FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
R. PATRICK MAGRATH BRYAN L. CIYOU
Alcorn Goering & Sage, LLP Ciyou & Dixon, P.C.
Madison, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
Aug 14 2013, 5:44 am
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
IN RE THE MATTER OF I.E.: )
)
J.E., )
)
Appellant, )
)
vs. ) No. 72A01-1212-JP-567
)
W.L, R.L., and N.V., )
)
Appellees. )
APPEAL FROM THE SCOTT CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Roger Duvall, Judge
Cause No. 72C01-0910-JP-68
Cause No. 72C01-0911-GU-40
August 14, 2013
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
J.E. (Father) is the biological father of I.E.; N.V. (Mother) is I.E.’s biological mother.
W.L. and R.L. (Guardians) were former guardians of I.E. This appeal involves questions
concerning custody and visitation rights of the parties with respect to the child. It appears
that the Guardians and Mother are joined as appellees in this appeal, and, unless otherwise
indicated, we will refer to them collectively as the Appellees. For the sake of clarity, we will
first address issues presented by the Appellees upon cross-appeal. Those consolidated,
restated issues are:
1. Did the trial court apply an incorrect standard in determining whether to
grant Father’s motion for change of custody, and did the trial court err
in granting Father’s motion?
2. Did the trial court err in granting visitation rights to the Guardians?
We restate the final issue, presented by Father upon direct appeal, as follows:
3. Did the trial court err in declining to grant reasonable visitation to
Mother?
We affirm and reverse in part.
The facts are that I.E. was born sometime in September 2009 to Mother. Mother was
married to another man, not Father, at the time. The Guardians took I.E. home from the
hospital with the consent of Mother. On September 18, 2009, the Guardians filed a petition
to adopt I.E. On October 6, 2009, Father filed a petition to establish paternity of I.E. under
cause number 72C01-0910-JP-68 (the paternity action). On November 5, 2009, the
Guardians petitioned to intervene in the paternity action. That petition was granted. On
November 6, 2009, the Guardians filed a guardianship action under cause number 72 C01-
091-GU-40 (the guardianship action). Shortly thereafter, Father filed a petition to intervene
2
in the guardianship action. From that point on, the two causes were addressed at the same
time.
The trial court granted the Guardians’ petition to establish temporary guardianship of
I.E. Following a March 18, 2010 hearing, the trial court found that Father was I.E.’s father.
I.E. remained in the sole care and custody of the Guardians until April 1, 2010 when Father
was granted visitation pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines. On May 7, 2010,
the parties reached an agreement following mediation. Pursuant to that agreement, the
Guardians would have “joint legal and physical custody” of I.E., and Father and the
Guardians would have specific times allocated for parenting time. Appellant’s Appendix at
27. Mother would also have parenting time, which she would exercise during the Guardians’
parenting time. Under this arrangement, the Guardians and Mother had I.E. approximately
eight days every two weeks, while Father had the remainder. On December 15, 2011, Father
filed petitions to terminate the guardianship and to modify custody. After granting two
continuances at Mother’s request, the trial court held a hearing on May 15, 2012. On August
31, 2012, the trial court appointed a guardian ad litem for I.E. A second hearing was held on
November 8, 2012.
On December 4, 2012 the trial court issued an order terminating the guardianship and
granting custody of I.E. to Father. Further, the court granted visitation rights to the
Guardians in the paternity action, as reflected in the following:
4. All future proceedings concerning the Child shall be conducted under
Cause No. 72 C01-0910-JP-68. The Guardians are a party to the
paternity case.
3
* * * * *
7. Having found that there is no legal reason for the continuation of the
guardianship, there should be a transition to where the Guardians have
a relationship with the Child that is consistent with a visitation
relationship and not a joint custodian relationship.
8. At this time the Guardian shall have visitations schedule [sic] with
Standard Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines with the exception that
there shall be no extended visitation in the summer other than a one
week visitation.
9. The Court makes no parenting time order for the Mother at this time as
there is no formal motion before the Court on her behalf for parenting
time; she has been limited in her contact with the Child and has
exercised that parenting time at the home of the Guardians. The Court
denies the Mother’s alternative motion for custody of the Child as there
is no evidence to support such a finding that placement of the Child in
her custody would be in the best interests of the Child.
Id. at 70.
1.
The Guardians contend the trial court applied an incorrect standard when ruling upon
Father’s petition to modify custody, and that the court erred in granting the petition.
