FILED
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION II
2G111 AUG - 5 A1! 8 : 38
STATE OF WASHINGTON
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OFBWASr* GTON
DEPUTY
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 43987 -5 - II
Respondent, Consolidated with:
v.
No. 45047 -0 -II
JASON ANTHONY FITZGERALD,
ORDER GRANTING MOTION
FOR RECONSIDERATION AND
AMENDING OPINION IN PART
Appellant.
Appellant Jason Fitzgerald has moved for reconsideration of the opinion issued by this
court on June 17, 2014. After due consideration, we grant the motion and amend the opinion in
part as follows.
On page 15 of the opinion, we insert the following paragraph to the end of section B.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL:
Fitzgerald also argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because counsel failed to object when the prosecutor asked one question about the
effect of the burglary on JE. Assuming, without deciding, that counsel' s
performance was deficient for failing to object to the testimony, Fitzgerald has
failed to meet his burden to show prejudice. Fitzgerald argues that there is a
reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have differed because the
testimony was an appeal to the jury' s emotions. We disagree. Here, the jury was
specifically instructed not to let their " emotions overcome [ their] rational thought
process" and to decide the case on the fact and the law rather than " sympathy,
prejudice, or personal preference." CP at 23. We presume that juries follow the
court' s instructions. State v. Weber, 99 Wn.2d 158, 166, 659 P. 2d 1102 ( 1983).
While we recognize that an appeal to passion and prejudice in some
circumstances could be powerful enough that instructions such as these may not
be sufficient to cure the impropriety, that is not the case here. Accordingly,
Fitzgerald has failed to meet his burden to demonstrate prejudice, and his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail.
No. 43987 -5 -II
We do not amend any other portion of the opinion or the result.
It is SO ORDERED.
DATED this , , day of at k
A "" ,
2014.
We concur:
FILED
COURT OF
APPEALS
DIVISION 11 •
2/1111 JLIN 17 AM. 8: 35
s
S'
WA,
NGTON
Ely
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGT
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 43987 -5. - I
I
Respondent;
Consolidated with:
v.
No. 45047- 0- 11
JASON ANTHONY FITZGERALD,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, J..— A jury found Jason Anthony Fitzgerald guilty 'of second degree burglary,
attempted residential burglary, and second degree theft. Fitzgerald appeals, arguing that the
prosecutor committed misconduct during closing argument, and he received ineffective
assistance of counsel because defense counsel failed to object to the prosecutor' s closing
arguments. Fitzgerald also argues that the trial court violated his right to a public trial and his
right to be present by allowing the attorneys to exercise peremptory challenges at a sidebar
conference. After filing his direct appeal, Fitzgerald, pro se, filed a CrR 7. 8 motion which the
trial court denied. He appealed and a commissioner of' this court consolidated Fitzgerald' s
appeals. We affirm Fitzgerald' s convictions and the trial court' s order denying Fitzgerald' s CrR
7. 8 motion.
No. 43987 -5 -II1
No. 4.5047 -0 -II
FACTS
Levi Thompson lived in a house on Summit Lake Road with his girlfriend, Amanda
Easterday, and Easterday' s son, JE. 1 On the morning of April 5, 2012, JE ran into Thompson.
and Easterday' s room yelling, " We are being robbered. We are being robbered." 1 Report of
Proceedings ( RP) at 110. Thompson opened the curtains and saw one man pulling a tarp over
the back of a truck and another man running toward the truck from the . ack of the house. One of
b
the men got in the driver' s side of the truck and the other man got into the passenger side of the
truck. Thompson also saw his generator in the back of the truck. Thompson immediately called
the police and gave them a detailed description of the truck and the generator in the back of the
truck.
At 9: 14 AM Thurston County Sheriff' s Sergeant James Dunn, along with seven other
officers, responded to a. call reporting a burglary in progress . at Thompson' s house. The
dispatcher provided the description of the truck to all seven officers who responded to the call.
Sometime between 9: 25 AM and 9: 39 AM, Thurston County Sheriff' s Deputy Thomas Cole,
observed a truck matching the description of the suspect truck. Cole performed a felony, or
high - isk, traffic stop.
r Responding deputies .arrested the truck' s three occupants, Fitzgerald, Ty.
