J-A18044-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
TARA S. BRICKER IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE
INSURANCE COMPANY
Appellee No. 102 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Decree December 19, 2013
In the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County
Civil Division at No(s): 2010-2798
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., WECHT, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED AUGUST 22, 2014
Tara S. Bricker appeals from an order granting summary judgment in
1
After
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1
Our standard of review in cases of summary judgment is well settled. This
there was an abuse of discretion or an error of law. Karoly v. Mancuso, 65
A.3d 301, 309 (Pa. 2013). Summary judgment is proper when the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions on file, and
affidavits demonstrate that there exists no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Pa.R.C.P.
1035.2. In determining whether to grant summary judgment, a trial court
must resolve all doubts against the moving party and examine the record in
a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Karoly, 65 A.3d at 309.
Summary judgment may only be granted in cases where it is clear and free
from doubt that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Merriweather v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 684 A.2d 137, 140 (Pa. Super.
1996).
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careful review, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further
proceedings.
FACTS
In 2000, Bricker purchased an automobile insurance policy from State
016-4416. Bricker rejected her right to underinsured motorist (UIM)
protection around the time she purchased that policy. On August 18, 2004,
Bricker signed a rejection of UIM benefits form, as well as several other
forms setting forth and acknowledging the limits of her policy. Some of
these forms referred to a policy that became effective on September 1,
2004, but all referred to the original policy under number 016-4416. On
September 1, 2004, policy number 016-4416 expired. On that date, State
Farm Mutual issued a new policy, under number 0730-575-38. Fire and
Casualty and State Farm Mutual are separate entities.2
The trial court set forth the subsequent factual and procedural
background as follows:
[Bricker filed a] declaratory judgment action . . . on July 6, 2010
stem[ming] from a January 3, 2005 auto accident in which
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2
In fact, State Farm Fire and Casualty Company is a wholly owned
subsidiary of State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company. See
Disclosures, State Farm, https://www.statefarm.com/customer-
care/disclosures/terms-of-use (last visited July 30, 2014).
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was insured by [State Farm Mutual] under policy number 0730-
575-38.
What [was] in dispute and . . . at the center of [the] declaratory
judgment action [was] whether or not Bricker had [UIM]
coverage under her State Farm [Mutual] policy effective
September 1, 2004.
Bricker and her husband, Todd Bricker, asserted a claim against
Geiman for injuries that were sustained in the auto accident.
person/ $100,000 per accident and settled for $58,945.50. Of
that $58,945.50, $13,945.50 was for medical expenses of
$45,000 was for the claims of Bricker
and her husband.
As a result of alleged losses and damages from the auto accident
that exceeded the $50,000 limit of liability insurance coverage
Farm [Mutual] for underinsured motorist coverage. [State Farm
Mutual asserted] in the Answer and New Matter filed August 16,
2010, that the Rejection of [UIM] Protection form that Bricker
signed on August 18, 2004 [applied] to the policy issued by
them effective September 1, 2004.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/19/13, at 1-3. Bricker and State Farm Mutual filed
cross motions for summary judgment. The trial court determined that the
UIM rejection form complied with section 1731(c)3 of the Vehicle Code,
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3
Section 1731 of the Vehicle Code states:
(c) Underinsured motorist coverage. --Underinsured motorist
coverage shall provide protection for persons who suffer injury
arising out of the maintenance or use of a motor vehicle and are
legally entitled to recover damages therefor from owners or
operators of underinsured motor vehicles. The named insured
shall be informed that he may reject underinsured motorist
coverage by signing the following written rejection form:
REJECTION OF UNDERINSURED MOTORIST PROTECTION
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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noting that Bricker did not provide an explanation as to why she signed the
rejection of UIM coverage was valid, denied her motion for summary
mary judgment.
The instant appeal followed.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
By signing this waiver I am rejecting underinsured motorist
coverage under this policy, for myself and all relatives residing in
my household. Underinsured coverage protects me and relatives
living in my household for losses and damages suffered if injury
is caused by the negligence of a driver who does not have
enough insurance to pay for all losses and damages. I
knowingly and voluntarily reject this coverage.
