State v. Avent

An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute
controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance
with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

NO. COA13-665
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS

Filed: 7 January 2014

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v. Edgecombe County
No. 12 CRS 2258
REGGIE DEVON AVENT

Appeal by defendant from judgments entered 7 March 2013 by

Judge Walter H. Godwin, Jr. in Edgecombe County Superior Court.

Heard in the Court of Appeals 6 November 2013.

Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General
Tammy A. Bouchelle, for the State.

Winifred H. Dillon, for defendant-appellant.

CALABRIA, Judge.

Reggie Devon Avent (“defendant”) appeals from judgments

entered upon jury verdicts finding him guilty of possession of a

dog for dog fighting and baiting (“dog fighting”), cruelty to

animals, and restraining a dog in a cruel manner (“malicious

restraint”). We find no error.

I. Background
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On 17 April 2012, Officer Curtis Robinson (“Officer

Robinson”) of the Rocky Mount Police Department (“RMPD”)

responded to a Crime Stopper’s tip regarding dogs that were

located behind a house adjacent to an apartment building on

North Raleigh Street in Rocky Mount, North Carolina (“the

property”). Elizabeth Swartz (“Officer Swartz”), Rocky Mount’s

animal control supervisor, also responded to assist with the

investigation, along with other members of RMPD (collectively,

“the officers”).

Officer Robinson discovered three pit bull dogs: a brown

female with her puppies confined in a pen, a black and white pit

bull, and a brown and white pit bull (collectively, “defendant’s

dogs”). The brown female pit bull was kept in a pen covered

with tarps. Although a small container of food was in the pen,

no water was available. Neither of the other dogs had adequate

food or water, and the black and white pit bull had several

flies feeding on a wound on its ear. According to Officer

Swartz, the dogs appeared underweight, their ribs were visible,

and their stomachs were tucked into an “hourglass shape.”

All three dogs were chained to the property, including the

female inside the pen. However, the chains restraining the two

dogs outside the pen appeared to be heavy gauged chains intended
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for industrial use. One of the chains removed from defendant’s

dogs weighed thirteen pounds. Due to the chains tethering them

in place, the dogs were unable to reach the few available empty

dishes.

The officers discovered a trash can in the yard containing

penicillin for livestock, medicine, vitamin supplements,

syringes, and a break stick commonly used in dog fighting to

separate dogs. The break stick had gouge marks and was

discolored with what appeared to be blood. (T. p 96) Defendant

later admitted the medical supplies and break stick were his and

that he used them on his dogs.

A beaten trail led into the woods from the yard where

defendant’s dogs were chained. Three more pit bulls were

discovered in a clearing about twenty feet away. These dogs

(“Stancil’s dogs”) belonged to defendant’s friend, Kelly

Stancil. Stancil’s dogs were also restrained by unnecessarily

heavy chains. One pit bull had wrapped its chain several times

around nearby trees, shortening its reach of available space,

and another appeared to have several untreated bite wounds.

Stancil’s dogs did not have access to adequate food or water.

Another trail led into the woods away from the clearing

where Stancil’s dogs were restrained. Fifty feet away, the
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officers discovered a clearing in the woods approximately thirty

feet in diameter. One tree on the edge of the clearing appeared

to be used to chain dogs. Another tree had a rubber tube

hanging from it that appeared to have been repeatedly bitten by

dogs. A portion of the clearing extending towards North Raleigh

Street had been freshly cut. The grass had been cut short and

there were tire tracks visible where vehicles had parked.

Officers discovered canine skulls and bones in the woods

approximately fifteen feet from the clearing.

All six adult pit bull dogs and the puppies were

transported to the animal shelter. The next day, defendant

arrived at the animal shelter to speak to Officer Swartz and

attempted to explain his dogs’ presence on the property.

Although Officer Swartz never mentioned the break stick,

defendant told her he “only used the stick when the dogs broke

loose from their chain [sic] and attacked each other.”

Defendant later returned to the animal shelter demanding to know

what evidence RMPD “had on him.”