Martin, and Michael Cairns.
Sergeant Dunn brought Thompson to the scene of the arrest. Thompson identified Martin
and Cairns as the two men he saw getting into the truck. Thompson also identified Fitzgerald by
name. In addition, Thompson identified many pieces of property in the truck as his property,
1 Because JE is a minor, his initials are used to protect his privacy.
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including the . generator. There were also several items in the truck that Thompson did not
identify as his property, including masks, gloves, and tools.
The State charged Fitzgerald with second degree burglary, attempted residential burglary,
and second degree theft. The State also charged Fitzgerald with an aggravator because people
were in the home at the time of the attempted burglary.
A jury trial began on September 19, 2012. Jury voir dire was conducted in open court, on
the record, and with Fitzgerald present with his attorney. After completing voir dire, the trial
court held a side bar with the attorneys to complete jury selection. After the sidebar, the trial
court made the following record:
I want to memorialize the sidebar we had just before the jury selection
preemptories were exercised. There was a challenge for cause of Juror No. 13 by
defense It was not objected to by the State, and based upon what I
counsel].
heard as an answer by Juror 13 that he already made up his mind in this case, he
was excused for cause.
1 RP at 26 -27.
During trial, Sergeant Dunn, Deputy Cole, and Thompson testified to the above facts.
Thompson testified that he knew Fitzgerald because Fitzgerald was a friend of Thompson' s
cousin, Josh Saunders. Fitzgerald had also been a tenant in a, property Thompson helped
manage, but Fitzgerald was evicted when he got significantly behind on rent. A couple days
prior to the burglary, Saunders was at Thompson' s home. While Saunders was at the home, he
asked Thompson several questions about when he went to work, who he worked for, and what
kind of property Thompson kept in his shop. Saunders also spent time wandering around the •
property.
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The State' s theory of the case was that Fitzgerald was an accomplice in the burglary
because he was in the truck and could have been the driver, he was the only one of the three
suspects that was connected to Thompson, and he could have had knowledge about what
property was in the home. In closing argument, the prosecutor stated:
Well, I' m going to talk a little bit more about it, but I came up with the
only thing I could really think of, which is kind of something my mom used to say
when I was younger, birds of a feather flock together, and she usually meant that
to mean choose your friends wisely, because the people you hang out with usually
have common interests, and if those interests aren' t good, you' re going to be,
involved in those. So I want you to have that kind of mind set about these three
individuals.
2 RP at 304. The prosecutor illustrated this point with a slide that showed all three suspects, in
handcuffs, with the caption " BIRDS OF A FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER" and the scales of
justice in the background. Suppl. Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 67. The prosecutor also argued that any
argument Fitzgerald tried to make that he was not involved in the burglary was contrary to .
common sense. Specifically, the prosecutor argued that ( 1) burglars would not bring a person
uninvolved in the crime with them to be a witness to a burglary, and (2) burglars who had been
seen and were trying to flee from the police would not stop to pick up some person on the side of
the road.
During closing argument, Fitzgerald' s defense counsel mentioned the " birds of a feather"
analogy several times:
Now, let' s go to the real crux of this whole case, which is the burglary in
the second degree, and as I told you, I' m not disputing that Mr. Cairns and Mr.
Martin committed a burglary in the second degree, but [ the prosecutor] told you
the State' s case and the basis for this whole case right at the beginning he put in
big yellow letters under the photographs of the three individuals, " Birds of a
feather flock together."
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Don' t look though your instructions now. I' m being facetious. You' re not
going to find that as a jury instruction, birds of a feather flock together... .
Talk about it amongst yourself and see what you remember, but that is
the way the State does. it' s [ sic] best to twist things in the way that they think
something happened. They think something is happenings, birds of a feather,
they are all together, must be guilty, and then they start sort of edging the
evidence the way they want it to show.
I submit to you that there is some prejudice in this case. Perhaps it' s
natural. Perhaps it' s natural for the police and the prosecutors to think that if
somebody is together with a couple of bad birds, he must be a bad bird too.
2 RP at 332, 337, 338.
The jury found • Fitzgerald guilty of second degree burglary, attempted residential
burglary, and second degree theft. The jury also found that the attempted residential burglary
was aggravated because the victim or victims were present when the crime was committed. The
trial court sentenced Fitzgerald to 89 months total confinement. Fitzgerald appeals.