According to the Guardians, the trial court erred in failing to require Father to show a
substantial and continuing change of circumstances, which they claim is required for a
modification. Further, they contend that the trial court erred in requiring the Appellees to
show by clear and convincing evidence that Father was unfit, had long acquiesced in the
current custody arrangement, or voluntarily relinquished I.E. in such a way that the affections
of I.E. and the Guardians became interwoven so that severing them would seriously endanger
I.E.’s future happiness.
4
We have set out the standard of review for custody modifications, as follows:
We review custody modifications for abuse of discretion with a “preference for
granting latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.” Kirk
v. Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002) (quoting In re Marriage of
Richardson, 622 N.E.2d 178, 178 (Ind. 1993)). Also, as with all cases tried by
the court without a jury, the trial judge in this case entered special findings and
conclusions thereon pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). In reviewing
findings made pursuant to Rule 52, we first determine whether the evidence
supports the findings and then whether findings support the judgment. Stonger
v. Sorrell, 776 N.E.2d 353, 358 (Ind. 2002). On appeal we “shall not set aside
the findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be
given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the
witnesses.” Ind. Trial Rule 52(A). A judgment is clearly erroneous when
there is no evidence supporting the findings or the findings fail to support the
judgment. Fraley v. Minger, 829 N.E.2d 476, 482 (Ind. 2005). A judgment is
also clearly erroneous when the trial court applies the wrong legal standard to
properly found facts. Id.
K.I. ex rel. J.I. v. J.H., 903 N.E.2d 453, 457 (Ind. 2009).
We start by considering K.I., a case that is factually similar to the present case, and a
case in which the court discussed the circumstances under which custody of a child may be
awarded to a party other than a natural parent. As was the case here, the child in K.I. was
born out-of-wedlock. The father was not aware that the mother had been impregnated as a
result of the relationship until after the baby was born. Approximately six weeks after the
baby’s birth, the mother left the child in the custody of her mother (the grandmother). The
grandmother and her husband filed a petition seeking guardianship of the child, and that
petition was granted. During a chance encounter, the mother informed the father that a child
had been born and showed him the child’s picture. The grandmother filed a petition to
establish paternity, seeking an order declaring the father as the child’s biological father. She
also sought an order awarding custody of the child to her (grandmother) and directing the
5
father to pay child support. Subsequent genetic tests established a 99.89% probability that
the father was the biological father of the child.
The parties thereafter entered an agreement providing that all of the parties, including
the father, mother, and grandmother, would exercise visitation rights. The agreement also
provided that grandmother would retain custody of the child. This arrangement was in place
for approximately eighteen months, during which the father exercised regular visitation with
the child. At that point, the father filed a petition for change of custody, seeking custody of
the child. After a hearing, the trial court awarded custody of the child to her father and
granted visitation rights to the grandmother. The grandmother appealed the change-of-
custody award. In her appeal, the grandmother argued that the trial court applied the wrong
legal standard for custody modification from a grandparent to a natural parent.
The Court began its analysis by disapproving language in a previous case from this
court, i.e., “a burden shifting approach is the most appropriate way to protect parental rights
and the best interests of the child.” Id. at 459 (quoting In re the Paternity of Z.T.H., 839
N.E.2d 246, 252 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)). The Court stated, “the distinctions between the
statutory factors required to obtain initial custody and those required for a subsequent custody
modification are not significant enough to justify substantially different approaches in
resolving custody disputes,” because both require a determination of the child’s best interest
and both require consideration of certain relevant factors. Id. at 460. The Court also stated,
“importantly, Indiana courts have long held that ‘[e]ven when a parent initiates an action to
reobtain custody of a child that has been in the custody of another, the burden of proof does
6
not shift to the parent[,] … [r]ather, the burden of proof is always on the third party.” Id.
(quoting In re Guardianship of J.K., 862 N.E.2d 686, 692 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)). This is
because a “burden shifting regime that places ‘the third party and the parent on a level
playing field’ is inconsistent with this State’s long-standing precedent.” Id. (quoting In re the
Paternity of Z.T.H., 839 N.E.2d at 253). The Court indicated that this principle applied not
only to parents seeking to reobtain custody, but also to parents who never had custody in the
first place.