Defendant was arrested and charged with dog fighting,

misdemeanor cruelty to animals, and malicious restraint. At

trial in Edgecombe County Superior Court, the jury returned

verdicts finding defendant guilty of all three offenses. On 7
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March 2013, the trial court sentenced defendant to a minimum of

eight and a maximum of nineteen months for the dog fighting

charge and 120 days each for the misdemeanor cruelty to animals

and malicious restraint offenses. The trial court suspended

defendant’s misdemeanor sentences and placed him on supervised

probation at the conclusion of his active sentence for the dog

fighting offense. The trial court also ordered as a special

condition of probation that defendant was not to possess, own,

or control any animal during his probationary sentence.

Defendant appeals.

II. Motion to Dismiss

Defendant first argues the trial court erred in denying his

motion to dismiss because the evidence was insufficient to

establish that defendant possessed the requisite intent for each

charge. We disagree.

“This Court reviews the trial court’s denial of a motion to

dismiss de novo.” State v. Smith, 186 N.C. App. 57, 62, 650

S.E.2d 29, 33 (2007) (citation omitted). “In its analysis, the

trial court must determine whether there is substantial evidence

(1) of each essential element of the offense charged and (2)

that [the] defendant is the perpetrator of the offense.” State

v. Bradshaw, 366 N.C. 90, 93, 728 S.E.2d 345, 347 (2012)
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(citations omitted). “The trial court must consider the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, drawing all

reasonable inferences in the State’s favor.” Id. at 92-93, 728

S.E.2d at 347 (citations omitted).

In the instant case, both possession of a dog for the

purpose of dog fighting and baiting and misdemeanor cruelty to

animals require intent specific to the charge. For dog

fighting, a defendant must intend “that the dog be used in an

exhibition featuring . . . the fighting of that dog with another

dog or with another animal[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-362.2(b)

(2012). For misdemeanor cruelty to animals, a defendant must

“intentionally . . . wound, injure, torment, kill, or deprive

[any animal] of necessary sustenance[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-

360(a) (2012). In contrast, the malicious restraint offense

requires a defendant “maliciously restrain[] a dog using a chain

or wire grossly in excess of the size necessary to restrain the

dog safely[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-362.3 (2012). For the

purposes of this statute, “maliciously” means “the person

imposed the restraint intentionally and with malice or bad

motive.” Id.

The State presented evidence showing that defendant’s dogs

had doghouses available, but inadequate food and no water. The
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mother pit bull was the only dog with access to food, and there

was only a “small container” of food available. The dogs were

noticeably underweight, though not emaciated. Defendant’s dogs

were restrained by heavy chains. The chains appeared to be

intended for industrial use, but not for restraining dogs.

Officer Swartz testified the chains were too heavy for the dogs,

and the dogs were dragging the chains.

There was debris on the ground near defendant’s dogs,

consisting of rubber gloves, syringes, and gauze. Officer

Swartz testified that the livestock vitamin supplements,

syringes, penicillin, and peroxide packets found in the trash

can near defendant’s dogs were items commonly used in dog

fighting to build the animals’ strength and endurance and to

clean wounds without veterinary care. She also indicated that

she believed defendant was self-medicating his animals for the

purposes of dog fighting.

The rubber hose on the tree in the clearing was evidence of

training dogs to fight. Officer Swartz testified that when dogs

pull on a rubber hose, “the resistance . . . will strengthen

their muscles . . . and also give them more endurance so they’ll

last longer in a fight.” The break stick found in the trash can

near defendant’s dogs was another commonly used tool in dog
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fighting, intended to separate dogs engaged in a fight. There

was also evidence of canine remains around the third clearing,

where the officers discovered canine skulls and bones.

The medical supplies and vitamin supplements, together with

the evidence of the clearing, the rubber tubes, and the canine

remains, indicate that dog fighting occurred in close proximity

to the yard where defendant’s dogs were restrained. Taken in

the light most favorable to the State, the evidence supports

reasonable inferences that defendant intended to utilize his

dogs for dog fighting, that defendant’s dogs had been

intentionally deprived of necessary food and water, and that

defendant’s dogs were intentionally restrained by chains

exceeding the size necessary to safely restrain them. Under

such circumstances, “it is for the jury to decide whether the

facts, taken singly or in combination, satisfy [it] beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant is actually guilty.” State

v. Fritsch, 351 N.C. 373, 379, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455, cert.

denied, 531 U.S. 890, 148 L. Ed. 2d 150 (2000) (citation

omitted). The State presented such substantial evidence in

this case. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied

defendant’s motion to dismiss.