Signature of First Named Insured
Date
(c.1) Form of waiver. --Insurers shall print the rejection forms
required by subsections (b) and (c) on separate sheets in
prominent type and location. The forms must be signed by the
first named insured and dated to be valid. The signatures on the
forms may be witnessed by an insurance agent or broker. Any
rejection form that does not specifically comply with this section
is void. If the insurer fails to produce a valid rejection form,
uninsured or underinsured coverage, or both, as the case may
be, under that policy shall be equal to the bodily injury liability
limits. On policies in which either uninsured or underinsured
coverage has been rejected, the policy renewals must contain
notice in prominent type that the policy does not provide
protection against damages caused by uninsured or
underinsured motorists. Any person who executes a waiver
under subsection (b) or (c) shall be precluded from claiming
liability of any person based upon inadequate information.
75 Pa.C.S. § 1731(c) & (c)(1).
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ISSUES
On appeal, Bricker raises the following issues for our review:
(1) Did the lower court commit an error of law in its conclusion
and interpretation of documents and language other than
the statutorily mandated language of the Rejection of
Underinsured Motorist Protection in reaching its decision?
(2)
signed by Bricker on August 18, 2004, which expressly
noted her rejection of underinsured motorist coverage
under "this policy" and identified the policy by the policy
number for insurance coverage under which Bricker was
then insured with [Fire and Casualty] is not a valid
rejection form pertaining to the policy subsequently issued
by [State Farm Mutual], effective September 1, 2004,
where the only identification of coverage to which the form
pertains is policy number [016-4416], the policy number of
insurance company entity with which [Bricker] had
insurance coverage on the date that she signed the form?
(3) Is the Rejection of Underinsured Motorist Protection form
signed by [Bricker] on August 18, 2004, ambiguous with
regard to the insurance coverage to which it pertains
motorist coverage under this policy
space for indica
number [016-4416], the policy number for the coverage
under which [Bricker] was then insured with [Fire and
Casualty], requiring, as a matter of law, that the form be
interpreted in favor of the insured with the result that it
does not constitute a valid rejection of underinsured
provided by . . . State Farm Mutual . . . ?
Brief of Appellant, at 5-6 (order modified).
DISCUSSION
constituted extraneous evidence which should not have been considered by
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the trial court to determine the ultimate issue in the case to which policy
the UIM rejection form pertains.
number 016-4416, the date September 1, 2004, and directly below these
items, the following statement:
I understand that this acknowledgment of coverage selection
shall be applicable, as of the date specified above, to the
policy of insurance identified above, on all replacement
policies and on all renewals of either this policy or any
replacement policy, unless I request in writing a different
selection for such coverage.
State Farm Insurance Policy No. 016-4416, Important Notice, 8/18/04
(emphasis added).4 Because the UIM rejection form was not a discrete
contract, but was part of the larger insurance policy, which included the
rgument fails. See Storti v. Minn. Mut. Life
Ins. Co., 479 A.2d 1061, 1062 (Pa. Super. 1984) (multiple separate
documents composing insurance contract). In fact, the trial court would
have acted in error had it not read the form in the context of the full
contract. See Halpin
contract is ambiguous, a court must view the contract as a whole and not in
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See
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Bricker next argues the trial court erred, as a matter of law, by
granting State Farm Mutual
incorrectly determined the UIM rejection form she signed on August 18,
2004, pertained to the policy with State Farm Mutual effective September 1,
2004. Bricker also argues, in the alternative, that the policy was
ambiguous, and should, therefore, be construed in her favor as the insured.
After a close review of the entire insurance policy, which includes the
relevant UIM rejection form, we agree.
In Pennsylvania, automobile insurance companies are required to offer
UIM protection with every insurance policy sold. 75 Pa.C.S. § 1731(a).
Insured individuals are not required to purchase this coverage, but, to opt
out, they must sign and date a rejection form, which must be on its own
sheet of paper, and which must contain the exact language prescribed in
section 1731(c). Id. Deviations from the specific statutory requirements in
the wording or procedures surrounding the UIM rejection will render it void.
