State v. Cato-Perry

No. 104,870

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee/Cross-appellant,

v.

QUINTEN CATO-PERRY,
Appellant/Cross-appellee.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
The aiding and abetting statute does not create an alternative means of committing
the charged crime by adding distinct material elements to the definition of that crime. The
aiding and abetting statute simply extends criminal responsibility to a defendant other
than the principal actor.

2.
The phrase "person or presence" in the aggravated robbery statute does not create
an alternative means of committing the crime; rather, it describes the proximity of the
victim to the property taken.

3.
K.S.A. 21-3426 defines robbery as the taking of property from the person or
presence of another by force or by threat of bodily harm to any person. The words by
force or by threat of bodily harm are merely different options or means of compelling the
taking of someone else's property, the focus of the crime of robbery.

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4.
When the extent of a durational departure sentence is challenged on appeal, the
appellate standard of review is abuse of discretion, measuring whether the departure is
consistent with the purposes of the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines and proportionate to
the crime severity and the defendant's criminal history.

5.
K.S.A. 21-4716(c)(1) sets out a nonexclusive list of mitigating factors a district
court may consider when determining whether to grant a departure sentence. In
exercising such discretion, the sentencing court must state on the record at the time of
sentencing the substantial and compelling reasons justifying a departure from the
presumptive guidelines sentence.

6.
Under the factual circumstances presented to the district court in this case, the
departure sentence imposed was not disproportionate to the severity level of the crime
committed when weighed against the two mitigating factors, which when considered
collectively were substantial and compelling reasons that justified the departure sentence.

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; ERIC R. YOST, judge. Opinion on remand filed August 15,
2014. Affirmed, cross-appeal denied, and remanded with directions.

Joanna Labastida, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant/cross-appellee.

Boyd K. Isherwood, assistant district attorney, Nola Tedesco Foulston, district attorney, and
Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee/cross-appellant.

Before MALONE, C.J., HILL, J., and MICHAEL E. WARD, District Judge, assigned.

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 HILL, J.: After our decision in State v. Cato-Perry, 48 Kan. App. 2d 92, 284 P.3d
36 (2012), rev. granted May 29, 2014, this case returns to the Court of Appeals on
remand from the Kansas Supreme Court on the issue of whether a charge of acting as a
principal or aider and abettor created an alternative means case. Our Supreme Court
granted the State's petition for review, vacated our prior decision, and remanded this case
to us to review the matter in light of State v. Betancourt, 299 Kan. 131, 322 P.3d 353
(2014), and State v. Soto, 299 Kan. 102, 322 P.3d 334 (2014). We also consider three
additional alternative means arguments and the cross-appeal by the State challenging the
district court's granting of a durational departure sentence.

Because Cato-Perry committed his crime while on bond, the district court ordered
him to serve the 57-month sentence consecutive to his 34-month sentence in case
07CR308. This is a durational departure sentence.

Cato-Perry made four alternative means arguments on direct appeal: (1)
instructing the jury it could convict him of aggravated robbery as either a principal or an
aider and abettor created alternative means upon which he could be found guilty of
aggravated robbery; (2) the aiding and abetting jury instruction, in accordance with
K.S.A. 21-3205(1), created six alternative means by which aggravated robbery could be
committed under the aiding and abetting statute; (3) the element of taking property from
the "person or presence" of the victim in the aggravated robbery instruction raises an
alternative means issue; and (4) the language of taking property from the victim "by force
or threat" of bodily harm to commit aggravated robbery created alternative means of
committing the crime.

The first panel relied on the ruling in State v. Boyd, 46 Kan. App. 2d 945, 268 P.3d
1210 (2011), overruled in part by Betancourt, 299 Kan. at 140-41, and reversed Cato-
Perry's conviction based on his first argument. Cato-Perry, 48 Kan. App. 2d at 95-96.
Having reversed the conviction, the panel did not address Cato-Perry's remaining

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alternative means arguments or the State's cross-appeal. See Cato-Perry, 48 Kan. App. 2d
at 92-93, 95. Cato-Perry also has been overruled by Betancourt, 299 Kan. at 140-41.

In Betancourt, the Kansas Supreme Court rejected the argument that the aiding
and abetting statute created an alternate means for committing first-degree murder. See
299 Kan. 131, Syl. ¶¶ 1-3. The court held that the aiding and abetting statute does not
create an alternative means of committing the charged crime by adding distinct material
elements to the definition of that crime. Instead, the aiding and abetting statute simply
extends criminal responsibility to a defendant other than the principal actor. 299 Kan. at
137-40; see Soto, 299 Kan. at 109 (affirming Betancourt). Through application of the
ruling in Betancourt, Cato-Perry's first argument fails.