III. Jury Instruction
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Our Courts may review unpreserved issues for plain error

when they involve errors in jury instruction. State v. Gregory,

342 N.C. 580, 584, 467 S.E.2d 28, 31 (1996). Plain error arises

when the error is “so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its

elements that justice cannot have been done[.]” State v. Odom,

307 N.C. 655, 660, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983) (citation and

internal quotations omitted). Under the plain error rule, a

defendant must convince the Court “not only that there was

error, but that absent the error, the jury probably would have

reached a different result.” State v. Jordan, 333 N.C. 431,

440, 426 S.E.2d 692, 697 (1993).

The statute for malicious restraint states that a person

“who maliciously restrains a dog using a chain . . . grossly in

excess of the size necessary to restrain the dog safely is

guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-362.3

(2012). The statute indicates “maliciously” means “the person

imposed the restraint intentionally and with malice or bad

motive.” Id. (emphasis added). Defendant argues that the trial

court failed to instruct the jury on the definition of malice,

and therefore committed plain error. We disagree.

In the instant case, there was no pattern jury instruction

available for the malicious restraint charge. The State
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submitted proposed jury instructions, which defendant had the

opportunity to review. The trial court instructed the jury as

follows:

The defendant has been charged with
restraining a dog in cruel manner [sic].
For you to find the defendant guilty of this
offense, the [S]tate must prove two things
beyond a reasonable doubt.
First, that the defendant did restrain a dog
using a chain grossly in excess of the size
necessary to restrain the dog safely.
And, second, that the defendant acted
maliciously. Maliciously means that the
person imposed the restraint intentionally
and with malicious or bad motive.
So if you find from the evidence beyond
a reasonable doubt that on or about the
alleged date the defendant did restrain a
dog using a chain grossly in excess of the
size necessary to restrain the dog safely
and that the defendant acted maliciously or
with bad motive, then it would be your duty
to return a verdict of guilty.
If you do not so find or if you have a
reasonable doubt as to one or both of these
things, then it would be your duty to return
a verdict of not guilty.

The court specifically instructed the jury on the term

“maliciously,” and indicated it meant “that the person imposed

the restraint intentionally and with malicious or bad motive,”

which substantially mirrors the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. §

14-362.3. The evidence at trial indicated that at least one of

defendant’s dogs had been tethered with a thirteen pound chain,

and both Officers Robinson and Swartz testified that the chains
 -11-
used on defendant’s dogs were much heavier than necessary to

safely restrain them. Officer Swartz specifically testified

that the chains used were intended for “any kind of industrial

use . . . chaining property down, chaining gates shut, tow

chains . . . but not for a dog.” In addition, Officer Swartz

testified to evidence of dog fighting on the property, including

the medical supplies, break stick, and canine remains on the

outskirts of an apparent dog fighting ring.

The statutory language does not require a finding of malice

in order to support a conviction. The jury may also find that

defendant imposed the restraint intentionally and with “bad

motive.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-362.3 (2012). In the instant

case, the language of the jury instruction reflects the

statutory language. The jury ultimately returned verdicts

finding defendant guilty of all three charges, indicating that

they found evidence beyond a reasonable doubt for all three

offenses, including malicious restraint. While a better

practice would have been to give a specific instruction defining

malice, there was sufficient evidence provided at trial to

indicate that the jury would have come to the same conclusion

even with such an instruction.
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Assuming, arguendo, that the trial court should have

instructed on malice, defendant’s argument still fails.

Defendant fails to show that the jury would have returned a

different verdict even with an instruction on malice.

Therefore, defendant fails to demonstrate plain error.

IV. Conclusion

The State presented substantial evidence at trial to

support the element of intent for all offenses. Defendant fails

to show that the jury would have returned a different verdict

had the trial court included a specific instruction on malice.

We hold the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion to

dismiss and that the instruction given for malicious restraint

reflects the language of the statute. For these reasons, we

find no error.

No error.

Judges HUNTER, Robert C. and HUNTER, JR., Robert N. concur.

Report per Rule 30(e).