After the court entered Fitzgerald' s judgment and sentence, Fitzgerald filed a CrR 7. 8
motion for a new trial. Fitzgerald argued that he was entitled to a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence; specifically, he claimed the affidavits from three witnesses were newly
discovered evidence. He submitted an affidavit from Martin absolving him of involvement with
the burglary and two affidavits from people who stated that he had been with them that morning
and they dropped Fitzgerald off in the Summit Lake Area, near the Thompson' s house, around 9
AM. The trial court denied .Fitzgerald' s motion stating, " The defendant has not meet [ sic] the
high burden for newly discovered evidence. The evidence is merely testimony that was known
to the defense before trial." CP ( No. 45047 -0 -II) at 72. Fitzgerald appealed, and a commissioner
of this court consolidated Fitzgerald' s two appeals.
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ANALYSIS
A. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT,
To prevail on a prosecutorial misconduct claim, a defendant must show that the
prosecutor' s conduct was improper and prejudicial. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 442,
258 P. 3d 43 ( 2011). To show prejudice, a defendant must show a substantial likelihood that the
misconduct affected the verdict. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 442 -43. In analyzing prejudice, we
do not look at the comment in isolation, but in the context of the total argument, the issues in the
case, the evidence, and the instructions given to the jury. State v. Yates, 161 Wn.2d 714, 774,
168 P. 3d 359 ( 2007), cert. denied, 554 U.S. 922( 2008).
A defendant who fails to object to the prosecutor' s improper act at trial waives any error,
unless the act was so flagrant and i11 intentioned that an instruction could not have cured the
resulting prejudice.. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 443. In this instance, a defendant must show that
1) ` no curative instruction would have obviated any prejudicial effect on the jury' and ( 2) the
misconduct resulted in prejudice that `had a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury verdict. '
State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 761, 278 P. 3d 653 ( 2012): Thus, the focus of this inquiry is
more on whether the resulting prejudice could have been cured, rather than the flagrant or ill -
intentioned nature of the remark. Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 762.
In closing argument, prosecutors are afforded wide latitude to draw and express
reasonable inferences from the evidence. State v. Reed, 168 Wn. App. 553, 577, 278 P. 3d 203,
review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1009 ( 2012). " A prosecutor may make use of graphics in closing
argument to highlight relevant evidence . . . but prosecutorial misconduct may deprive a
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defendant of his constitutional right to a fair trial." State v. Hecht, _ Wn. App. ' , 319 P. 3d
836, 840 ( 2014).
Fitzgerald argues that four instances of prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument
require reversal: ( 1) the prosecutor' s use of the " birds of a feather" analogy and the
corresponding slide, ( 2) the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury' s passion and prejudice
by stating the JE was scared by the burglary, ( 3) the prosecutor trivialized the burden of proof,
and ( 4) the prosecutor improperly disparaged defense counsel. Although the prosecutor' s use of
the " birds of a feather" analogy and the corresponding slide was improper and we do not
condone it, Fitzgerald fails to meet his burden to show that the prosecutor' s conduct resulted in
an enduring prejudice that could not be cured by an instruction. The prosecutor' s other conduct
was not improper.
1. " Birds of a Feather" Analogy and Slide
Fitzgerald argues that the " birds of a feather" analogy violated his right to a fair trial
because it urged the jury to convict him on improper grounds. Specifically, Fitzgerald argues
that the prosecutor urged a conviction by arguing guilt by association. Fitzgerald also argues that
the prosecutor committed misconduct by presenting evidence that was not admitted at trial (i.e.,
an altered and captioned photograph). Fitzgerald fails to meet his burden to demonstrate
prosecutorial misconduct.
In In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 705, 286 P. 3d 673 ( 2012), our
Supreme Court reversed the defendant' s conviction based on slides that the prosecutor used at
closing argument, many of which were photos altered with captions or phrases. The court noted
that it is improper to submit evidence to the jury that was not admitted at trial. Glasmann, 175
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Wn.2d at 705. The State attempts to distinguish Glasmann by arguing that the photos were not
altered because the caption was on the slide, below the photograph, rather than on the
photographs themselves. This argument is not well-taken.