We will therefore move on to Cato-Perry's remaining three arguments.

Second alternative means argument
Cato-Perry's second alternative means argument—the six ways of aiding and
abetting set out in the statute are themselves alternative means of aiding and abetting—
has no merit. K.S.A. 21-3205(1), the aiding and abetting statute, states that a person is
criminally responsible for a crime committed by another if such person intentionally
"aids, abets, advises, hires, counsels or procures" the other person to commit the crime.
Cato-Perry contends the six verbs in the statute create six alternative means. The
Supreme Court in State v. Bowen, 299 Kan. 339, 352-53, 323 P.3d 853 (2014), held that
any argument that the aiding and abetting statute creates multiple alternative means of
committing the underlying offense is meritless in light of Betancourt. The aiding and
abetting statute does not add an element to the underlying crime. See State v. Jackson, 49
Kan. App. 2d 116, Syl. ¶ 4, 305 P.3d 685 (2013), rev. denied 299 Kan. ___ (May 29,
2014). Thus, we reject Cato-Perry's argument that the aiding and abetting statute in this
case created alternative means problems.

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Third alternative means argument
Here, Cato-Perry contends the aggravated robbery jury instruction created an
alternative means issue because it required the State to prove he took property from the
victim's "person or presence." Cato-Perry does not dispute that the State presented
sufficient evidence to prove that he took property from the victim's presence, but he
argues the State failed to present sufficient evidence that a taking occurred from the
victim's person. He relies on State v. Robinson, 27 Kan. App. 2d 724, 728, 8 P.3d 51
(2000), which held that "[p]ersonal property can be taken from a victim's 'presence'
without being taken from his or her 'person,' but it cannot be taken from his or her
'person' without being taken in his or her 'presence.'"

Cato-Perry's reliance on Robinson is misplaced. Because Robinson only concerned
a sufficiency of the evidence analysis as applied to the defendant's alleged jury
instruction error, not an alternative means analysis, it does not apply here. See Jackson,
49 Kan. App. 2d at 134-35. More importantly, the lack of evidence that Cato-Perry took
property from the victim's person does not require reversal of the conviction if "person"
and "presence" are not alternative means under K.S.A. 21-3426 and K.S.A. 21-3427. See
State v. Wright, 290 Kan. 194, 203, 224 P.3d 1159 (2010).

In Boyd, this court held that the language of "taking property from the person or
the presence" of the victim does not create alternative means under K.S.A. 21-3427. 46
Kan. App. 2d at 950-51. In doing so, the Boyd panel noted that some degree of
redundancy may be tolerated in the criminal code to enhance the objective of giving fair
notice of the proscribed conduct and stated:

"The essence of the crime is forcibly taking property when a person is present. The term
'from the person or the presence' of the victim describes the proximity of the property and
the individual. It does so with phraseology that overlaps. Taking property from the
presence of the victim (who need not be the owner of whatever the perpetrator seizes)

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 describes an area in the general vicinity of the victim. Taking property from the person of
the victim refers to the immediate environs of the body such as a pocket, a purse, or the
hands. Thus, a taking 'from the person' is actually encompassed within a taking 'from the
presence' of the victim. The robbery and aggravated robbery statutes would criminalize
the same range of conduct even if the phrase 'the person' had been omitted from the
definitions of those crimes." 46 Kan. App. 2d at 950.

This court in Jackson recently agreed that the Boyd court's analysis of "person or
presence" comports with Brown, which was decided after Boyd. Jackson, 46 Kan. App.
2d at 134. The panel in Jackson held that "[t]he use of 'person or presence' describes the
victim's proximity to the property taken. When conducting the Brown analysis on this
point, it is apparent that the two words are simply two options used to describe different
factual circumstances in which aggravated robbery (or robbery) can occur." 49 Kan. App.
2d at 135. In addition to Jackson, 49 Kan. App. 2d 116, Syl. ¶ 5, several other panels
have agreed with the Boyd court's analysis of "person or presence" to hold that the phrase
does not create an alternative means of committing the crime of aggravated robbery. See
State v. Edwards, 48 Kan. App. 2d 383, Syl. ¶ 5, 290 P.3d 661 (2012), aff'd 299 Kan.
___, 327 P.3d 469, 476 (2014); State v. Moore, No. 106,209, 2013 WL 1010284, at *3-4
(Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 297 Kan. 1253 (2013); State v.
Suady, No. 105,603, 2012 WL 6734503, at *5 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion),
aff'd in part, rev'd in part, and remanded 299 Kan. ___, 327 P.3d 466, 468 (2014); State
v. Delacruz, No. 106,082, 2012 WL 1352865, at *4-5 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished
opinion), rev. denied 299 Kan. ___ (May 29, 2014). Similarly, we see no reason to
disagree with the Boyd panel's conclusion that the phrase "person or presence" in the
aggravated robbery statute does not create an alternative means of committing the crime;
rather, it describes the proximity of the victim to the property taken.

