FOR PUBLICATION FILED
Mar 16 2012, 9:19 am
CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
BART M. BETTEAU BRANDON W. SMITH
Betteau Law Office, LLC STANLEY O. FAITH
New Albany, Indiana Faith Ingle Smith LLC
New Albany, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JACK MESSER, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 22A05-1104-MI-179
)
NEW ALBANY POLICE DEPARTMENT, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE FLOYD SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Roger L. Duvall, Judge
Cause No. 22D02-1010-MI-2014
March 16, 2012
OPINION – FOR PUBLICATION
May, Judge
Jack Messer was a New Albany police officer who made a racially-charged
remark while talking with other officers after roll call. The comment was leaked to the
press. The New Albany Police Merit Commission found Messer‟s statement was conduct
unbecoming an officer and suspended him. On judicial review, the trial court granted the
New Albany Police Department‟s motion for summary judgment, finding there was no
issue of fact as to whether Messer‟s conduct was unbecoming an officer and provided a
basis for his discipline.
We affirm.1
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The facts most favorable to Messer, the non-moving party, are that Messer worked
for the New Albany Police Department for twenty-seven years. The Department
conducts roll call in an area where the public is not permitted, and matters discussed at
roll call are not disseminated to the public. After formal roll call it was typical for small
groups of officers to engage in private conversations and discuss matters they believed
would never become public.2
1
We heard oral argument February 8, 2012, at Silver Creek High School in Sellersburg. We thank the
School for its hospitality and commend counsel on the quality of their advocacy.
2
The Department includes in its statement of facts a number of citations to evidence favorable to the
Department, and does not acknowledge much of the evidence favorable to Messer. For example, it cites
testimony that things said at roll call were expected to be spread and repeated by officers, and Messer
would not have reason to think his comment would remain private. On review of a summary judgment,
we construe the pleadings, affidavits, and designated materials in a light most favorable to the non-
movant, here, Messer. Where there are disputed material facts, or if undisputed facts give rise to
conflicting reasonable inferences that affect the outcome, we resolve them in favor of the non-movant.
Deuitch v. Fleming, 746 N.E.2d 993, 997 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
2
After roll call in January 2010, Messer joined in a conversation with some other
officers about public housing. During the conversation Messer said, “the biggest mistake
that government made was giving those people civil rights.” (App. at 126.) Other
officers challenged Messer‟s statement, and Messer explained that he misspoke and did
not mean what he said. No officer filed a complaint, and Messer‟s supervising officer did
not believe a violation had occurred so he took no action.
Several days later the comment was leaked to the public. The Police Department
conducted an internal investigation and cleared Messer of wrongdoing, but the Police
Merit Commission issued a complaint. It found Messer‟s statement caused offense to
members of the community, raised suspicions of racism in the Department, and was
conduct unbecoming an officer. The Merit Commission suspended Messer for thirty
days. Messer petitioned for judicial review, and the trial court granted the Department‟s
motion for summary judgment.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
The purpose of summary judgment is to terminate litigation about which there can
be no factual dispute and which may be determined as a matter of law. Deuitch v.
Fleming, 746 N.E.2d 993, 997 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), reh’g denied, trans. denied. When
reviewing a summary judgment, we apply the same standard as the trial court. Id.
Summary judgment should be granted only if the designated evidentiary material
establishes there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Id. On review, we construe the pleadings, affidavits, and
3
designated materials in a light most favorable to the non-movant. Id. Where there are
material disputed facts, or if undisputed facts give rise to conflicting reasonable
inferences that affect the outcome, they must be resolved in favor of the non-movant. Id.
We give careful scrutiny to assure that the losing party is not improperly prevented from
having its day in court. Id.
Messer argues his statement was speech protected by the First Amendment, so the
Department should not have subjected him to discipline for making it. The parties agree
the First Amendment question before us3 is governed by the analysis in Pickering v.
Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 566 (1968). In Pickering, the United States Supreme
Court held the First Amendment protected a public school teacher who wrote a letter to a
newspaper in which he criticized the allocation of school funds and the manner by which
the school board raised such funds. Pickering did not establish a general constitutional
standard applicable to all government-employee-speech cases, but held the government‟s
interest as employer must be balanced on a case-by-case basis against the individual and
societal First Amendment interests. Love v. Rehfus, 946 N.E.2d 1, 9 (Ind. 2011), reh’g
denied.
Pickering provides a two-step analysis for determining whether the First
3
Much of Messer‟s argument on appeal is based on the premise his remark was protected by the First
Amendment, which premise the Department does not explicitly challenge. However, the Department
argues Messer did not preserve the First Amendment issue for the trial court‟s review because he did not
raise it before the Merit Commission.
Claims of a constitutional nature need not necessarily be presented to an agency as a precondition to
judicial review. Ind. Dep’t. of Highways v. Dixon, 541 N.E.2d 877, 882 (Ind. 1989). We decline to find
waiver and choose to decide this appeal on the merits.
4
Amendment protects an employee‟s speech. First, the employee must have been
speaking as a citizen on a matter of public concern. Id. The Department concedes
Messer was speaking as a citizen on a matter of public concern. If the employee satisfies
this threshold, a balancing test must be applied to determine if the government was
justified in treating the employee differently from any other member of the general
public. Id.
Even if an employee speaks as a citizen on a matter of public concern, the
government employer can restrict the speech if it can prove the First Amendment
interests of the employee and society are outweighed by the employer‟s interest in
operational effectiveness and efficiency. Id. at 10. Government employees who speak as
citizens on matters of public concern are subject only to speech restrictions that are
necessary for their employers to operate efficiently and effectively. Id. Therefore, to
justify a retaliatory action, the government must show the speech had the potential to
disrupt the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations. Id.
Factors to consider in a Pickering balancing include (1) whether the speech would
create problems in maintaining discipline or harmony among co-workers; (2) whether the
employment relationship is one in which personal loyalty and confidence are necessary;
(3) whether the speech impeded the employee‟s ability to perform his responsibilities; (4)
the time, place and manner of the speech; (5) the context in which the underlying dispute
arose; (6) whether the matter was one on which debate was vital to informed decision
making; and (7) whether the speaker should be regarded as a member of the general
5
public. Greer v. Amesqua, 212 F.3d 358, 371 (7th Cir. 2000), reh’g denied, cert. denied
531 U.S. 1012 (2000) (cited in Love, 946 N.E.2d at 13).
The government employer must establish potential disruptiveness or harmful
effects of the speech, but is not required to produce actual evidence of disruption. Id.
“Substantial weight is given to the government‟s reasonable predictions of disruption
when it acts as an employer.” Id. at 11. The government employer does not need to wait
for the actual disruption of the office and the destruction of working relationships to
manifest before taking action. Id. Still, there must be evidence supporting the threat of
harm to the government entity -- the government‟s concerns are not to be taken at face
value. Id. Thus, mere allegations of disruption are not sufficient to sustain the
government‟s burden of showing that the speech threatened the efficiency and
effectiveness of its operations. Id.
Applying the Pickering balance “is not an exercise in judicial speculation.” Id.
(quoting Gustafson v. Jones, 290 F.3d 895, 909 (7th Cir. 2002)). Rather, courts must
examine the ordinary or foreseeable effect of the conduct to determine whether it would
be reasonably calculated to create division or to have impaired discipline. Id. The
government must therefore provide sufficient evidence that the employee‟s speech had
the potential to disrupt or harm its operations had the retaliatory action not been taken.
Id.
If the government carries that burden, the nature and extent of the potential
disruption must be weighed against the First Amendment value of the speech. Id. The
6
government‟s burden under Pickering varies depending on the nature of the employee‟s
expression. Id. The stronger the First Amendment value of the speech, the stronger
showing of harm the government must make to justify its action. Id.
