Filed 8/18/14 In re Samatha S. CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re SAMANTHA S., a Person Coming B251914
Under the Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. CK99907)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN
AND FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
JASON S.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Philip L. Soto, Judge. Affirmed.
Matthew I. Thue, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Tracey F. Dodds, Principal Deputy County
Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
___________________________________________________
Jason S. (Father) challenges an order establishing dependency jurisdiction over his
daughter Samantha. Jurisdiction lies from the unappealed findings against the child’s
mother: Samantha is a dependent if the actions of either parent bring her within the scope
of the Welfare and Institutions Code. Father also contests the court’s refusal to give him
custody of the infant. We affirm.
FACTS
Samantha was born in June 2013 to Melissa L. (Mother), who expressed suicidal
ideation; had “continuous intrusive thoughts of ‘molesting’ her newborn child”; and was
afraid to be left alone with Samantha. The hospital reported Mother to a child protection
hotline. A nurse at the hospital observed that Mother “does not show interest in holding
or providing care of [the] newborn child.”
Mother has an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In 2008, she was prescribed
psychotropic medications, but stopped taking them because they “made her feel weird.”
Mother was hospitalized in January 2013, during her pregnancy, after she saw scissors
and thought about stabbing herself. In March 2013, Mother entered an in-patient
treatment program. She was not sure what to do with her newborn.
Mother described incidents of domestic violence in an interview with the
Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). She stated that Father “hit me
across the face” a year earlier. There were “10 other incidents in which the father has
been physically aggressive with her.” Two years earlier, Father held her neck but did not
choke her. Mother did not call the police.
Father made no preparations for Samantha’s birth, such as buying a crib, saying
that “he can buy stuff for the baby whenever.” He has known Mother for five years, and
acknowledged that she has a mood disorder. He does not believe that Mother is suicidal,
although she was hospitalized for mental health issues. Father described Mother as
“stressed through her pregnancy,” but opined that Mother just likes to be the center of
attention and to blame others for her problems.
Father denied domestic violence. While maintaining that “he has never hit
mother[,] Father stated that mother has hit him as well as other people.” Father hoped to
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build a support system for Samantha, and wanted custody “after he is able to get his
support group ready.” Father proposed living with Mother to help her care for the baby,
or Samantha could stay in a foster home until Father is ready with his support group. He
resides with his parents, who have “not authorized” him to bring Samantha into their
household; he had no idea when they might allow Samantha to live with them.
In a meeting with DCFS, Mother stated that she has not held her three-day-old
infant and would not feel comfortable doing so: she fears “molesting” the baby or not
doing something properly. Mother could not detail what she means by “molesting” but
denied thoughts of sexual abuse. She “is not ready to provide care for Samantha. Mother
stated that she would like to work on her Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder then work on
learning how to care for Samantha.” Father announced that “there is not enough time to
come up with a plan,” although a social worker pointed out that he was aware of
Mother’s pregnancy for months and had not devised an appropriate plan for the baby.
Father had no answer and no suggestions.
A safety plan was implemented because Mother is unwilling to hold Samantha and
has thoughts of harming the baby. Plus, Father cannot currently care for the infant: he
has no place for her to live and will be starting school within a few months. Samantha
was taken into protective custody and placed with maternal aunt Rebecca L.
On June 7, 2013, a petition was filed alleging that Mother and Father engaged in
violent altercations, and Mother has mental and emotional problems that render her
unable to provide regular care for Samantha. The incidents of domestic violence and
Mother’s mental illness place the baby at risk of serious physical harm. The juvenile
court found a prima facie case for detaining Samantha. Father did not attend the hearing.
The court removed the infant from parental custody and ordered reunification services,
including monitored visits by both parents.
In an interview for the jurisdiction/disposition report, Mother stated that the
incidents of violence “were a while ago. I’m not really worried about it happening now.
The last one was in 2011. He (father) put his hand around my throat. He pushed me
against the wall and threatened to bash my head into the mirror on the wall. He said he
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was trying to teach me a lesson. I don’t know what exactly happened to set him off.
There was also something in 2012 when he hit me on my face with an open hand. There
was redness or something around my nose. It was hurting for a few days. He was saying
it would heal quickly. But it took one or two days for it to stop hurting. He’s hit me like
five times since I met him in ’08. He’s hit me with [an] open hand on my face and eye.
One time, he hit me on the face with a rag that had grout stuff on it.”
Father said, “There were never any physical altercations between me and Melissa.
We’ve had arguments. But it was never physical on my part. She has been physical
towards me. She’s hit me on several occasions. It was usually on my arm or hand, just in
general she swings away. She’d do it with a closed hand. This has happened like a half a
dozen times for a period of five years. I would just take it. I wouldn’t do anything else.