Fourth alternative means argument
Cato-Perry's fourth alternative means argument refers to that part of the instruction
requiring that the jury find "[t]hat the taking was by force or threat of bodily harm" to the

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victim. (Emphasis added.) He relies on State v. Reed, 45 Kan. App. 2d 372, 384-86, 247
P.3d 1074, rev. denied 292 Kan. 968 (2011), where this court found sufficient evidence
existed of both force and threat for each alternative means of aggravated robbery. Cato-
Perry argues that the State presented no evidence that he took the money from the victim
by threat of bodily harm.

We are not persuaded this language creates an alternative means issue.

Brown teaches us that statutory language describing "options within a means" or
the "factual circumstances" which prove the underlying crime do not raise an alternative
means issue. 295 Kan. 181, Syl. ¶¶ 10-11. K.S.A. 21-3426 defines robbery as "the taking
of property from the person or presence of another by force or by threat of bodily harm to
any person." Consequently, the words by force or by threat of bodily harm are merely
different options or means of compelling the taking of someone else's property, the focus
of the crime of robbery. Four other panels have reached the same conclusion that this is
not an alternative means issue. See State v. Barnett, No. 106,133, 2013 WL 4729219, at
*3-5 (Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 299 Kan. ___ (June 20, 2014);
State v. Henderson, No. 107,193, 2013 WL 3970170, at *3-4 (Kan. App. 2013)
(unpublished opinion), rev. denied 299 Kan. ___ (June 17, 2014); State v. Dewberry, No.
106,701, 2013 WL 2321039, at *8-12 (Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion); Moore,
2013 WL 1010284, at *3-4.

Since no alternative means issues are present in this case, there is no need to weigh
the sufficiency of the evidence regarding whether Cato-Perry took property from the
person or the presence of the victim by force or by threat of bodily harm. The record
clearly supports that Cato-Perry aided in the crime of aggravated robbery. Sufficient
evidence supports his conviction.

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We turn to the State's cross-appeal
The only issue remaining is the State's attack on Cato-Perry's downward departure
sentence. See K.S.A. 21-4721(a) (a departure sentence is subject to appeal by either the
defendant or the State). We find no reason to disturb the sentence on appeal.

Our standard of appellate review of a departure sentence depends on the question
raised. The State first argues the "sentencing court's findings of fact and reasons for
justifying the departure do not constitute substantial and compelling reasons for a
departure." When the question is whether a sentencing judge erred in concluding
"particular mitigating factors constituted substantial and compelling reasons to depart in a
particular case," the appellate standard of review is abuse of discretion. State v. Spencer,
291 Kan. 796, 807, 248 P.3d 256 (2011). Judicial discretion is abused if the judicial
action is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, i.e., if no reasonable person would have
taken the view adopted by the district court. Fischer v. State, 296 Kan. 808, Syl. ¶ 8, 295
P.3d 560 (2013). In the alternative, the State challenges the extent of the district court's
downward durational departure. When the extent of a durational departure is challenged,
"the appellate standard of review is abuse of discretion, measuring whether the departure
is consistent with the purposes of the guidelines and proportionate to the crime severity
and the defendant's criminal history." Spencer, 291 Kan. at 807-08.

