NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 14a0674n.06
Case No. 13-3114
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Aug 28, 2014
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
MICHAEL GOZA, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
ROBERT WELCH, ) OHIO
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
)
BEFORE: SILER, GILMAN, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. After the district court denied Michael Goza’s petition for a writ
of habeas corpus, we granted a certificate of appealability (COA) for his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel for failing to present evidence that one of the victims initially identified
another person as her attacker. Goza claims that the court erroneously decided that counsel’s
deficient performance was not sufficiently prejudicial to justify issuance of a writ. We AFFIRM.
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
BACKGROUND1
Early in the morning on March 26, 2006, nine-year-old C.A. awoke on her top bunk bed
to find that her pants and underwear had been removed. She saw a man in her bed with his
hands on his zipper in preparation for removing his pants. C.A. resisted, telling him to leave and
kicking him off her. Finally, he determined to leave, but warned, “If you tell anyone, I’ll hurt
you.” He then climbed out of the bed and walked out the door. C.A. checked on her three-year-
old sister, K.J., lying on the bottom bunk, who remained asleep. Five to ten minutes later, C.A.
climbed the stairs to her parents’ room to report the incident.
Robert Jarvis, father of K.J. and stepfather of C.A., called the police. While C.A.
explained to her mother, Coral Jarvis, what happened, Robert checked the house. He found
K.J. asleep in her first floor bedroom. Although she was not home that night, he then checked
his 16-year-old stepdaughter T.A.’s room, located next to C.A. and K.J.’s room. T.A. had two
windows in her room, one on the side of the house and one on the back of the house. Her bed
was positioned underneath the back window, so that if someone climbed into her room through
the back window, he or she would land on her bed. Robert noted that the side window screen
was open about a quarter of the way, the back window screen was completely ajar, and both
windows were unlocked.
Police arrived almost immediately after Robert’s call. C.A. described the attacker to the
police: he wore a cap, a dark sweatshirt and jeans; she noted that he was white. Fairview
Hospital is located directly across the street from the Jarvis home. Police called the hospital to
1
The Ohio Court of Appeals opinion denying Goza’s direct appeal presented most of these facts,
which are presumed to be correct unless Goza rebuts them by clear and convincing evidence.
28 U.S.C. § 2254; Warren v. Smith, 161 F.3d 358, 360-61 (6th Cir. 1998). Goza has not argued
or presented evidence to show that any of these facts are incorrect. Facts discussed in this
opinion that are not contained within the Ohio Court of Appeals’ decision reflect trial testimony.
-2-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
see if anyone with characteristics similar to C.A.’s description had visited the hospital. Fairview
Hospital reported that Robert Givens had recently checked in and loosely matched the
description. Police brought Givens to the Jarvis house, and C.A. identified him as the attacker,
although she admitted that she did not observe the perpetrator’s face. However, police quickly
learned that Givens had been at a CVS pharmacy around the time of the incident in question and
eliminated him as a suspect.
When K.J. awoke, she said to her father, “Daddy, you hurt my vagina last night, don’t do
that again.” Robert reported this accusation to the police and then took K.J. to the emergency
room. She told the nurse at the hospital that her father hurt her vagina and put his fingers in her
panties. The nurse released K.J. to her parents despite the child’s accusations against the father,
because the interaction between Robert and K.J. gave no indication that her father committed the
attack.
A social worker, Lawrence Petrus, interviewed the two victims. The story C.A. related to
Petrus was consistent with what she told her parents and the nurse. Petrus testified that K.J.
informed him that there had been “a bad man in her room” who “asked her to hold his penis,”
and when she refused, “pressed his finger against her vagina.” Even though he was aware of
K.J.’s allegation against her father, Petrus gathered no information from the interview
substantiating the accusation.
Testimony from trial conflicts as to how Goza became a suspect, but at some point
authorities became aware of the relationship between T.A. and Goza. They had socialized on
two occasions. Goza lived just across the street and called T.A. occasionally.
T.A. was not at home on March 26, 2006, because she was being treated for drug abuse.
When Detective James McPike interviewed T.A. at her drug treatment facility, T.A. informed
-3-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
him that she had experienced a similar nighttime attack weeks before. At trial, T.A. testified to
the following: on March 11, 2006, she was sleeping at home when she awoke around 2:00 a.m.
to find Goza on her bed. When she asked him how he got into her room, he explained he had
entered through her window. He then began rubbing her stomach, legs, and chest. He told her
he loved her, that she should be his girl, and that he had been coming to her window at night for
the past couple of weeks to see if she would be there. She asked him to leave and led him out of
her room and through the front door. When she returned to her room, she noted that the side
window was open a few inches, while the back window over her bed remained closed. She
testified that Goza must have entered through the side window, because if he had entered through
the back window, she would have been awakened by his entry onto her bed.
