregard the detective's opinion as to
whether Casillas committed child abuse. The error appears to be
prejudicial given the limited evidence of Casillas's culpability. However,
the record before us does not demonstrate that the error, by itself, affected
Casillas's substantial rights. See Cureton v. State, 169 P.3d 549, 551-52
(Wyo. 2007) (concluding that an officer's impermissible comments on
defendant's guilt did not affect her substantial rights because the jury's
determination did not hinge solely on the officer's improper testimony).
Cumulative error
Casillas contends that cumulative error deprived him of a fair
trial and warrants reversal of his conviction. 'The cumulative effect of
errors may violate a defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial even
though [the] errors are harmless individually.' Valdez v. State, 124 Nev.
1172, 1195, 196 P.3d 465, 481 (2008) (quoting Hernandez v. State, 118
Nev. 513, 535, 50 P.3d 1100, 1115 (2002)). "When evaluating a claim of
cumulative error, we consider the following factors: `(1) whether the issue
of guilt is close, (2) the quantity and character of the error, and (3) the
gravity of the crime charged." Id. (quoting Mulder v. State, 116 Nev. 1, 17,
992 P.2d 845, 854-55 (2000)). Casillas was charged with two very serious
crimes, the evidence of his culpability was not compelling, and we have
determined that the proposed-defense-instruction error warrants reversal.
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We further conclude that, collectively, the proposed-defense-instruction
error, the physical-injury-instruction error, and the improper-opinion-
testimony error deprived Casillas of a fair trial and warrant reversal.
Accordingly, we
ORDER the judgment of conviction REVERSED AND
REMAND this matter to the district court for proceedings consistent with
this order.'
Pod,.
Pickering
, J.
Saitta
cc: Hon. Stefany Miley, District Judge
Clark County Public Defender
Attorney General/Carson City
Clark County District Attorney
Eighth District Court Clerk
1 Casillas
also claimed that the district court erred by failing to
conduct a hearing or canvass jurors following two instances of juror
misconduct. We have reviewed this claim and conclude that it is without
merit.
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