FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
PATRICIA CARESS McMATH GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
BRIAN REITZ
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
Apr 30 2013, 9:16 am
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
KENDALL JOHNSON, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1209-CR-755
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Mark D. Stoner, Judge
Cause No. 49G06-1106-MR-41576
April 30, 2013
OPINION -FOR PUBLICATION
MAY, Judge
Kendall Johnson appeals his convictions of and sentences for murder, a felony,1 and
Class C felony battery.2 He presents two issues for our consideration:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it declined to instruct the
jury on reckless homicide as a lesser-included offense of murder; and
2. Whether Johnson’s sentence was inappropriate based on his character and the
nature of the offense.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY3
Around 2:00 a.m. on June 10, 2011, Johnson arrived at Quintell Williams’ house to
visit his girlfriend, Natasha Jordan, who was staying with Williams for the evening. Johnson
and Jordan argued, and another person in the house, Arian Douglass, asked Eric Bell to come
to the house and ask Johnson to leave. After Bell arrived, Johnson, Jordan, and Bell went
outside the house. Soon afterward Williams and Douglass heard gunshots. Williams walked
outside and discovered Bell’s body on the ground. An autopsy revealed Bell was shot eleven
times and his death resulted from gunshot wounds.
Police apprehended Johnson, who had paid someone $20.00 to drive him from the
scene. Johnson was carrying a gun that matched the bullet fragments and shell casings found
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1).
2
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(a)(3).
3
The record on appeal in this case was prepared pursuant to the Indiana Supreme Court’s “Order Establishing
the Indiana Court Reporting Pilot Project for Exploring the Use of an Audio/Visual Record on Appeal[,]”
issued on September 18, 2012, and effective on July 1, 2012. See Ind. Supreme Court Case No. 94S00-1209-
MS-522. Therefore, the citations to the transcript will be to the “AV Recording.” We are grateful for the
ongoing cooperation of the Honorable Mark D. Stoner of Marion Superior Court, the Marion County Public
Defender Agency, and the Office of the Indiana Attorney General in the execution of this pilot project.
2
at the murder scene. The State charged Johnson with murder, Class C felony battery, Class D
felony strangulation,4 and Class D felony possession of marijuana.5 The State asked that
Johnson’s sentence be enhanced because he used a firearm to commit the murder. 6 The trial
court granted Johnson’s motion to sever the marijuana charge.
During trial, the court granted the State’s motion to dismiss the strangulation charge,
and then the jury returned a guilty verdict on the murder and battery counts. The trial court
sentenced Johnson to fifty-five years for murder and to four years for Class C felony battery,
and the court ordered those sentences served concurrently.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
1. Jury Instruction
In reviewing a decision whether to give a tendered instruction, we consider: (1)
whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there was evidence in the record
to support the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the instruction is covered by other
instructions. Androusky v. Walter, 970 N.E.2d 687, 691 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). The trial court
has discretion in instructing the jury, and its determination whether the record supported the
instruction and whether other instructions covered the topic will be reversed only when the
instruction amounts to an abuse of discretion. Id. A party seeking a new trial on the basis of
instructional error must show a reasonable probability his substantial rights have been
adversely affected. Id.
4
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-9.
5
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-11.
6
Ind. Code § 35-50-2-11.
3
Johnson requested an instruction regarding reckless homicide as a lesser-included
offense of murder.7 Counsel argued that “due to the number of shots that were fired and the
evidence [inaudible] from Mr. Johnson, that it would be reasonable to infer that this was a
self-defense shooting at one point, and then after that it became a reckless shooting or
reckless homicide.” (AV Recording 2, 8/8/12; 13:13:40 – 13:13:48.) The trial court denied
Johnson’s request:
OK. Alright. And I think again the court believes that the evidence is in the
defendant’s version that he was shooting in self defense…that he fired twice
while the victim was facing him, or the decedent, whether or not he is the
victim or not is something for the jury to decide. That he fired twice at the
decedent at relatively close range and as he was running away he again was
firing at the person as he was running away but I don’t think there’s . . . I still
don’t think there’s any evidentiary dispute that he was intending to just fire off
into the air or fire indiscriminately that he was firing towards the victim. Plus I
think it’s kind of hard to ignore the autopsy result that he actually hit the victim
or decedent the multiple times that he did.
(Id. at 13:16:53 – 13:17:55.) The trial court did not abuse its discretion, as there was no
evidence to support the instruction.