I never slapped her in the face. I never put my hands around her throat. I never hit her.”
Father believed that Mother fabricated claims about his violence because she was told by
other psychiatric patients that DCFS would not remove the baby from Mother’s custody
and give it to Father if there was domestic violence. Father added that Mother attacked
him and a friend while they were driving.
Maternal aunt Rebecca L. informed DCFS that Mother reported incidents of
domestic violence right after they occurred. One year ago, Father slapped Mother across
the face and scratched her cornea. In 2011, Father threw a trash can at Mother, who
called Rebecca L. about the incident. There were several other times that Mother told
Rebecca L. about Father hitting her or pushing her. This has been “ongoing since 2008.”
“The last time she said anything to me about him hitting or pushing her was about nine
months ago. She seems to be afraid of him and tries to make it seem like the incidents
are not that bad.” Rebecca L. opined that Father seems to “take advantage of Melissa,”
by demanding that Mother agree to either pay him $20 or have sex with him if he comes
to visit her.
Rebecca L.’s husband Daniel stated that Father instructed Mother to buy items for
the baby and that they would “split the cost.” However, Father never reimbursed Mother.
When Daniel asked Father not to take advantage of Mother because of her mental illness
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and to pay his debt to Mother, Father threatened to sue Daniel for “practicing illegal debt
collection.” Mother and Father are no longer a couple.
Mother acknowledged that she was diagnosed with OCD at age 15. At 22, she
was prescribed medications, but stopped using one of them because she was worried
about having a stroke, a side effect listed on the label. Mother was hospitalized during
her pregnancy because “I was stressed. . . . I was having trouble thinking straight and I
felt suicidal. I saw a pair of scissors in front of me and I thought I could actually do it
(attempt suicide). This was in January this year.” While hospitalized, Mother was given
Prozac, but stopped taking it the day after she was released. In February 2013, Mother
was rehospitalized because she contemplated suicide after not going through with an
abortion. She stopped her medication because “it made me feel numb sometimes.”
Mother returned to the psychiatric hospital in March 2013, “because I was getting
panicky about my situation.” She was prescribed Zoloft, which she takes daily. She is
feeling more stable now. Mother enrolled in counseling after giving birth and intends to
undergo a psychiatric evaluation. She feels that she will benefit from talk therapy and
medication.
Father was aware of Mother’s mental health issues. As far as he knew, she was
taking medication since the beginning of 2013. She told him, at least once, that she was
claiming to be suicidal in order to get admitted to a psychiatric hospital. “Recently, like
last Thursday, she told me that she would like to kill Samantha. She didn’t say how.”
Father noted that when Mother was hospitalized, just before she gave birth, “she said she
wanted to take scissors and jab it through her abdomen to kill the baby. I didn’t notify
staff about what she said because I didn’t think it was viable. I didn’t think she had
access to scissors there.” Father would like Samantha released to his care and does not
believe he needs any counseling or parenting classes.
Samantha was removed from Rebecca L.’s home because Rebecca and her
husband smoked marijuana and would not submit to on-demand drug tests. Samantha
was in foster care. Mother was reluctant to hold Samantha during monitored visits
because she is afraid of hurting her and continues to have intrusive thoughts of molesting
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the baby. Father visits Samantha weekly, for two to three hours per visit. He requested
additional visitation time. He needs coaching and guidance, but is open to feedback on
how to hold and care for the baby. Father signed a statement acknowledging paternity,
and was declared a presumed father.
Father asked DCFS to consider an e-mail from Mother, purportedly recanting her
claims of domestic violence. Later, however, Mother notified the social worker “that she
only recanted the domestic violence to please the father, who does not want to attend
classes.” Father’s long-time female friend opined that Father “‘is not the type of person’
to engage in violence. He has never been violent with her . . . . She has seen him become
angry and yell, but he has never become physical.” The paternal grandfather has known
Mother for five years. Although the couple did not live in his home, he stated that “there
was no domestic violence,” and both were very quiet. A male friend of Father’s and
Mother’s stated that he saw Mother “beat up” Father in a restaurant two years ago,
becoming upset when Father suggested that she would not qualify for a credit card.
Mother struck Father in the arm and face multiple times. In addition, Mother struck the
male friend in 2010, with a closed fist, when he drove her to a store to shop for groceries.
He stated that Mother admitted to lying about domestic violence because she did not want
Father to take custody of Samantha.