In Glasmann, the court noted "[ t] here certainly was no photograph in evidence that asked
DO YOU BELIEVE HIM ? "' 175 Wn.2d at 706. Likewise, here, there was no photograph in
evidence noting " BIRDS OF A FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER." Nor was there a photograph
with all three suspects together, in handcuffs, admitted into evidence. While there may be times
when minor alterations to evidence may be helpful to highlight specific details for the jury, it is
ill-advised to alter evidence to create imagery not admitted into evidence that is specifically
designed to influence the jury' s deliberations. See Glasmann, 175 Wn. 2d at 706. Nothing in
2
Glasmann indicates the. court intended its holding to be read as narrowly as the State suggests.
Prosecutors represent the State as quasi-judicial officers and they have a " duty to subdue
their courtroom zeal for the sake of fairness to a criminal defendant." State v. Fisher, 165 Wn.2d
727, 746, 202 P. 3d 937 ( 2009). " A `[ flair trial' certainly implies a trial in which the attorney
representing the state does not throw the prestige of his public office ... and the expression of
his own belief of guilt into the scales against the accused.'" State v. Monday, 171 Wn.2d 667,
We also note that Glasmann is not as broad as Fitzgerald seems to suggest. At 'times,
Fitzgerald seems to suggest that any time the State uses a slide that is prejudicial to the defendant
misconduct has occurred. Glasmann stands for no such thing.. In fact,. Glasmann agrees that
technology certainly has its place in the courtroom. However, using technology crosses the line
into prosecutorial misconduct when the prosecutor violates the well - established principles of
appropriate conduct ( e. g., using evidence that was not admitted at trial, abusing their role as a
quasi- judicial officer, offering improper opinions, etc.) and causes an enduring, incurable
prejudice. Accordingly, the defense should focus on these principles rather than the use of
technology during a closing argument.
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677, 257 P. 3d 551 ( 2011) ( alterations in original) ( quoting State v. Case, 49 Wn.2d 66, 71, 298
P. 2d 500 ( 1956)). Here, the prosecutor violated the duty to ensure a fair trial for the defendant.
Fitzgerald asserts that the prosecutor used-the slide to improperly argue that Fitzgerald
was guilty by association. The prosecutor' s words in closing argument did not argue guilt by
association. But that fact does not excuse the prosecutor from using a visual aid which clearly
illustrates that concept. Looking at the slide itself, the only reasonable interpretation that this
court can see is the implication that Fitzgerald is guilty because he is directly connected with the
other two defendants. The prosecutor even juxtaposed the image with the scales of justice —
throwing the prestige of his office behind the opinion that Fitzgerald must have been involved in
this crime because he was with the other defendants. This is particularly concerning when the
State' s entire case is based on a theory of accomplice liability. •
The prosecutor' s duty in this case was to apply the facts to the law. Based on the facts of
this case, the prosecutor should have been more than capable of performing this task without
resorting to using an illustration that serves no other purpose than to leave the jury with an image
depicting the defendant in handcuffs next to the other suspects directly involved in the crime.
The use of the image in this case is clearly improper conduct.
However, Fitzgerald did not object to the prosecutor' s conduct during closing argument.
As a result, he must establish that the prosecutor' s misconduct was so prejudicial that it caused
an enduring prejudice that could not have been cured by a timely objection.
Because the prosecutor' s slide was improper, we must presume that, had Fitzgerald
objected prior to the prosecutor' s closing argument, any reasonable judge would have excluded
the slide. Furthermore, had Fitzgerald objected during closing argument any prejudice could
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have been mitigated by the trial court instructing the jury to disregard the slide and instructing
the jury as to the proper standards for accomplice liability. State v. Hanna, 123 Wn.2d 704, 711,
871 P. 2d 135, cert. denied, 513 U. S.. 919 ( 1994) ( We presume juries follow the court' s
instructions.).
In addition, the prosecutor himself mitigated some of the prejudice caused by the use of
the improper image. The prosecutor did not use the image repeatedly throughout closing
argument, and his reference to the " birds of a feather" analogy was brief and not pervasive
throughout his argument. The prosecutor also repeatedly referenced the appropriate law
regarding accomplice liability and applied the facts to the law in a manner that illustrated an
acceptable argument supporting Fitzgerald' s guilt as an accomplice. Therefore, the jury was,
overall, given a complete and proper view of the law and facts of this case.