The Court described with specificity the allocation of the burden of proof in cases
such as the present case, as follows:
It is of course true that a party seeking a change of custody must persuade the
trial court that “(1) modification is in the best interests of the child; and (2)
there is a substantial change in one (1) or more of the factors that the court may
consider under section 2 and, if applicable, section 2.5 of this chapter.” I.C. §
31–14–13–6; see also Heagy v. Kean, 864 N.E.2d 383, 388 (Ind. Ct. App.
2007) (holding that “[m]odification of child custody may occur only when a
parent can demonstrate ‘modification is in the best interests of the child, and
there is a substantial change in one or more factors the court may consider.’”).
But these are modest requirements where the party seeking to modify custody
is the natural parent of a child who is in the custody of a third party. The
parent comes to the table with a “strong presumption that a child’s interests are
best served by placement with the natural parent.” B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287.
Hence the first statutory requirement is met from the outset. And because a
substantial change in any one of the statutory factors will suffice, “the
interaction and interrelationship of the child with ... the child’s parents,” see
Indiana Code Section 31–14–13–2(2)—one of grounds on which the trial court
relied in this case—satisfies the second statutory requirement. In essence,
although in a very technical sense, a natural parent seeking to modify custody
has the burden of establishing the statutory requirements for modification by
showing modification is in the child’s best interest, and that there has been a
substantial change in one or more of the enumerated factors, as a practical
matter this is no burden at all. More precisely, the burden is minimal. Once
this minimal burden is met, the third party must prove by clear and convincing
evidence “that the child’s best interests are substantially and significantly
7
served by placement with another person.” B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287. If the
third party carries this burden, then custody of the child remains in the third
party. Otherwise, custody must be modified in favor of the child’s natural
parent.
Id. at 460-61.
In light of the foregoing, the appellees are correct: the trial court in the present case
applied an incorrect standard, at least in a technical sense. Father was indeed required to
prove that modification is in the best interests of I.E., and that there is a substantial change in
one or more of the factors that the court may consider under Ind. Code Ann. § 34-14-13-2(2)
(West, Westlaw current with all 2013 legislation). As our Supreme Court noted, however,
the “best interest” requirement is met from the outset because of the strong presumption that
a child’s best interests are served by placement with the natural parent. In order to satisfy his
burden with respect to the second element, Father was required to establish that there had
been a substantial change in any one of the factors listed in I.C. § 34-14-13-2(2). The trial
court did not enter an explicit finding with respect to any of those factors, which is not
surprising in light of the fact that the trial court did not seek to apply this standard in the first
place. It did, however, make findings sufficient to permit us to conclude that at least two of
the factors in Section 2 were established, especially in light of the fact that the Supreme
Court described the burden pertaining to this element as “minimal”. K.I. ex rel. J.I. v. J.H.,
903 N.E.2d at 460. The record clearly demonstrates that there has been a change with respect
to Father’s wishes concerning custody of I.E., and there has been a change with respect to the
interaction and interrelationship between I.E. and Father. See I.C. § 31-14-13-2 (2) & (4),
respectively. Therefore, under the correct standard, Father carried his burden.
8
At that point, the burden shifted to the Guardians to “prove by clear and convincing
evidence ‘that the child’s best interests are substantially and significantly served by
placement with another person.’” K.I. ex rel. J.I. v. J.H., 903 N.E.2d at 460 (quoting In re
Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind. 2002)). The Court described the contours
of this burden as follows:
The trial court must be convinced that placement with a person other than the
natural parent represents a substantial and significant advantage to the child.
The presumption will not be overcome merely because “a third party could
provide the better things in life for the child.” Hendrickson, 161 Ind. App. at
396, 316 N.E.2d at 381. In a proceeding to determine whether to place a child
with a person other than the natural parent, evidence establishing the natural
parent’s unfitness or acquiescence, or demonstrating that a strong emotional
bond has formed between the child and the third person, would of course be
important, but the trial court is not limited to these criteria. The issue is not
merely the “fault” of the natural parent. Rather, it is whether the important and
strong presumption that a child’s interests are best served by placement with
the natural parent is clearly and convincingly overcome by evidence proving
that the child’s best interests are substantially and significantly served by
placement with another person.
In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287. In the present case, the trial court described
the Guardians’ burden in the following terms:
[the Guardians were required to prove] by clear and convincing evidence
either, a). unfitness on the part of the parent, b). long acquiescence in the third
party’s custody of the child, or c). voluntary relinquishment of the child such
that the affections of the child and the third-party have become interwoven
[such] that to sever them would seriously mar and endanger the future
happiness of the child.