In Love, a fire chief, Rehfus, terminated Love, a firefighter, for sending to a small
group of citizens a private email supporting a candidate for township trustee. The
candidate pledged that, if elected, he would hire a new fire chief. The chief believed
Love‟s email contained false statements of fact regarding different issues involving the
fire department and a public park. Chief Rehfus terminated Love‟s employment for
“conduct unbecoming a firefighter and failure to be truthful.” 946 N.E.2d at 7. Our
Indiana Supreme Court found the email was constitutionally protected speech under the
Pickering test.
The Court noted competing interests:
The government . . . has broader discretion to regulate the speech of its
employees, because there are different interests at stake when it acts as
employer than when it acts as sovereign. When the government acts as an
employer, its interest “in achieving its goals as effectively and efficiently as
possible” is given greater value. Similar to a private employer, the
government must exercise some control over its employees‟ words and
actions to fulfill its public duties. Thus, citizens who become government
employees must accept certain limitations on their freedom.
Nevertheless, citizens who work for the government remain citizens
and do not completely forfeit their fundamental liberties by virtue of their
public employment. Moreover, there is a strong societal interest in
allowing public employees to contribute their well-informed ideas and
opinions to public debate.
Id. at 9 (citations omitted).
Messer‟s statement was more like that addressed in City of Indianapolis v. Heath,
7
686 N.E.2d 940 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied, and it was therefore permissible to
discipline him for it. Heath, a police officer and leader of a militia group, was addressing
a public meeting while dressed in a police uniform as a representative of the Indianapolis
Police Department. He intentionally referred to Indianapolis Mayor Stephen Goldsmith
as “Goldstein” while commenting on the Mayor‟s fiscal policies. The police chief told
Heath his comments violated police rules and regulations because he had made anti-
Semitic remarks about the Mayor, and Heath was demoted and suspended for thirty days.
The Merit Board affirmed. Heath then appealed to the Marion Superior Court. It
reversed, finding the statement was protected speech, there was no evidence to support
the Merit Board‟s finding Heath‟s conduct was detrimental to the efficient operation and
the general discipline of the police department, the Merit Board did not show a
compelling reason for the disciplinary action against Officer Heath when balanced
against his free speech guarantees, and the decision was arbitrary and capricious. Id. at
942.
We reversed the trial court and reinstated the Merit Board‟s decision:
[W]hile we concede Officer Heath‟s right to make the remarks in question,
the likely effect of the remarks on the Indianapolis Jewish community were,
or should have been, obvious. Heath himself evinced knowledge of the
potentially inflammatory nature of the remark by prefacing it with the
comment, “I better not say it, ah well . . . .” Record at 9. This occurred
while Heath was delivering, in his words, “an official talk . . . as a police
officer,” Merit Board Transcript at 68, in a public place while dressed in his
police uniform. In view of the difficult and critical role played by the
Indianapolis Police Department in the local community, and the importance
of fostering confidence in and trust of that agency among members of the
community, we conclude that the interest of the City of Indianapolis,
8
specifically the IPD, outweighed the interests of Officer Heath under the
Connick [v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 145 (1983)] balancing test.
Id. at 945-46 (footnote omitted).4
Police departments are entitled to special deference under the Pickering analysis:
Deference to the employer‟s judgment regarding the disruptive nature of an
employee‟s speech is especially important in the context of law
enforcement. “[T]here is a particularly urgent need for close teamwork
among those involved in the „high stakes‟ field of law enforcement.
Speech that might not interfere with work in an environment less dependent
on order, discipline, and esprit de corps could be debilitating to a police
force. Such considerations are permissible in weighing constitutional
violations.”
Kokkinis v. Ivkovich, 185 F.3d 840, 845 (7th Cir. 1999) (quoting Breuer v. Hart, 909 F.2d
1035, 1040 (7th Cir. 1990)).