See Jones v. Unitrin Auto & Home Ins. Co., 40 A.3d 125, 131 (Pa.
Super. 2012). Without a valid rejection, the insured has not rejected UIM
protection. , 713 A.2d 1145,
1153 (Pa. Super. 1998).
Instantly, the UIM form Bricker executed on August 18, 2004, is valid,
as it meets all the statutory requirements of section 1731: it contains the
mandatory statutory language; it is written on a separate sheet of paper;
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insurance policy the rejection of benefits pertains. State Farm Mutual
Bricker emphasizes that these were separate policies issued through distinct
entities.
An insurance policy is a contract, and is subject to the normal rules of
contract interpretation.
Inc., 2 A.3d 526, 540 (Pa. 2010). As such, our review is de novo. Donegal
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Baumhammers, 938 A.2d 286, 290 (Pa. 2007). The
primary goal in interpreting a contract is to determine the intent of the
parties, and the best way to arrive at this intent is to look to the plain
language of the instrument. Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. Am. Empire
Ins. Co., 469 A.2d 563, 566 (Pa. 1983). We do not look at the terms of a
contract in isolation, but in the context of the contract as a whole. Halpin
v. LaSalle Univ., 639 A.2d 37, 39 (Pa. Super. 1994). The language of a
contract should be given its plain meaning, but if ambiguity exists, the
particular ambiguous provision is to be construed in favor of the insured.
Am. & Foreign Ins. Co., 2 A.3d at 540.
A contract is ambiguous if the following is present:
[I]t is reasonably or fairly susceptible of different constructions
and is capable of being understood in more senses than one and
is obscure in meaning through indefiniteness of expression or
has a double meaning. A contract is not ambiguous if the court
can determine its meaning without any guide other than a
knowledge of the simple facts on which, from the nature of the
language in general, its meaning depends; and a contract is not
rendered ambiguous by the mere fact that the parties do not
agree on the proper construction.
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, 657 A.2d 17, 21-22
(Pa. Super. 1995) (quoting Z & L Lumber Co. of Atlasburg v. Nordquist,
502 A.2d 697, 700 (Pa. Super. 1985)). Our Supreme Court has stated:
Contractual language is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible
[to] different constructions and capable of being understood in
more than one sense. This is not a question to be resolved in a
vacuum. Rather, contractual terms are ambiguous if they are
subject to more than one reasonable interpretation when applied
to a particular set of facts.
Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Sartno, 903 A.2d 1170, 1174 (Pa.
2006) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
The trial court considered the various documents that Bricker signed
on August 18, 2004, and concluded that there was no ambiguity as to which
policy they pertained. The UIM rejection form included two boxes containing
signature, and the date (August 18, 2004). The lower box contained
-4416,
and the following statement:
I understand that this acknowledgment of coverage rejection
shall be applicable, as of the date specified above, to the policy
of insurance identified above or for which application is being
made, on all replacement policies and on all renewals of either
this policy or any replacement policy, unless I request in writing
a different selection for such coverage.
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State Farm Insurance Policy No. 016-4416, Rejection of Underinsured
Motorist Protection, 8/18/04.5 sion to grant State Farm
UIM rejection form as referring to the policy beginning on September 1,
2004, bearing policy number 073-0575-38.
However, Bricker signed the form on August 18, 2004, and it plainly
referred to policy number 016-4416. Additionally, the UIM form has the
certainty as to which policy or entity the form pertained. Nowhere does the
UIM rejection form refer to policy number 073-0575-38. Reading the UIM
form in conjunction with the Important Notice complicates matters further.
Although the Important Notice states the coverage selection is applicable as
of the date specified above (September 1, 2004), it also refers to policy
number 016-4416, which expired on that date. The inconsistencies that
An examination of the entire policy, taking into account its factual
context, see Prudential, 903 A.2d at 1174, yields more questions than
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See
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date specified above, to the policy of insurance identified above or for which
application is being made, on all replacement policies and on all renewals of
No. 016-4416, Rejection of Underinsured Motorist Protection. Although
State Farm Mutual characterizes the context of the August 18, 2004, signing
of a new policy. To the contrary, Bricker contests that the forms she signed
related to the State Farm Mutual policy. As such, we lack knowledge of the
facts surrounding the signing of the forms to classify the new policy as a
o find anything in the record
that explains why Bricker signed the forms on August 18, 2004, other than
-serving allegations.6
The plain language of the policy, taken as a whole, leaves doubt as to
which policy the forms actually refer, and the factual record is not
sufficiently developed to aid in the clarification of this ambiguity.
