Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of Dec 31 2013, 9:15 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
BRUCE W. GRAHAM GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Graham Law Firm P.C. Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
JOSEPH Y. HO
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JACOB STIDHAM, )
)
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 79A02-1211-CR-939
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Donald L. Daniel, Judge
Cause No. 79C01-1108-FB-14
December 31, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge
Appellant-defendant Jacob Stidham challenges the trial court’s decision permitting
the State to charge him with Rape,1 a class B felony, against him two days before his trial
was set to commence on other criminal charges. Stidham also claims that the evidence
was insufficient to support the convictions for rape and Confinement,2 a class C felony, as
to A.T., one of the victims.
Stidham maintains that the rape charge filed just prior to trial prejudiced his
substantial rights, that the rape conviction must be set aside because the evidence
established that A.T. had no memory of engaging in sexual intercourse or of being forced
to have sexual intercourse or of being so impaired that she was unable to consent to
sexual intercourse. Stidham further contends that the evidence established that there was
no evidence presented at trial that Stidham had confined A.T., or that the alleged
confinement was separate and apart from the rape.
We find that Stidham has waived the issue regarding the State’s filing of the rape
charge and that his rights were not substantially prejudiced. The State also presented
sufficient evidence permitting the jury to conclude that Stidham raped A.T. We need not
address A.T.’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence regarding the confinement
charge because the trial court merged the rape and confinement convictions and did not
sentence Stidham for confining A.T. Thus, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1.
2
I.C. § 35-42-3-3.
2
FACTS
On March 5, 2011, R.M. and A.T. were in the Chauncey Hill area in Lafayette to
celebrate a friend’s birthday. After drinking at some bars and eating at a fast food
restaurant, R.M. began calling for a taxi cab on her cell phone to take her and A.T. back
to where they were staying.
At approximately 3:30 a.m., while R.M. and A.T. were waiting for the cab,
Stidham pulled up in a white SUV. R.M. assumed that Stidham was the driver from the
taxi cab company. Both girls entered the SUV and R.M. noticed that A.T. had “passed
out” in the back of Stidham’s vehicle. Tr. p. 86. At some point, Stidham stopped the
vehicle and ordered R.M. to perform fellatio on him. When R.M. refused, Stidham
grabbed R.M.’s head and pulled her close to him.
R.M. escaped Stidham’s grasp, called 911, and told the dispatcher that her friend
had “passed out” in the back of Stidham’s vehicle. Ex. 2. While R.M. was talking with
the dispatcher, Stidham removed R.M.’s seatbelt, opened the passenger side door, and
shoved her out of the vehicle. Stidham then sped away with A.T. still in the back seat.
R.M. then ran to a nearby residence, where she again called 911 and attempted to
call A.T.’s cell phone. The police were unable to find Stidham’s vehicle in light of the
description that R.M. had given them.
At approximately 6:29 a.m., A.T. staggered into a Speedway Gas Station
(Speedway) on Old US 231 South in Lafayette. A.T. was missing her coat and purse, so
3
she used the gas station’s telephone to contact her family. A.T. noticed that her bra was
unhooked and was experiencing soreness in her vaginal area.
Detective Travis Dowell of the Tippecanoe County Sheriff’s Department arrived
at the Speedway and observed that A.T. was cold, upset, and crying. A.T. was
transported to the hospital where Shannon Luper, a certified Sexual Assault Nurse
Examiner, performed a rape test on A.T. and recovered a quantity of DNA from A.T.’s
right buttock. Luper also found white secretion and several red abrasions in A.T.’s
vagina, and some bruises on A.T.’s right knee and forearms.
The police subsequently tested the DNA and found Stidham’s DNA on record that
matched that which was recovered from A.T. Thereafter, on June 21, 2011, police
officers obtained a search warrant that authorized them to obtain a DNA exemplar from
Stidham. The DNA matched that which was recovered near A.T.’s right buttock. The
police also executed a search warrant for Stidham’s apartment, where A.T.’s digital
camera was discovered. The camera revealed digital photos of A.T.s activities on the
night of the assault.