During the investigation into the March 26 incident, police lifted five fingerprints from
T.A.’s back window—the one positioned above her bed.2 They compared Goza’s fingerprints to
those lifted and found an exact match on one. The police did not identify the other four
fingerprints. On April 11, Detective McPike brought a six-man photo array to the Jarvis house.
Within seconds, C.A. identified Goza as her attacker, saying, “He looked just like him.”
Goza was charged with two counts of aggravated burglary, two counts of kidnapping, one
count of rape, one count of attempted rape, and one count of gross sexual imposition arising from
the March encounters. He was also charged with burglary from the March 11 incident. During
trial, C.A. identified Goza as the man who attacked her. Goza’s fiancée, Sheari Conner, testified
that Goza was at home, sleeping with her from 2:30 a.m. through the night in question. She
2
The prosecution argued that Goza did not leave the fingerprints the night he attacked T.A.
According to T.A.’s testimony, Goza’s purported point of entry on March 11 was the side
window and point of exit was through the front door. The suspected point of entry for the March
26 incident is the back window, a theory consistent with evidence presented at trial that Robert
saw the back window completely ajar and felt a dampness on the bed and carpet when
investigating T.A.’s room on the morning in question.
-4-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
would have known if he left the bed, because he would have had to crawl over her to do so. Her
car blocked his, so he could not drive to the Jarvis home, and he had an unspecified disability
that prevented him from walking to the Jarvis house. The jury found Goza guilty on all charges
except rape, and the court sentenced him to 31 years’ imprisonment.
Goza appealed his conviction to the Ohio Court of Appeals, which affirmed the judgment
entered against Goza. The Ohio Supreme Court denied leave to appeal and dismissed the appeal.
Next, Goza petitioned the state trial court for post-conviction relief. The trial court dismissed the
petition on res judicata grounds. Goza appealed that ruling to the state court of appeals, which
determined that the trial court’s judgment on res judicata grounds was erroneous, but denied
relief to Goza. The court of appeals neglected to discuss the ineffective assistance of counsel
claim pertaining to counsel’s failure to investigate, develop, and present evidence of C.A.’s
initial identification of Givens. Goza appealed the decision to the Ohio Supreme Court, which
again declined review.
Having thus exhausted his state court remedies, Goza filed a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus in the Northern District of Ohio. He presented numerous claims of error, including the
present issue before us—ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court found no prejudice
and denied the petition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The standard for review of a denial of a petition of habeas corpus is de novo.”
Bannerman v. Snyder, 325 F.3d 722, 723 (6th Cir. 2003). Ordinarily, when the state court
reaches the merits of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we employ another layer of
review under the deferential standard set forth in § 2254(d) of the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996. English v. Romanowski, 602 F.3d 714, 725 (6th Cir. 2010).
-5-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
However, “when a claim has not been adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings, and
has not been procedurally defaulted, we look at the claim de novo rather than through the
deferential lens of AEDPA.” Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 313 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). Accordingly, we apply de novo review.
DISCUSSION
The sole issue for review is whether Goza’s trial counsel performed ineffectively for
failing to argue or present evidence that C.A. first identified another man as the individual who
attacked her. In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), the Supreme Court
established a two-part test for determining ineffective assistance of counsel: deficient
performance and prejudice to the defendant. As explained below, Goza has perhaps shown that
his trial counsel’s performance was deficient, but has failed to demonstrate that the deficient
performance prejudiced his defense.
A. Counsel’s Deficient Performance
The Supreme Court explained that
[t]o establish deficient performance, a person challenging a conviction must show
that “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”
A court considering a claim of ineffective assistance must apply a “strong
presumption” that counsel’s representation was within the “wide range” of
reasonable professional assistance.
Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 787 (2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). Courts
must apply the Strickland standard with “scrupulous care, lest ‘intrusive post-trial inquiry’
threaten the integrity of the very adversary process the right to counsel is meant to serve.” Id. at
788 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90). Accordingly, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s
performance must be highly deferential. . . . [I]t is all too easy for a court, examining counsel’s
-6-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
defense after it has proved unsuccessful, to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel
was unreasonable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
Despite this “high bar,” see Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 371 (2010), the district
court found deficient performance. If trial counsel failed to understand that C.A.’s initial
identification of another man as her attacker was exculpatory, his conduct likely fell outside the
wide range of reasonable professional conduct under Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. However, it
must also have been prejudicial to Goza.