The prosecutor' s conduct was improper, and we do not condone it. However, given the
specific facts of this case, Fitzgerald has failed to meet the heightened standard of establishing an
enduring prejudice that could not have been cured by a timely objection and instructions to the
jury.
2. Appeal to the Jury' s Passion or Prejudice
Fitzgerald argues that the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury' s passion and
prejudice by urging a verdict based on the burglary' s effect on JE. At trial, Thompson testified:
Yeah, [ JE] doesn' t like to go to bed We moved his bed away
anymore.
from the windows, and he constantly asks us if he can sleep in our room with us,
and we tell him it' s all good, we' re going to put the dog under your bed and
everything, and it will be all right, and he still comes out and in the middle of the
night sometimes around 10: 00, 11: 00, sometimes midnight.
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It was a change. Normally, I would tell him lights out at 9: 30. You have
to go to school in the morning, and he normally wouldn' t come out, unless it was
for water or the bathroom.
1 RP at 118. During closing argument, the prosecutor made one isolated comment regarding JE:
During the commission of the attempted residential burglary, three people
were sleeping inside. As you heard, [ JE] has been traumatized by these events.
2 RP at 317. Defense counsel did not object.
Fitzgerald argues that the prosecutor' s comment urged the jury to convict Fitzgerald
based on sympathy for JE. Fitzgerald' s argument is not supported by the record.
A prosecutor may not make statements that are unsupported by the evidence or invite the
jurors to decide a case based on emotional appeals to their passions or prejudices. State v. Jones,
71 W. . App.
n 798, 8Q8, 863 P. 2d 85 ( 1993).. It is. clear that . he prosecutor' s comment was based
t
on evidence in the record.' Here, the prosecutor made a single comment regarding the effect of
the burglary on JE. The bulk of the prosecutor' s argument was based on what reasonable
inferences the jury could and should make-based on all the circumstantial evidence in the case.
There is no indication that the prosecutor urged the jury to convict based on the effect the
burglary had on 3E. Therefore, the prosecutor' s comment was not improper.
3. Trivializing the State' s Burden of Proof
Fitzgerald alleges that the State improperly minimized its burden of proof by equating
beyond a reasonable doubt with common sense. Specifically, Fitzgerald points to a specific
section of the prosecutor' s argument where the prosecutor allegedly equates the certainty.
required for conviction to the certainty required to make every day decisions:
If someone had come up to you and told you, ,you know, my house just got
burglarized, the cops were there within ten minutes, they pulled over the truck
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with three guys in it and all • of the stolen property, wouldn' t you almost
automatically say, yeah, all three of those guys, yeah, they must have burgled
your house, because that makes sense.
2 RP at 322. Defense counsel did not object.
A prosecutor is a quasi-judicial officer of the court, charged with the duty of ensuring that
an accused receives a fair trial. State v. Boehning, 127 Wn. App. 511, 518, 111 P. 3d 899 ( 2005).
A prosecutor' s argument misstating, minimizing, or trivializing the law regarding the burden of
proof can be improper.. State v. Johnson, 158 Wn. App. 677, 684 -85, 243 P.3d 936 ( 2010),
review denied, 171 Wn.2d 1013 ( 2011).
Here, the prosecutor' s comments were made in the context of explaining circumstantial
evidence and common sense inferences to the jury. The prosecutor' s entire theory of the case
was based on circumstantial evidence and required the jury to infer that Fitzgerald was an
accomplice to the burglary because it was the only reasonable inference to be drawn from the
evidence. The prosecutor' s argument is entirely consistent with the law. The jury was
instructed:
The evidence that has been presented to you may be either direct or
circumstantial. . The term " direct evidence" refers to evidence that is given by a witness
who has directly perceived something at issue in this case. The term " circumstantial
evidence" refers to .evidence from which, based on your common sense and experience,
you may reasonably infer something that is at issue in this case.
CP at 24 ( Instruction No. , ).
5 Thus; the prosecutor' s remarks were proper within the context of
the entire argument.