K.S.A. 21-4716(c)(1) sets out a nonexclusive list of mitigating factors a district
court may consider when determining whether to grant a departure sentence. In
exercising such discretion, the sentencing court must state on the record at the time of
sentencing the substantial and compelling reasons justifying a departure from the
presumptive guidelines sentence. K.S.A. 21-4716(a). "Substantial" means something real,
not imagined; something with substance, not ephemeral. "Compelling" means that the
circumstances of the case force the sentencing court "to 'abandon the status quo' and to
venture beyond or depart from the ordinary sentence." State v. Rochelle, 297 Kan. 32, 46,
298 P.3d 293, cert. denied 134 S. Ct. 270 (2013). We are limited to considering only the

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articulated reasons for departure stated on the record at sentencing. State v. Blackmon,
285 Kan. 719, 725, 176 P.3d 160 (2008). If any of the factors articulated by the
sentencing court would justify the departure, the decision will be upheld on appeal. A
departure may be justified by the collective factors even if no one factor, standing alone,
would justify a departure. State v. Baptist, 294 Kan. 728, 734-35, 280 P.3d 210 (2012).

Here, the district court granted Cato-Perry's motion seeking a departure from the
presumptive sentencing range of 89-94-100 months' incarceration for a severity level 3
person felony offense based on Cato-Perry's criminal history of D because of his robbery
convictions in case 07CR308. The district court imposed a downward durational
departure prison term of 57 months. See K.S.A. 21-3427; K.S.A. 21-4704(a). In granting
a departure sentence of 57 months, the district court judge stated:

"You know, I think what was done was a very serious thing and I am unable to grant
probation. But I can also take into account his young age and the fact that he's—two
offenses were done prior to him doing prison time. He's done prison time on the first one.
"I'm going to find that there are substantial and compelling reasons for a
durational departure; one being his age at the time the offense was committed, and the
second being that he has done prison time subsequent to those offenses—both these
offenses being committed and I think there's a limit to how much we can accomplish with
a lengthy prison sentence."

Consequently, we must examine whether Cato-Perry's age or his previous prison
time already served in case 07CR308 either standing alone or collectively provides a
substantial and compelling reason for departure. See Baptist, 294 Kan. at 734-35;
Blackmon, 285 Kan. at 725.

The defendant's age can be properly considered analogous to the substantial and
compelling reason justifying departure under the mitigating factor in K.S.A. 21-
4716(c)(1)(C), which states: "The offender, because of physical or mental impairment,

9
lacked substantial capacity for judgment when the offense was committed." See State v.
Favela, 259 Kan. 215, 237-38, 911 P.2d 792 (1996). However, having the defendant's
age qualify as a substantial and compelling reason justifying departure, standing alone, is
dependent on the district court articulating that it considered the defendant's age in the
context of the defendant's relative immaturity. 259 Kan. at 237-38. Any other type of
reliance upon the relative age of a defendant by the district court is improper and does not
form a substantial and compelling basis to depart from a presumptive sentence. State v.
Ussery, 34 Kan. App. 2d 250, 259, 116 P.3d 735, rev. denied 280 Kan. 991 (2005).

According to the presentence investigation report, Cato-Perry was 19 years old
when he committed the aggravated robbery. His counsel, during sentencing, clarified that
Cato-Perry "was 19 years old when he pleaded guilty in [case 07CR308], he just turned
20 before the crimes charged in the present case were alleged to have occurred." Because
the district court did not articulate a concern other than the young age of Cato-Perry, we
are left guessing as to the context in which the district court considered Cato-Perry's age.
Consequently, without more, the fact that Cato-Perry was 19 or just turned 20 years old
when he committed the aggravated robbery, standing alone, is not a substantial and
compelling reason justifying a departure sentence as a matter of law. See Favela, 259
Kan. at 234-35. However, the Kansas Supreme Court in Favela also held that in such
instances the defendant's age may be "considered as part of the entire package." 259 Kan.
at 235.

We now examine the second mitigating factor articulated by the district court—
Cato-Perry's prior "prison time" in case 07CR308. The motion for departure indicated
that Cato-Perry was ordered in May 2008 to serve his 34-month sentence in case
07CR308 after violating his probation for being discharged from the Labette County
Correctional Conservation Camp without completing that program. Cato-Perry was then
paroled on detainer in February 2010. At the time of sentencing in this case in July 2010,
Cato-Perry had earned 321 days of jail-time credit since September 2009. Cato-Perry also

10
addressed the district court about the length of his incarceration for his previous robbery
convictions and its impact on his desire to change.

Previous prison time per se clearly does not fall under the statutory list of factors
in K.S.A. 21-4716(c)(1). However, by expressing a concern about "how much we can
accomplish with a lengthy prison sentence," the district court arguably concluded Cato-
Perry would be just as likely to be rehabilitated with time served for his prior robberies in
case 07CR308 and the 57 months he would serve under the departure sentence as he
would with a presumptive sentence for the aggravated robbery.