Stidham was arrested, and shortly thereafter, he called a friend, Benita Allen, and
asked her to move a blue container from another apartment where he occasionally
resided. Stidham also requested that Allen not tell the police where he lived. However,
following Stidham’s arrest and release on bond, the police learned about the other
residence. Thus, they obtained a search warrant for this residence and discovered a
4
newspaper article about the assault on R.M. and A.T. The officers also found several
articles of female clothing in a tub.
On August 10, 2011, the charges that were ultimately filed against Stidham
included:
Count I: Confinement, a class C felony as to R.M.
Count II: Confinement, a class C felony as to A.T.
Count III: Receiving Stolen Property that belonged to either R.M. or A.T., a class
D felony
Count IV: Public Indecency, a class A misdemeanor
Count V: Battery, a class B misdemeanor against R.M.
Count VI: Attempted Deviate Conduct, a class B felony against R.M.
Count VII: Rape, a class B felony against A.T.
Appellant’s App. p. 29-40, 103-04.
The trial court set Stidham’s bond at the initial hearing on August 12, 2011. A
subsequent bond reduction revocation hearing was conducted on August 30, 2011. At
that hearing, the State presented evidence regarding Stidham’s history of sexual offenses
that included a case in California.
In that case, Stidham was arrested for confinement, kidnapping, sodomy, and rape.
It was also determined that Stidham committed those offenses in the same manner as
those here, in that he was at a bar, picked up a woman, drove her to a secluded area, and
raped her. There was also evidence that Stidham had been previously stopped by police
who noticed that he had been driving around various parking lots and bar areas, but never
stopped to pick anyone up.
5
Several days after Stidham had attacked R.M. and raped A.T., Stidham told a
friend, Beau Kerkhoff, what he had done to A.T. and R.M. During that conversation,
Stidham admitted having sexual intercourse with one of the women. Following the
hearing, Stidham was ordered to be held without bond. The police took several
statements from Kerkhoff and the State’s discovery disclosure of October 21, 2011,
advised that the police had taken a total of three statements from Kerkhoff regarding the
incident.
Kerkhoff did not inform the police about Stidham’s conversation regarding sexual
intercourse with one of the women until September 4, 2012. Stidham filed a demand for
a speedy trial on July 27, 2012. Thus, the trial court set the matter for a jury trial on
September 25, 2012. The State filed its second supplemental discovery disclosure on
September 12, 2012.
On September 14, 2012, the State filed a motion to add Count VII, rape, a class B
felony, alleging that Stidham had raped A.T. Although the trial court granted the motion
on September 18, Stidham objected to the State’s filing of the additional charge. At a
hearing conducted that same day, Stidham’s counsel specifically informed the trial court
that he did not want to “inconvenience” the trial court with a continuance. Supp. Tr. p.
29. More specifically, Stidham’s defense counsel commented that “we don’t want to
glea[n] from [the deputy prosecutor’s] comments that we are asking for a continuance.
We are not. My client is sitting in jail. We want to go to trial and get this disposed of.”
Id. at 32-34.
6
The trial court conducted the initial hearing on September 25, 2012, on the rape
charge, and the trial commenced that same day. R.M. testified that in the early morning
of March 6, 2011, she made approximately five calls for a taxi-cab to take her and A.T.
home from a restaurant in Lafayette. R.M. also described A.T.’s state of intoxication that
morning, explaining that “she was definitely impaired. She was not walking straight. . . .
I did not feel that she was capable of making a decision.” Id. at 120.
A.T. testified that she remembered drinking alcohol that evening, but had no
recollection of the events after her fourth or fifth drink. Id. at 152-53. A.T. testified that
she only remembered going to the first bar after dinner, that she did not remember
leaving, did not recall going to other bars or the restaurant, and did not remember
entering Stidham’s vehicle. A.T. testified that the next thing she remembered was
waking up outside the Speedway and not knowing where she was.
A.T. also denied that she gave Stidham permission to have her camera, did not
have consensual sexual intercourse with Stidham, and testified that she was unaware that
Stidham had sexual intercourse with her. Luper, the sexual assault nurse who examined
her, testified that A.T. sustained vaginal injuries, and that the injuries were most likely
sustained during nonconsensual sexual intercourse.
Kerkhoff testified about the conversation that he had with Stidham a short time
after the attacks where Stidham mentioned that he had picked up two women from a bar,
had dropped one of them off, and had sexual intercourse with the other.