Mother began to learn parenting techniques: she now has physical contact with
Samantha and feels a connection to her daughter. She reported no thoughts of hurting
Samantha, but does not know what to do when the baby cries. Mother’s discomfort
caused Samantha to stress and cry more. With the help of the monitor, Mother made
efforts to keep trying until she was able to soothe the baby. Mother stated that she has
never used drugs or alcohol. She was scheduled for an intake appointment with a
psychiatrist and planned to proceed with counseling. Mother felt emotionally unstable
because she was uncertain what she wants for the future. Her unplanned pregnancy
induced anxiety, fear and stress; the thought of having to co-parent with Father was also
stressful.
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Samantha is thriving in foster care, and bonding with the foster family: she smiles
and coos when they engage with her. She eats and sleeps on schedule, cries only to get
basic needs met, and is easily soothed. She is developing on track and does not seem to
have any impairments.
The jurisdiction hearing was conducted on August 27, 2013. Father stipulated that
he has completed five parenting sessions and is willing to finish the course. He asked the
court to strike the domestic violence allegations because Mother’s statements were
“barely corroborated by any other independent evidence” such as a police or medical
report. He discounted Rebecca L.’s claim that Mother reported the violent incidents
when they occurred, because “the maternal side does not get along with [Father].” Father
continued to argue that he never hit Mother. Mother’s attorney noted that the altercations
appear to have been mutual, with both parents being aggressors.
The court dismissed an allegation that Samantha is at risk of serious physical harm
due to Father’s domestic violence. It sustained allegations that (1) Mother and Father
engaged in violent altercations in which both parents were mutually aggressive toward
each other. This violent conduct endangers Samantha’s health and safety; (2) Mother has
mental and emotional problems, including a diagnosis of OCD, and has suicidal and
homicidal ideation, which render her unable to regularly care for Samantha. Mother
failed to take prescribed psychotropic medication, and was involuntarily hospitalized in
2013. Her mental and emotional condition places Samantha at risk of harm.
At disposition, Father offered stipulated testimony that he has a crib, food and
clothing for Samantha, and he and his parents are ready to receive the infant at their
home. The court declared Samantha to be a dependent of the court, and ordered
reunification services. Mother must take a domestic violence class; parenting; and
participate in individual counseling to address mental health issues and nonviolent
conflict resolution. Father was ordered to participate in a 52-week domestic violence
course and parenting. The court found that a substantial danger exists to the child and
there is no reasonable means to keep her safe without removal from parental custody.
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Both parents were authorized to have monitored visits. DCFS has discretion to place the
child with suitable relatives and to liberalize visitation. Father appeals.
DISCUSSION
The disposition order is appealable. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 395; In re Adam D.
(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1250, 1261.)1 In challenges to dependency jurisdiction and
disposition, “‘we determine if substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted,
supports them. “In making this determination, we draw all reasonable inferences from
the evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court; we review the
record in the light most favorable to the court’s determinations; and we note that issues of
fact and credibility are the province of the trial court.”’” (In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th
766, 773.)
1. Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
Father contests the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jurisdictional
findings. No challenge is made to jurisdiction based on Mother’s conduct. “[A]
jurisdictional finding good against one parent is good against both. More accurately, the
minor is a dependent if the actions of either parent bring her within one of the statutory
definitions of a dependent.” (In re Alysha S. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 393, 397.) It is
irrelevant which parent created endangering circumstances for the child. (In re I.A.
(2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1484, 1492.) Because the proceeding is undertaken to protect
the child, we must affirm if there is any basis for asserting jurisdiction. (In re Alysha S.,
supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 397; In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773; Randi R. v.
Superior Court (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 67, 72.)
“Father asks us to review the evidentiary support only for the juvenile court’s
jurisdictional findings involving his conduct. Because he does not challenge the
jurisdictional findings involving Mother’s [conduct], however, any decision we might
render on the allegations involving Father will not result in a reversal of the court’s order
1 All statutory references in this opinion are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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asserting jurisdiction. The juvenile court will still be entitled to assert jurisdiction over
the minor on the basis of the unchallenged allegations. Further, the court will still be
permitted to exercise personal jurisdiction over Father and adjudicate his parental rights,
if any, since that jurisdiction is derivative of the court’s jurisdiction over the minor and is
unrelated to Father’s role in creating the conditions justifying the court’s assertion of
dependency jurisdiction.” (In re I.A., supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 1492.)
In any event, substantial evidence supports the jurisdictional findings against
Father. Relying on section 300, subdivision (b), the court found that Mother and Father
engaged in mutual physical aggression, and that the violent conduct on the part of the
parents toward one another endangers Samantha’s physical health and safety.2
Evidence from a single witness, even a party, is sufficient to sustain the juvenile
court’s findings. (In re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451.) The record contains
statements from Mother describing, in detail, incidents of domestic violence by Father.