Appellant’s Appendix at 69. The burden thus identified by the trial court is taken from
Hendrickson v. Binkley, 161 Ind. App. 388, 316 N.E.2d 376 (1974), cert. denied, 423 U.S.
868 (1975). In In re Guardianship of B.H., the Court indicated that, although the
9
Hendrickson three-step test is still valid, the trial court is no longer limited to those three
factors.
In the present case, however, we cannot perceive any factors the court would have
considered under the broadened scope of In re Guardianship of B.H. that it did not consider
under the Hendrickson three-step test. Therefore, although the trial court did not apply the
correct test, the test it did apply included only factors that are nevertheless properly
considered under the test enunciated in In re Guardianship of B.H. In other words, on the
facts of this particular case, all of the evidence that would have been relevant to the court’s
determination under either test was presented and considered by the court in reaching its
conclusions.
Without weighing the evidence or assessing witness credibility, and considering only
the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the judgment, we are satisfied
that sufficient evidence supports the judgment. See In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d
283. The evidence established that since the time he was apprised of the child’s existence,
Father has, as the trial court stated, “done exactly what the law and society expects of him
when faced with the birth of a child born out of wedlock, he has vigorously and appropriately
pursued what is his right, to be a father to his son.” Appellant’s Appendix at 70. The
evidence further established that Father had suitable housing and was gainfully employed,
and thus was both willing and able to provide for I.E. In light of this evidence, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the Guardians failed to present evidence that
clearly and convincingly established that I.E.’s best interests would be substantially and
10
significantly served by continued placement with the Guardians, such as to overcome the
“strong presumption” that custody of I.E. should be given to his natural father. See K.I. ex
rel. J.I. v. J.H., 903 N.E.2d 460.
2.
This brings us to Father’s issue, which is whether the trial court erred in granting
visitation to the Guardians. As our Supreme Court noted in Worrell v. Elkhart Cnty. Office of
Family & Children, 704 N.E.2d 1027, 1029 (Ind. 1998), this court historically developed a
two-part test for determining whether to grant visitation to third parties, i.e., nonparents. “To
establish grounds for visitation, a third party must demonstrate the existence of a custodial
and parental relationship and that visitation would be in the children’s best interest.” Francis
v. Francis, 654 N.E.2d 4, 7 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied. As the Supreme Court noted,
“[u]nder this regime, the first issue is standing and the second ‘is the standard by which the
question of visitation is adjudged after the cognizable right is established ....’” Worrell v.
Elkhart Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 704 N.E.2d at 1029. In order to proceed to the
substance of a visitation request, the seeking party must satisfy “the threshold requisite of [a]
custodial and parental relationship.” Id. (quoting Worrell v. Elkhart Cnty. Office of Family &
Children, 692 N.E.2d 929, 931 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), vacated, 704 N.E.2d 1027). At that
point in the development of the law, the question was whether visitation rights extended to
third parties other than step-parents. In Worrell, the Court resolved this question, stating,
“[w]e agree with the prior holdings limiting standing to step-parents, and we now hold that
the test does not extend to foster parents.” Id.
11
An argument can be made that King v. S.B., 837 N.E.2d 965 (Ind. 2005) signaled a
retreat from the holding in Worrell, with respect to restrictions and to who may seek third-
party visitation rights. Even a casual reading of the majority’s opinion, as well as Chief
Justice Shepard’s special concurrence, however, indicates that we should be cautious in
reading too much into the case, especially on that point.
This court recently addressed the question of third-party visitation in circumstances
similar to those in the present case, at least with respect to several significant factors. In
Kitchen v. Kitchen, 953 N.E.2d 646 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), the mother and father divorced, and
the settlement agreement provided that mother would have primary physical custody of the
child of the marriage. Before the mother’s death, Mother and the child lived with the Lakes,
the mother’s maternal aunt and uncle, for a little more than a year. A few days before the
mother’s death, the father petitioned for immediate primary physical custody of the child. On
the same day, the Lakes filed a guardianship petition seeking appointment as guardians of the
child. Ultimately, the father and the Lakes entered into an agreement providing that the
Lakes would be granted temporary custody of the child and the father would exercise
parenting time. The trial court approved the agreement and entered an order accordingly.