Our Indiana Supreme Court recently reiterated why reckless homicide is an inherently
included lesser offense of murder:
[R]eckless homicide occurs when the defendant “recklessly” kills another
human being, and murder occurs when the killing is done “knowingly” or
“intentionally.” Compare Ind. Code § 35-42-1-5, with I.C. § 35-42-1-1(1).
Reckless conduct is action taken in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable
disregard of harm that might result and the disregard involves a substantial
deviation from acceptable standards of conduct. I.C. § 35-41-2-2(c). By
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“A person who recklessly kills another human being commits reckless homicide, a Class C felony.” Ind.
Code § 35-42-1-5. “A person engages in conduct ‘recklessly’ if he engages in the conduct in plain, conscious,
and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might result and the disregard involves a substantial deviation from
acceptable standards of conduct.” Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(c).
4
contrast, a person engages in conduct “knowingly” if the person is aware of a
“high probability” that he or she is doing so. I.C. § 35-41-2-2(b).
Webb v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1103, 1106 (Ind. 2012) (case citations and footnote omitted). As
no other instruction covered the substance of this instruction, the only remaining question is
whether the record supported the giving of the instruction.
We see no serious evidentiary dispute concerning Johnson’s state of mind when he
shot Bell. The State presented two witnesses who testified they heard multiple shots fired.
Bell was wounded eleven times – “three gunshot wounds to the head, one to the right
shoulder, four to the back, one to the right chest, one to the right buttock, and one to the left
wrist.” (AV Recording 2, 8/7/13, 14:25:29 – 40). Johnson admitted shooting Bell twice at
close range and continuing to shoot at Bell while running away. Therefore, it reasonably can
be inferred Johnson knowingly fired his gun with the intent to hit Bell. See Sanders v. State,
704 N.E.2d 119, 122-23 (Ind. 1999) (no serious evidentiary dispute regarding whether
Sanders committed murder or reckless homicide when Sanders shot the victim at close
range); cf. Young v. State, 699 N.E.2d 252, 256 (Ind. 1998) (serious evidentiary dispute
regarding whether Young committed murder or reckless homicide when evidence suggested
Young shot into a crowd of people and did not specifically aim at the victim). Accordingly,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to instruct the jury on reckless
homicide because the evidence did not support such an instruction.
2. Appropriateness of Sentence
We may revise a sentence if it is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and
5
the character of the offender. Williams v. State, 891 N.E. 2d 621, 633 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)
(citing Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B)). We consider not only the aggravators and mitigators found
by the trial court, but also any other factors appearing in the record. Roney v. State, 872
N.E.2d 192, 206 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. The appellant bears the burden of
demonstrating his sentence is inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind.
2006). The trial court sentenced Johnson to fifty-five years for murder and four years for
Class C felony battery, to be served concurrently.
When considering the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point
to determine the appropriateness of a sentence. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494
(Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g 878 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). The advisory sentence for
murder is fifty-five years, with a sentencing range from forty-five to sixty-five years. One
factor we consider when determining the appropriateness of a deviation from the advisory
sentence is whether there is anything more or less egregious about the offense committed by
the defendant that makes it different from the “typical” offense accounted for by the
legislature when it set the advisory sentence. Rich v. State, 890 N.E.2d 44, 54 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008), trans. denied.
Johnson received the advisory sentence of fifty-five years. He argues less than the
advisory sentence is appropriate because he acted in self-defense. The evidence most
favorable to Johnson’s conviction indicates Johnson shot Bell twice at close range, then
retreated while firing additional shots, which hit Bell. The jury rejected Johnson’s assertion
that he acted in self-defense, and we may not revisit its decision.
6
When considering the character of the offender, one relevant fact is the defendant’s
criminal history. Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 874 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). The
significance of criminal history varies based on the gravity, nature, and number of prior
offenses in relation to the current offense. Id. While Johnson has only one prior conviction,
he also had two Class D felony cases pending at the time of his trial for murder. Johnson’s
criminal history is not so insignificant that, when coupled with the details of his offense, we
could say the advisory sentence is inappropriate.
CONCLUSION
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Johnson’s request to have
the jury instructed on reckless homicide because the evidence did not support such an
instruction. Additionally, Johnson’s sentence was not inappropriate based on his character
and the nature of the offense. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
KIRSCH, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
7