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4. Disparaging Defense Counsel
Finally, Fitzgerald argues that the prosecutor improperly disparaged defense counsel by
implying that defense counsel was " using deception to prevent the jury from getting at the truth."
Br. of Appellant at 19. During rebuttal argument the prosecutor argued:
When you look at [ the whole picture], you can see for miles. You can see
everything, you can see everything that' s on the horizon, everything that' s coming
at you, but if someone puts something in front of you and said, no, just focus at
this, look to the left, look to the right, you can' t see everything. They•put up these
road blocks, because they don' t want you to see what is there. They don' t want
you to see what you can see when you use your common sense.
Well, [ defense counsel] says, well, the [ sic] maybe [ Fitzgerald] wasn' t
even there. So, okay, the two burglars decide as they were fleeing, let' s pick up
Fitzgerald], who just happens to be out walking in the Summit Lake area at 9
o' clock in the morning. Does that make sense?
It makes no sense, because what [ defense counsel] has asked you to do
and what [ Fitzgerald] hopes you do is leave your common sense out here and
don' t take it back there.
2 RP at 341 -42, 347. Defense counsel did not object.
It is improper for the prosecutor to disparagingly comment on defense counsel' s role or
impugn counsel' s integrity. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 451. For example, a prosecutor may
commit misconduct by accusing defense counsel of engaging in " sleight of hand" or using terms
such as " bogus" and " deception." Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 451 -55. However, in rebuttal,
improper remarks are not grounds for reversal if they were " invited or provoked by defense
counsel and are in reply to his or her acts and statements, unless the remarks are not a pertinent
reply or are so prejudicial that a curative instruction would be ineffective." State v. Russell, 125
Wn.2d 24, 86, 882 P. 2d 747 ( 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1129 ( 1995).
13.
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Here, the prosecutor' s comments were made during rebuttal argument and were in direct
response to defense counsel' s argument. During closing argument, defense counsel argued that
the inferences the prosecutor argued did not comport with the evidence, and more specifically,
that the prosecutor and the police arrested and charged Fitzgerald solely because they improperly
assumed he must be guilty because he was with Martin and Cairns. Defense counsel went,so far
as to accuse the prosecutor of relying on his own prejudice when charging and trying Fitzgerald.
In response, the prosecutor argued that defense counsel was urging the jury to look at specific
things out of context, and when the jury looked at the entire case as a whole, the prosecutor' s
theory of the case was the only theory that makes sense. The prosecutor' s comments were not
3
improper and were in response to defense counsel' s closing argument.
B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Fitzgerald argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because of his defense
counsel' s failure to object to the prosecutor' s statements during closing argument. As explained
above, the prosecutor' s statements regarding JE, the burden of proof, and defense counsel were
not improper; therefore, defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to them.
Furthermore, .
defense counsel' s failure to object to the prosecutor' s use of the " birds of a feather"
analogy and the corresponding slide was a legitimate trial tactic and cannot be the basis for an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
3 Fitzgerald also argues that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor' s misconduct denied him a
fair trial. But, because we hold that there was only one instance of improper conduct, there can
be no cumulative effect of the prosecutor' s improper conduct. Accordingly, we do not address
Fitzgerald' s argument that there was cumulative prejudice any further.
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To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Fitzgerald must show both
deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104
S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 ( 1984). Counsel' s performance is deficient if it falls below an
objective standard of reasonableness. State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 705, 940 P. 2d 1239
1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1008 ( 1998). Our scrutiny of counsel' s performance is highly
deferential; we strongly presume reasonableness. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899
P. 2d 1251 ( 1995). To rebut this presumption, a defendant bears the burden of establishing the
absence of any conceivable legitimate trial tactic explaining counsel' s performance. State v.
Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P. 3d 1260 ( 2011). To establish prejudice, a defendant must show
a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have differed absent the deficient.
performance. State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 226, 743 P. 2d 816 ( 1987). If an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim fails to support a finding of either deficiency or prejudice, it fails.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
Here, the defense attorney repeatedly referenced the prosecutor' s " birds of a feather"
analogy in his own closing argument. Defense counsel relied on the " birds of a feather" analogy
to undermine the prosecutor' s theory of the case; specifically, that the entire case rested on the
presumption that Fitzgerald must be involved because he was with Martin and Cairns. Using the
prosecutor' s' own argument to undermine the prosecutor' s theory. of the case is a legitimate trial
tactic. Thus, Fitzgerald cannot meet his burden to prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel
claim.