7
The State introduced evidence of Stidham’s cell phone records that placed him in
the area where the attacks occurred on March 6, 2011, between 12:55 a.m. and 3:00 a.m.,
leaving the Lafayette area at 5:11 a.m., and being near the intersection of U.S. 231 and
U.S. 52 near Otterbein at 5:20 a.m.
R.M.’s cell phone records placed her in the same area until 3:00 a.m. on March 6
and in an area near U.S. 31 after 3:00 a.m. Her records also indicated that she had called
a taxi company at least four times that evening. A.T.’s cell phone records placed her in
the Chauncey Village area until approximately 3:00 a.m., at which point the calls that
were made to her were forwarded to her voicemail.
Stidham testified that he had a consensual sexual encounter in his Jeep with a
woman he had met outside of Harry’s bar. Stidham claimed that the woman performed
fellatio and that he ejaculated on her hand. Stidham also claimed that the woman had left
her camera with him. Stidham then alleged that he did not have any further contact with
the woman that evening.
During closing arguments, Stidham alleged that he was not the individual who
picked up R.M. and A.T. Stidham further claimed that he had not committed
confinement because R.M. and A.T. had voluntarily entered the vehicle. Finally,
Stidham alleged that he did not commit rape because he did not have sexual intercourse
with A.T. Rather, Stidham claimed that in light of A.T.’s “flirtatious behavior” that
evening, she likely had sex with someone other than him. Tr. p. 436-37.
8
At the conclusion of the three-day jury trial, Stidham was found guilty of Counts I, II,
IV, V, VII, and acquitted of Counts III and VI. At a subsequent sentencing hearing, the
trial court determined that the confinement count alleged in Count II merged with the
rape charge as alleged in Count VII. After finding that the aggravating factors
outweighed the mitigating circumstances, the trial court sentenced Stidham to an
aggregate term of twenty-three and one-half years to be executed in the Indiana
Department of Corrections (DOC). Stidham now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Addition of Rape Charge
Stidham first claims that his rape conviction must be set aside because the trial
court erred in allowing the State to file this charge just before trial. Stidham argues that
this late filing prejudiced his substantial rights and that he should not have been placed in
the position of choosing between his right to a speedy trial, and “choosing between a
continuance so that an adequate defense could be prepared.” Appellant’s Br. p. 11.
In resolving this issue, we initially observe that Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(b)
provides in relevant part that
The indictment or information may be amended in matters of substance and the
names of material witnesses may be added, by the prosecuting attorney, upon
giving written notice to the defendant at any time . . . before the commencement of
trial . . . if the amendment does not prejudice the substantial rights of the
defendant.
A defendant’s substantial rights include the right to sufficient notice and an
opportunity to be heard regarding the charge. Brown v. State, 912 N.E.2d 881, 890 (Ind.
9
Ct. App. 2009). Ultimately, the question is whether the defendant had a reasonable
opportunity to prepare for and defend against the charges. Suding v. State, 945 N.E.2d
731, 735–36 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. A defendant’s substantial rights are not
prejudiced if: (1) a defense under the original information would be equally available
after the amendment, and (2) the defendant’s evidence would apply equally to the
information in either form. Brown, 912 N.E.2d at 890. Our Supreme Court has also
explained that an amendment is of substance if it is essential to making a valid charge of
the crime. McIntyre v. State, 717 N.E.2d 114, 125-26 (Ind. 1999).
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to amend under an abuse of discretion
standard. Hilliard v. Jacobs, 927 N.E.2d 393, 398 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.
The trial court will be found to have abused its discretion only if its decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Iqbal v. State, 805
N.E.2d 401, 406 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
However, we also note that a defendant’s failure to request a continuance after a
trial court permits a pre-trial substantive amendment to the charging information over the
defendant’s objection results in waiver. Wilson v. State, 931 N.E.2d 914, 917 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010), tans. denied. In Wilson, we explained that
[Haymaker v. State, 667 N.E.2d 1113 (Ind.1996) and Daniel v. State, 526 N.E.2d
1157 (Ind.1988)] . . . provide that in cases where the court is faced with the
question of whether an amendment to the charging information that was filed prior
to trial prejudices a defendant’ s substantial rights, a defendant waives his right to
seek appellate review of the propriety of a trial court’s decision to permit the
amendment if the defendant fails to request a continuance after his objection to the
amendment is overruled. Haymaker and Daniel are part of the long line of cases
10
that support this proposition, which originated with Riley v. State, 506 N.E.2d 476
(Ind. 1987).