Accordingly, we conclude, as a matter of law, that the forms are ambiguous
as to which policy they refer.
When a term in an insurance contract is ambiguous, courts are to
construe it in favor of the insured. Am. & Foreign Ins. Co., 2 A.3d at 540;
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6
We note that the parties submitted no affidavits nor took any depositions
to support their motions for summary judgment and responses thereto.
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Wall Rose Mut. Ins. Co. v. Monross, 939 A.2d 958, 963 (Pa. Super.
2005); Standard Venetian, 469 A.2d at 566. The insurance company,
language in the contract, must be specific in
its use; an exclusion from liability must be clear and exact in order to be
Prudential, 903 A.2d at 1178 (quoting U.S. Fid. & Guar.
Co. v. Lightning Rod Mut. Ins. Co., 687 N.E.2d 717, 719 (Ohio 1997)).
the written circumstances from which the written instrument sprang. If
extrinsic evidence will aid in the resolution of ambiguities, the court must
DiFabio v. Centaur Ins. Co., 531 A.2d 1141, 1142 (Pa. Super.
1987).
When an insurance company argues that a policy exclusion absolves it
of the obligation to provide coverage, it has asserted an affirmative defense.
Madison Const. Co. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins. Co., 735 A.2d 100, 106 (Pa.
1999). Accordingly, the insurance company bears the burden of proving its
defense. Id. In Mt. Lebanon v. Reliance Ins. Co., 778 A.2d 1228, 1234
(Pa. Super. 2001), this Court reversed an order granting the insurance
s motion for judgment on the pleadings where it found that the
insurance company had failed to present any evidence satisfying its burden
to prove that the policy unambiguously excluded coverage. In DiFabio, this
Court held:
If extrinsic evidence will aid in the resolution of ambiguities, the
court must look to it. If, moreover, the extrinsic evidence raises
disputed issues of material fact, the court must refer those
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issues to the fact finder. Only in the absence of useful extrinsic
evidence will the court construe ambiguous contract language
against the drafter as a matter of law.
531 A.2d at 1142-43 (citations omitted).
Here, State Farm Mutual asserted an affirmative defense, and,
therefore, it had the burden to prove that defense. The ambiguity
surrounding to which policy the UIM form refers precluded State Farm
Mutual from satisfying its burden with the form alone. As a result, the trial
court was required to look to extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity.
Unfortunately, the record is devoid of evidence supporting State Farm
relevant to the salient issue in this appeal, namely, to which policy the
face is unsupported by a reading of the plain language of the document, and
the factual record is too sparse to resolve the confusion. Finally, the trial
court rests its decision on inferences that are unsupported by the record. It
notes that Bricker signed the forms on August 18, 2004, but then accepts
e new policy, dated
September 1, 2004, without any evidence to support the truth of that
assertion, or even to clarify the circumstances or purpose of the signing.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/19/13, at 9. Finally, the trial court incorrectly
penalizes Bricker for failing to explain why she signed the forms on August
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18, 2004, id. at 9 n.4, when that burden should have properly been
assigned to State Farm Mutual. Madison, 735 A.2d at 106.
Summary judgment is only appropriate where all inferences are
construed in favor of the non-moving party and there exists no issue of
material fact. Karoly, 65 A.3d at 309. Here, the trial court made inferences
in favor of State Farm Mutual, and there existed unresolved issues of
material fact relating to the circumstances of the August 18, 2004, signing,
and to which policy the UIM form referred. As such, the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment in favor of State Farm Mutual.
Order affirmed in part and reversed in part. Case remanded for
proceedings not inconsistent with this decision. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/22/2014
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