Eventually, the trial court awarded custody of the child to the father and awarded supervised
visitation to the Lakes. Neither party appealed this order. Approximately nine months later,
the father filed a petition asking the court to vacate the portion of the previous order granting
visitation to the Lakes. The trial court denied the father’s petition, ruling that the time for
challenging the trial court’s order had passed. The father appealed.
12
This court concluded that the trial court was without authority to grant visitation rights
to the Lakes, explaining:
Parental rights are matters of constitutional import protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. … Accordingly we adhere to
the limitation of our statutes and case law conferring standing only to parents,
grandparents and step-parents. The trial court erred in concluding that it had
the authority to grant third-party visitation to persons other than parents, step-
parents, or grandparents.
Id. at 649-50 (internal citation to authority omitted). Thus, this court reaffirmed that only
parents, step-parents, and grandparents may be granted visitation rights. In Worrell v.
Elkhart County Office of Family & Children, our Supreme Court clarified that this rule
excludes foster parents, explaining, “an expansion of the class of petitioners with standing to
request visitation to include foster parents ‘should occur in a legislative, not judicial,
forum.’” 704 N.E.2d at 1029 (quoting Collins v. Gilbreath, 403 N.E.2d 921 (Ind. Ct. App.
1980)).
In light of these holdings, the trial court erred in granting visitation rights to the
Guardians. Moreover, in Kitchen, this court rejected an argument that a challenge to an order
erroneously granting visitation rights to third parties other than parents, step-parents, and
grandparents is subject to timeliness restrictions. The court explained,
An order is void where the trial court lacks the authority to act. … Here, the
trial court lacked the authority to grant visitation to the Lakes because they did
not have standing to petition for visitation with [the child]. Because the lack
of standing cannot be cured, that portion of the June 26 order granting
visitation rights to the Lakes is void.
Kitchen v. Kitchen, 953 N.E.2d at 651.
As our Supreme Court has observed, “[t]he distinction between a void and voidable
13
judgment is no mere semantic quibble.” Stidham v. Whelchel, 698 N.E.2d 1152, 1154 (Ind.
1998). “A void judgment is one that, from its inception, is a complete nullity and without
legal effect....” Id. (quoting 46 Am. Jur.2d Judgments § 31 (1994)). On the other hand, a
voidable judgment is not a nullity, and may be confirmed or ratified. Stidham v. Whelchel,
698 N.E.2d 1152.
To review, the most recent authority on the issue presented by Father is espoused in
Kitchen, which clarified that “only… parents, grandparents and step-parents” have standing
to seek visitation, and that courts have no authority to grant third-party visitation to persons
other than parents, step-parents, or grandparents. Kitchen v. Kitchen, 953 N.E.2d at 650.
The trial court’s order in contravention of Kitchen is void. See Kitchen v. Kitchen, 953
N.E.2d 646. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s order granting visitation rights to the
Guardians.
3.
Finally, the Appellees contend that the trial court erred in failing to grant visitation
rights to Mother. When reviewing a trial court’s determination with regard to parenting time,
we grant latitude and deference to the trial court and will reverse only for an abuse of
discretion. In re Paternity of C.H., 936 N.E.2d 1270 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. An
abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts
and circumstances before the trial court. Id. No abuse of discretion will be found if there is
a rational basis for the trial court’s determination. Id.
Mother was a relatively passive participant in the change-of-custody proceeding
14
below. The only request she made at the hearing, so far as we can tell, is the following:
Your Honor, I would very briefly [sic] because if the Court does make a
decision as to in some way terminate the guardianship and making [sic] a
change of custody, … my client wants custody, if the court makes that kind of
determination. She doesn’t think there’s sufficient evidence here to make a
modification frankly Your Honor, but if there is then....
Appellant’s Appendix at 68. Thus, Mother requested only that, if the trial court dissolved the
Guardians’ guardianship, she wanted custody of I.E.
Although they concede that Mother “did not specifically file a written request for
parenting time,” the Appellees appear to contend that the court’s previous order, which was
based upon the mediated settlement, obligated the court to provide for such visits. Appellees’
Brief at 13. Once again, the Appellees couch their arguments in terms of a misallocated
burden of proof. They contend that the trial court erroneously required Mother to show that
father was unfit in order to preserve visitation rights with I.E. Be that as it may, a trial court
cannot be said to err in failing to grant a request that was not made. Mother did not request
visitation with the child, and therefore the trial court did not err in failing to award it.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
BARNES, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
15