B. Counsel’s Deficient Performance Did Not Prejudice the Defendant
To establish prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine the confidence in the
outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “The petitioner does not have to show that his counsel’s
deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the case.” Glenn v. Tate, 71 F.3d
1204, 1210 (6th Cir. 1995). Rather, “[t]he question . . . is whether counsel’s errors were serious
enough to deprive the petitioner of a proceeding the result of which was reliable . . . [,] having
produced a just result.” Id. at 1210-11 (internal quotations and citation omitted).
Goza is correct that the prior identification could challenge C.A.’s reliability to some
extent. However, this is offset by a number of factors. First, the State would have presented
evidence to undercut the strength of the stand-up identification of Givens. This identification
occurred in a suggestive context: the man matched the description she provided, and the police
presented him to her on the day of the event, amid the stress and commotion of dealing with law
enforcement and hospital visits. Moreover, during the trial, defense counsel did question
witnesses about Givens as an early suspect. Although Goza now refutes this conclusion,
-7-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
evidence shows that C.A. misidentified Givens. The jury was aware that the police had
eliminated Givens as a suspect; they had found a receipt in his car indicating he was at a distant
CVS pharmacy minutes before C.A.’s parents received her report of the intruder. Evidence
suggests that Givens spent the evening of March 26 pill-shopping, which explains his presence at
Fairview Hospital.
Second, C.A.’s identification of Goza in the photo array remains persuasive. It occurred
in a calmer environment, far from the heat of the moment. McPike described the photo
identification as follows: He conducted the lineup in C.A.’s dining room. He “made a photo
lineup with six similar-looking males on it. Michael Goza was among those males.” When he
presented C.A. the lineup, McPike “could see her eyes moving back and forth. When she got to
No. 5[, Goza,] her eyes stopped and she pointed and said he looked just like him.” She identified
him “within seconds.” C.A. testified that she had never seen Goza before the photo array, or
since, and that even though she never fully saw her assailant’s face, she knew “he just look[ed]
like the guy that was in [her] room.” This identification was quick, unequivocal, and
substantiated by her subsequent identification of Goza during trial.
Finally, C.A.’s initial identification does nothing to weaken the other damaging evidence,
which cumulatively supports the conviction. When evaluating prejudice, the panel must take
“into account the totality of the circumstances, as well as the relative strength of the case
proffered by the prosecution.” Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531, 551 (6th Cir. 2001). T.A.
reported that weeks earlier, she encountered an unwanted, nighttime sexual advance in a
strikingly similar manner. Goza entered her room through the window, knelt over her while she
slept, and engaged in sexual contact with her—analogous to the culprit’s actions in this case.
-8-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
Her report to McPike led detectives to Goza, enabled them to match his fingerprints to those
lifted from her window, and provided the justification for C.A.’s photo identification.
Considering the strength of T.A.’s testimony, the matching fingerprints, C.A.’s quick
identification of Goza both in the photo array and at trial, and the elimination of Givens as a
suspect, sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding. If trial counsel had added C.A.’s
identification of Givens to the evidence at trial, then at most the jury would have questioned
C.A.’s identifications of Goza. The other evidence sufficiently supports the verdict.
This case is considerably different from any case Goza cites in support of his prejudice
arguments. In Foster v. Wolfenbarger, 687 F.3d 702 (6th Cir. 2012), the defendant’s friend wrote
a letter to and later spoke with defense counsel, explaining that the defendant had been with him
during the time he supposedly committed the crime in question. Id. at 705. Even though defense
counsel’s principal strategy at trial was mistaken identification, counsel did not introduce the
alibi witness. Id. The state court noted that this evidence could “possibly get the record” for
deficient performance, and the district court agreed. Id. at 709-10. On appeal, we held that the
weakness of the state’s case compared to the strength of the potential alibi defense created a
reasonable probability of a different outcome. Id. at 710. This is a paradigmatic example of
when the rare issuance of a writ of habeas corpus is appropriate: where the evidence omitted is
strong, the evidence in favor of guilt is comparably weak, and the balance between the two
suggests the trial outcome is specious. Here, the balance tips in the other direction. C.A.’s initial
identification is subject to much criticism, and the evidence against Goza is substantial enough to
offset any effect the introduction of C.A.’s identification of Givens may have on the jury’s
deliberations.
-9-
Case No. 13-3114, Goza v. Welch
In failing to present evidence that the principal eyewitness initially identified another
person as her attacker, trial counsel’s performance likely did not meet the standards of
professional acumen required. Nevertheless, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the
petition for a writ of habeas corpus because trial counsel’s error does not undermine confidence
in the jury’s verdict.
- 10 -