He put his hand around her throat; pushed her against a wall; threatened to bash her head
into a mirror; struck her face with his hand; hit her face with a rag that had grout on it;
and scratched the cornea of her eye. Mother’s statements were perfectly lucid. The
baby’s maternal aunt, Rebecca L., confirmed that Mother told her about Father’s violence
when it occurred, noting that the incidents were ongoing since 2008.
The court plainly accepted the veracity of Mother’s statements, and disbelieved
Father and his character witnesses. Although the court initially voiced some skepticism
about Mother’s credibility, county counsel allayed those concerns, noting that Mother’s
statements had a “level of detail that we normally don’t get when somebody is fabricating
2 A child may be declared a dependent of the juvenile court if “[t]he child has
suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or
illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent . . . to adequately
supervise or protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the child’s parent . . .
to adequately supervise or protect the child from the conduct of the custodian with whom
the child has been left . . . .”
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the story.” If the court had disbelieved Mother, it would not have found that the parents
engaged in mutual aggression.
Although Father disparages Mother due to her mental health issues, the trier of
fact believed Mother. We do not re-determine witness credibility on appeal. Father also
disparages the court’s reliance on “hearsay” from Mother regarding his violent acts. “A
social study prepared by the petitioning agency, and hearsay evidence contained in it, is
admissible and constitutes competent evidence upon which a finding of jurisdiction
pursuant to Section 300 may be based.” (§ 355, subd. (b).) An exception may apply if a
party “raises a timely objection to the admission of specific hearsay evidence contained
in a social study.” (§ 355, subd. (c)(1).) Father has not cited any objections he raised
below to evidence in the DCFS reports. Mother’s statements are admissible and properly
served as the basis for asserting jurisdiction.
Exposure to domestic violence may serve as the basis for jurisdiction under
section 300, subdivision (b). (In re R.C. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 930, 941.) A child
could be accidentally struck during a parental fight, and studies show violence between
parents harms children. Past violence in a relationship is a good predictor of future
violence, because the perpetrator uses it to control others. (Id. at pp. 941-942.)
Jurisdiction is necessary in this case because Father’s conduct poses a risk of serious
harm to Samantha.
2. Disposition Order
Father assails the sufficiency of DCFS’s showing that Samantha faces a
substantial danger to her physical health, safety, protection or emotional well-being if
placed in his custody. (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).) He asserts that DCFS “did not present any
evidence to suggest that [he] had ever directed violence toward Samantha, or that he was
a generally violent person that would presumably expose the minor to violence in the
future.”
The juvenile court “‘has broad discretion to determine what would best serve and
protect the child’s interest and to fashion a dispositional order in accordance with this
discretion.’” (In re Corrine W. (2009) 45 Cal.4th 522, 532; In re Jose M. (1988) 206
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Cal.App.3d 1098, 1103-1104.) In making its determination, the court considers “a broad
spectrum of evidence shedding light on the circumstances of the minor and his or her
family.” (In re Rodger H. (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 1174, 1183.) Only in an “exceptional
case” should an appellate court determine which parent should have custody. (In re B.G.
(1974) 11 Cal.3d 679, 699.)
Mother offered evidence that Father was violent toward her, and Father offered
evidence that Mother hit him. This formed the basis for the court’s finding that Father
and Mother engaged in mutual aggression. The court could infer that Father is unable to
control his anger in close personal relationships, when dealing with a troubled or difficult
individual. It is not a far reach to conclude that Father’s anger or frustration could be
provoked by an unruly child. The court need not wait until the child is actually harmed
before intervening. (In re Eric B. (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 996, 1002-1003.) Father’s
propensity for violence toward women poses a potential detriment to Samantha.
Apart from displaying violent tendencies, Father consistently told DCFS that he
was not prepared to take custody of Samantha. Despite his awareness of Mother’s
pregnancy, Father claimed a lack of time “to come up with a plan.” He purchased no
essentials for Samantha before her birth; he was willing to place his daughter in foster
care until he organized a support group; and he had no place for her to live. It was not
until the moment of disposition that Father first claimed an ability to take custody.
Father’s inability to take responsibility for parenting a child—coupled with his
lack of insight into the dangers of domestic violence—support a finding that Father
should not take custody of Samantha until he has participated in the court-ordered case
plan. Father continues to socialize with Mother in restaurants and at his parents’ home,
despite telling DCFS that only days earlier, Mother “told me that she would like to kill
Samantha.” Father’s ongoing relationship with the possibly homicidal mother of his
child places Samantha at risk of harm.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
BOREN, P.J.
We concur:
ASHMANN-GERST, J.
CHAVEZ, J.
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