In Riley, the State filed a motion to amend the charging information four days
before the defendant’s trial was scheduled to begin. 506 N.E.2d at 478. The
defendant objected, claiming that the proposed amendment was one of substance
that would require him to alter his prepared defense. Id. The trial court granted
the State’s motion over defendant’s objection. Id. On review, the Indiana Supreme
Court held that the defendant waived his right to appellate review of the trial
court’s order by failing to “avail himself of the statutory continuance available to
allow ‘adequate opportunity to prepare his defense.’ ” Id.
In this case, as in Wilson, Stidham was afforded the “opportunity to request a
continuance for the purpose of giving himself the opportunity to prepare his defense after
the trial court allowed the State to amend the charging information over his objection but
chose not to pursue that course.” Id.
As noted above, the State, after learning that Stidham admitted that he had
engaged in sexual intercourse with one of his victims, filed a motion to charge him with
class B felony rape of A.T. on September 14, 2012. During the September 17, 2012,
hearing on this matter, Stidham acknowledged that he would be entitled to a continuance
if the trial court granted the State’s motion to add the rape charge. Supp. Tr. p. 18.
However, during a subsequent hearing on September 24, 2012, Stidham specifically
stated that he did not want a continuance and desired to proceed to trial. Supp. Tr. p. 34.
As a result, Stidham has waived this claim of error.
Moreover, we disagree with Stidham’s contention that the amendment placed him
in the situation of having to elect between the right to a speedy trial and his right to an
adequate defense. As our Supreme Court observed in Miller v. State, defendants in
11
similar positions are not prejudiced because they can still request a continuance and re-
assert their demand for a speedy trial with respect to the new trial date. 563 N.E.2d 578,
582 (Ind. 1990).
Waiver notwithstanding, we cannot agree that the trial court erred in allowing the
amendment because Stidham has not shown how he was substantially prejudiced. These
substantial rights include a right to sufficient notice and an opportunity to be heard
regarding the charge. Jones v. State, 863 N.E.2d 333, 338 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). If the
amendment does not affect any particular defense or change the positions of either of the
parties, it does not violate these rights. Nunley v. State, 995 N.E.2d 718, 723 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2013). Here, the State originally charged Stidham with criminal conduct of a sexual
nature that involved multiple victims. Appellant’s App. p. 29-40. The State charged that
Stidham lured the women into his vehicle and engaged in sexual acts with them. Id. at
29-40. During the bond hearing that was conducted twenty days after the initial charge,
the State informed the trial court of Stidham’s criminal history. Tr. p. 18-20. At that
hearing, the deputy prosecutor described Stidham’s “pattern” that involved sodomizing or
raping women. Id. In short, Stidham knew that the charges against him were of a sexual
nature that involved both A.T. and R.M.
Also, as discussed above, Stidham admitted to Kerchoff several days after the
attack that he had sexual intercourse with one of the women he had picked up from the
Lafayette bar. Tr. p. 285-86. The State’s discovery disclosures dated July 27, August 15,
12
and August 31, gave Stidham reason to believe that the State knew—or would learn—
that he engaged in sexual intercourse with A.T.
Stidham’s defense was that he was not the man who attacked A.T. or R.M., and
that his encounters with them were consensual. Tr. p. 429-30, 436-37. As discussed
above, Stidham alleged that A.T. entered his SUV willingly, performed fellatio on him,
and left her camera with him. However, during the proceedings, Stidham knew that his
DNA was found on A.T.’s buttocks. That said, even if Stidham had not been charged
with raping A.T., his defense would have been the same—mistaken identity and consent.
Moreover, the fact that Stidham chose not to seek a continuance is proof that the
additional charge did not prejudice his substantial rights to mount a defense. Therefore,
Stidham has failed to show that the rape charge affected any particular defense, and it did
not change his position. Thus, we cannot say that Stidham has established that his
substantial rights were violated. Given these circumstances, Stidham had a reasonable
opportunity to prepare for and defend against the rape, and the trial court did not err in
permitting the State to add this charge.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence—Rape
Stidham argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence of rape because
A.T. had no recollection of having sexual intercourse or of being so impaired that she
was unable to consent to sexual intercourse. Stidham claims that at most, “the State’s
evidence demonstrated that a rape might have occurred.” Appellant’s Br. p. 12 (emphasis
added).