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C. PUBLIC TRIAL RIGHT '
Fitzgerald argues that the trial court violated his right to a public trial. Fitzgerald asserts
that his right to a public trial was violated when the trial court allowed the attorney to complete
jury selection by completing jury selection during a side bar. Allowing challenges to jurors
during jury selection to be held during a side bar does not violate a defendant' s right to a public
App. 911,
trial. State v. Love, 176 Wn. - 309 P. 3d 1209 ( 2013). Accordingly, the trial court did
not violate Fitzgerald' s right to a public trial.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 1, section 22 of the.
Washington State Constitution guarantee a defendant the right to a public trial. State v. Wise,
176 Wn.2d 1, 9, 288 P. 3d 1113 ( 2012). This court reviews alleged violations of the public trial
right de novo. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 9. The threshold determination when addressing an alleged
violation of the public trial right is whether the proceeding at issue even implicates the right.
State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 71, 292 P. 3d 715 ( 2012). In Sublett, our Supreme Court adopted
a two -
part " experience and logic" test to address this issue: ( 1) whether the place and process
historically have been open to the press and general public ( experience prong), and ( 2) whether
the public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of particular process in
question ( logic prong). 176 Wn.2d at 73. Both questions must be answered affirmatively to
implicate the public trial right. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73.
Fitzgerald argues that the trial court violated his public trial right because the trial court
conducted the peremptory challenges portion of jury selection during a sidebar conference at the
clerk' s station. Division Three of this court addressed this exact issue in and held that neither
prong of the experience and logic test suggests that the exercise of cause or peremptory
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challenges must take place in public." Love, 176 Wn. App. at 920. The public trial right does
not attach to the exercise of challenges during jury selection. Love, 176 Wn. App. at 920.
We recently adopted the reasoning of Love and held that experience and logic do not
suggest that exercising peremptory challenges at the clerk' s station implicates the public trial
right: State v. Dunn, Wn. App. , 321 P. 3d 1283, 1285 ( 2014). Accordingly, the trial
court did not violate Fitzgerald' s public trial right, and Fitzgerald' s challenge fails.
D. RIGHT TO BE PRESENT
Fitzgerald also argues that the trial court' s jury selection procedure violated his right to
be present. Here, Fitzgerald was present during all the questioning of jurors. At the end of the
jury voir dire, the trial court stated, "[ Clounsel, could 1 ask you at this time to approach me at.
sidebar." RP ( Jury Voir Dire) at 71. Because Fitzgerald was present in the courtroom, it is
unclear whether Fitzgerald approached with his counsel during sidebar. Generally, this court
does not address issues that rely on facts outside the record on direct appeal. McFarland, 127
Wn.2d at 335: Because there is no evidence in the record confirming that Fitzgerald was not
present at the side bar, the record is insufficient to review Fitzgerald' s argument that the trial
court violated his right to be present.
E. CRR 7: 8 MOTION -NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE
Fitzgerald filed a pro se •motion for relief from judgment under CrR 7. 8, alleging that
newly discovered, evidence required the trial court to vacate his judgment and sentence and order
a new trial. Under CrR 7..8( b)( 2), a defendant may obtain relief from judgment based on
n] ewly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to
move for a new trial under rule 7. 5." This court reviews a trial court' s ruling on a CrR 7. 8
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motion for an abuse of discretion. State v. Martinez, 161 Wn. App. 436, 440, 253 P.3d 445,
review denied, 172 Wn.2d 1011 ( 2011). A trial court abuses its discretion when it exercises its
discretion in a manner that is based on unreasonable or untenable grounds. Martinez, 161 Wn.
App. at 440.