The language in State v. Haney, 34 Kan. App. 2d 232, 246, 116 P.3d 747, rev.
denied 280 Kan. 987 (2005), is instructive on this point. The Haney court observed that
while "a particular defendant's amenability to rehabilitation is not a substantial and
compelling reason to depart from the presumptive guidelines sentence by itself, a
sentencing court may properly consider such evidence in the totality of circumstances in
determining the appropriate penalty to be imposed . . . if other factors warrant departure."
34 Kan. App. 2d at 246. Thus, though this second factor articulated by the district court,
like the defendant's age, is not intrinsically substantial or compelling as a matter of law, it
nonetheless appears worthy of the district court's consideration collectively. See Baptist,
294 Kan. at 734-35.

Consequently, because neither mitigating factor the district court articulated
would, standing alone, necessarily justify a downward departure, the dispositive question
is whether these two factors—Cato-Perry's age and his previous prison time or
amenability to rehabilitation—aggregate to a substantial and compelling reason for the
departure.

The State points to no appellate case to support either of its arguments and,
instead, makes a general policy argument by citing two statutes to support its view that

11
the Kansas Legislature would not consider the nonstatutory mitigating factors here
substantial and compelling reasons for a 37-month departure sentence and the legislature
intended a harsher punishment for offenders such as Cato-Perry. First, K.S.A. 21-
4603d(f)(3) provides for a prison sentence if the defendant committed the crime while on
release for a felony, "even when the new crime . . . otherwise presumes a nonprison
sentence." Second, any person "convicted and sentenced for a crime while on release for
a felony . . . shall serve the sentence consecutively to the . . . terms under which the
person was released." K.S.A. 21-4608(d).

Both of these statutes do little to advance the State's position. Even ignoring that
Cato-Perry's aggravated robbery conviction carried a presumptive prison sentence,
K.S.A. 21-4603d(f)(3) enables, but does not require, a district court to imprison a
defendant on release on felony bond for a subsequent crime not otherwise subject to
imprisonment. See K.S.A. 21-4704. And while K.S.A. 21-4608(d) does require the
district court to impose consecutive sentences for the prior felony and subsequent crime,
that is exactly what happened here. The district court ordered Cato-Perry's aggravated
robbery sentence consecutive to his prior robbery sentence.

At sentencing, the district court departed from a standard presumptive sentence of
94 months, down to 57 months, after inquiring into the presumptive sentencing range
Cato-Perry would be subject to without his robbery conviction in case 07CR308, i.e., a
criminal history of I. The presumptive sentencing range for a severity level 3 person
felony offense committed by a defendant with a criminal history score of I is 55-59-61
months' incarceration. See K.S.A. 21-4704(a). The district court, in considering the
timing of both convictions, noted that based on the sentencing grid, even with a criminal
history score of I, the low presumptive number of 55 months "is still a substantial amount
of time." Consequently, by reducing the presumptive aggravated robbery sentence of 89
to 100 months to 57 months, the district court appeared to ensure that the mitigated
sentence Cato-Perry received was still within the presumptive sentencing range of a

12
severity level 3 person felony offense, albeit as if Cato-Perry had no prior criminal
history or had never been convicted in case 07CR308.

We hold that under the factual circumstances presented to the district court in this
case, the departure sentence imposed was not disproportionate to the severity level of the
crime committed when weighed against the two mitigating factors, which when
considered collectively were substantial and compelling reasons that justified the
departure sentence. See Baptist, 294 Kan. at 734-35. The district court's decision is not so
arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable that no reasonable person in the position of the court
would have reached a similar decision. See Haney, 34 Kan. App. 2d at 247.

On a final note, the journal entry of judgment incorrectly reflects Cato-Perry
received a 45-month sentence instead of the 57-month sentence pronounced at
sentencing. A sentence is effective when pronounced from the bench; a sentence in a
criminal case does not derive its effectiveness from the journal entry. A journal entry that
imposes a sentence at variance with the sentence pronounced from the bench is erroneous
and must be corrected to reflect the actual sentence imposed. State v. Mason, 294 Kan.
675, 677, 279 P.3d 707 (2012).

Finding no error, we affirm Cato-Perry's conviction for aggravated robbery.
Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting the departure sentence,
we deny the State's cross-appeal. We remand to the district court with directions to ensure
the journal entry of judgment is corrected to be consistent with the sentence pronounced
from the bench.

Affirmed, cross-appeal denied, and remanded with directions.

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