13
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal
conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Henley v. State,
881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008). We consider only the evidence supporting the
judgment and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such evidence. Id. We
will affirm a conviction if there is substantial evidence of probative value such that a
reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id.
Indiana Code section 35-42-4-1 provides that
[A] person who knowingly or intentionally has sexual intercourse with a member
of the opposite sex when . . . the other person is unaware that the sexual
intercourse is occurring . . . commits rape, a class B felony.
As discussed above, Stidham admitted to Kerkhoff that he picked up two women
from a bar and had sexual intercourse with one of them. Tr. p. 285-86. R.M. testified
that she and A.T. entered a vehicle that she thought was a taxi cab. Id. at 69, 86. R.M.
further testified that she was thrown from the vehicle, and that the vehicle fled with A.T.
“passed out” in the back seat. Id. at 86.
A medical examination of A.T. revealed that she suffered vaginal injuries that
were consistent with nonconsensual sexual intercourse. Id. at 209, 224. As noted above,
Stidham’s DNA matched what was recovered from A.T.’s right buttocks. Id. at 26-30.
Stidham admitted to having sexual intercourse, and the medical examination supports a
finding that intercourse occurred. Id. at 209, 224. This evidence permits the jury to
14
conclude that R.M. and A.T. were the two women who entered Stidham’s vehicle and
that Stidham had sexual intercourse with A.T.
The evidence further established that A.T. was unaware that sexual intercourse
was occurring. R.M. testified that A.T. was severely intoxicated and that she “passed
out” shortly after she entered Stidham’s vehicle. Tr. p. 86, 120. A.T. testified that she
had no recollection of any events that occurred that evening after consuming four or five
drinks. A.T. also did not remember entering Stidham’s vehicle, and her next memory
was waking up outside the Speedway gas station and not knowing where she was. Id. at
142-43, 152-53. A.T. denied that she had sexual intercourse with Stidham and stated that
she was unaware that Stidham, indeed, had sexual intercourse with her.
This evidence permitted the jury to conclude that Stidham had raped A.T. It is
apparent that Stidham’s arguments amount to a request for us to reweigh the evidence, an
invitation that we decline. Thus, we affirm Stidham’s rape conviction.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence—Confinement
Stidham next maintains that his conviction for confinement must be set aside.
Specifically, Stidham argues that the conviction cannot stand because A.T. was not able
to recount any of the events where the confinement allegedly occurred. Although A.T.
voluntarily entered the vehicle that Stidham allegedly operated, he suggests that there is
no evidence that he confined A.T. without her consent, or removed her from one place to
another by force or threat of force.
Indiana Code section 35-42-3-3 provides in relevant part that
15
A person who knowingly or intentionally:
(1) Confines another person without the other person’s consent; or
(2) Removes another person, by fraud, enticement, force, or threat of force,
from one (1) place to another;
commits criminal confinement . . . a Class C felony . . . if it is committed by using
a vehicle.
In resolving this issue, this court has determined that “to prove confinement
beyond the main crime charged, there must be something more than the act necessary to
effectuate the crime.” Cunningham v. State, 870 N.E.2d 552, 553 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
Although Stidham challenges the confinement conviction and the six-year sentence that
the trial court originally sought to impose with regard to A.T., it is apparent that the trial
court agreed with Stidham’s argument in light of the sentencing order, abstract of
judgment, and Chronological Case Summary (CCS), which reflect that the confinement
conviction and rape convictions were merged. In other words, no conviction or sentence
was imposed on the confinement count involving A.T., and Stidham has already
prevailed on that claim. Appellant’s App. p. 5, 54, 63.
We note that the trial court specifically subtracted the six-year sentence that had
been originally imposed for the confinement of A.T. when the twenty-three and one-half-
year sentence was announced. Id. Therefore, because the trial court indeed vacated that
conviction and sentence, we need not address the merits of Stidham’s contentions that the
evidence did not support his conviction for the confinement of A.T.
16
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
NAJAM, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
17