There are five requirements that must be met for newly discovered evidence to warrant a
new trial. •State v. Eder, 78 Wn. App. 352, 357, 899 P. 2d 810 ( 1995), review denied, 129 Wn.2d
1013 ( 1996). The evidence must ( 1) be such that it would probably change the result of the trial,
2) be discovered after the trial, ( 3) be such that it could not have been discovered before the trial
through the exercise of due diligence, ( 4) be material and admissible, and ( 5) not be cumulative
and impeaching. Eder, 78 Wn. App. at 357. Absence of any of the five factors is sufficient to
deny a new trial. Eder, 78 Wn. App. at 357. "`{ D] efendants seeking postconviction relief face a
heavy. burden and are in a significantly different situation than a person facing trial. "' State v.
Gassman, 160 Wn. App. 600, 609, 248 P. 3d 155 ( 2011) ( alteration in original) ( quoting State v.
Riofta, 166 Wn.2d 358, 369, 209 P. 3d 467 ( 2009)), review denied, 172 Wn.2d 1002 ( 2011).
The State argues that Fitzgerald cannot meet his burden to show that the affidavits were
newly discovered evidence ( i.e., that he could not have discovered them before the trial through
the exercise of due diligence). We agree
Fitzgerald relies on State v. Slanaker, 58 Wn. App. 161, 791 P. 2d 575, review denied,
115 Wn.2d 1031 ( 1990), to argue that the affidavits were newly discovered and that they could
not have been discovered with due diligence even though he knew of the witnesses' possible
existence. In Slanaker, the defendant presented an alibi offense alleging that he was playing
poker with four people during the crime. The defendant' s friend testified that they were playing
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poker, but the defendant was unable to locate the two other members of the game. The two other
witnesses contacted the defendant after his conviction and submitted affidavits corroborating the
defendant' s alibi and explaining why the defendant could not locate them earlier.. Slanaker, 58
Wn. App. at 162 -63. The trial court made a specific finding that the defendant exercised due
diligence when trying to locate the witnesses and granted the defendant' s motion. Slanaker, 58
Wn. App. at 165. The State did not challenge the trial court' s finding, and the reviewing court
considered it a verity on appeal. Slanaker, 58 Wn. App. at 165. The court held that "[ a]
previously known witness' [s] testimony can be newly discovered when that witness could not be .
located before trial with the exercise of due diligence." Slanaker, 58 Wn. App. at 166. The
court relied on the trial court' s unchallenged finding that the defendant exercised due diligence
when holding that the defendant met his burden under CrR 7. 8.
However, because the appellate court relied on the trial court' s unchallenged finding of
fact, Slanaker does not
actually address the issue we must resolve. The holding in Slanaker is
limited to establishing that testimony can be considered " newly discovered" even if the existence
of the witness is known at the time of trial. Slanaker does not establish a standard for what
constitutes due diligence sufficient to meet the requirement of CrR 7. 8. Here, the trial court did
not make a specific finding that Fitzgerald acted with due diligence; therefore, we must examine
the record to determine whether evidence in the record supports a finding that Fitzgerald failed to
exercise due diligence in attempting to contact the witnesses. Although the affidavits submitted
by Fitzgerald explain why he may have had difficulty finding the witnesses, there is no evidence
submitted that documents what efforts were made to attempt to locate them.
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Fitzgerald alleges that Martin' s testimony could not have been discovered with due
diligence because there was a no contact order prohibiting him from contacting Martin. But
there was nothing prohibiting Fitzgerald' s attorney from attempting to contact Martin, or from
requesting that the trial court modify the no contact order such that Martin could be interviewed
for his testimony. There is no evidence establishing that Fitzgerald attempted to do any of these
things or that they would have been unsuccessful. Therefore, Fitzgerald has failed to meet his
burden to show that Martin' s testimony could not have been discovered with the exercise of due
diligence.
Fitzgerald also alleges that he could not have discovered Angel Yarbrough' s testimony
because she moved and changed her name, and he could not have discovered John Balcom' s
testimony because he did not know Balcom' s last name. But, Fitzgerald has not demonstrated
that he made any effort to actually locate the witnesses. To the extent that Fitzgerald appears to
argue that he attempted to investigate the witnesses but his lawyer refused to do so, there is no
evidence supporting these allegations in the record. Accordingly, the record does not present
facts establishing that Fitzgerald acted with due diligence in attempting to locate the witnesses
during trial, and the trial court did not err by denying his CrR 7. 8 motion.
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We affirm Fitzgerald' s convictions and the trial court' s order denying his CrR 7. 8
motion.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
We concur:
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