In Kokkinis, unlike in the case before us, the statements did not address a matter of
public concern – they simply “expressed the plaintiff‟s personal opinion as to the Chief‟s
vindictiveness.” Id. at 844. Kokkinis appeared on a television news report on another
officer‟s allegation of sex discrimination in the police department. Kokkinis, wearing a
ski mask and with his voice electronically modified, said, “Everybody is so afraid of the
Chief‟s vindictiveness. If you even dare to question any decision he makes, basically
your life will be made miserable.” Id. at 842. However, Kokkinis indicated in his
interview did not know why the other officer had been treated differently when the Chief
4
The Connick test is (1) the employee must be speaking on a matter of public concern about which free
and open debate is vital to the decision making of the community; (2) the reviewing court must balance
the interests of the employee, as a citizen, in commenting on matters of public concern and the State‟s
interest, as an employer, in running an efficient operation; and (3) the employee‟s protected conduct must
be a motivating factor in the State‟s decision to discipline the employee. 461 U.S. at 946 n.4.
9
ordered her to take an assignment that other officers had been allowed to decline. The
Chief thought Kokkinis‟ comments were untrue and reflected negatively on the
department. He viewed the broadcast as an embarrassment to himself and to the
department as a whole and worried that the broadcast would adversely affect morale
among the officers by undermining his efforts to build the department‟s esteem. Id.
Even if Kokkinis‟ speech had addressed a matter of public concern, the court
found, his claim could not survive the Pickering analysis. Id. at 845. The speech at issue
adversely affected harmony and loyalty among co-workers. Kokkinis‟ television
appearance damaged his superiors‟ and fellow officers‟ confidence in him and potentially
endangered their working relationships. The statements caused embarrassment to his
superiors and co-workers and his relationships with them deteriorated after the broadcast.
They believed his appearance cast a negative light on the department and made the
department look like a “bunch of clowns” in the eyes of the surrounding communities.
Id. at 846. “In sum, Mr. Kokkinis‟ superiors and co-workers thought that his television
appearance was inappropriate and damaged the department‟s collective efforts to portray
professionalism.” Id.
Messer‟s speech similarly caused disruption to the Department. Messer was on
duty and in uniform when he made the statement, and he was a member of the city
council. He was not “anonymous or in the privacy of his own home,” (Br. of Appellee at
12), and other officers heard the statement. The value of the speech was low – Messer
later characterized it as “stupid” and acknowledged it offended some of the African-
10
American community. (App. at 314.) The statement brought a “potential to disrupt the
efficiency and effectiveness of [the Department‟s] operations,” Love, 946 N.E.2d at 10,
and after it was disseminated in the media, it caused public outcry and damaged the
relationship of the department with the African-American community and the general
public.
Messer argues the Department did not meet its burden to show its interests in
operational efficiency outweighed his First Amendment rights, as he “simply misspoke”
in a private place where he had “every expectation the conversation would not go
farther.” (Br. of Appellant at 8.) He distinguishes Heath, where the offending comments
were made in a public speech. In Dixon, our Indiana Supreme Court said “we think that
it is important to note that Dixon‟s statements were made off-duty, in a private
conversation. „A purely private statement on a matter of public concern will rarely, if
ever, justify discharge of a public employee.‟” 541 N.E.2d at 881 (quoting Rankin v.
McPherson 483 U.S. 378, 388 n.13 (1987), reh’g denied).
It does not appear, however, that Dixon‟s statements ever became public as did
Messer‟s. The Dixon court accordingly found the Department of Highways did not show
it was actually harmed by Dixon‟s statements. “The State has the burden of justifying the
discharge on legitimate grounds. . . . The State cannot base a discharge on possible bad
effects or potential harm. To justify its actions, it must make a stronger showing of harm
or disruption.” Id. at 881. While “the time, place and manner of the speech” is a factor
to be considered in the Pickering analysis, Greer, 212 F.3d at 371, we decline Messer‟s
11
invitation to find determinative an employee‟s subjective belief the public would never
become aware of his statement.
As there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Messer‟s statement had
the potential to disrupt the efficiency and effectiveness of the Department‟s operations,
Love, 946 N.E.2d at 10, we affirm the trial court.
Affirmed.
NAJAM, J., concurs.
BAKER, J., dissents with separate opinion.
12
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JACK MESSER, )
)
Appellant-petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 22A05-1104-MI-179
)
NEW ALBANY POLICE DEPARTMENT, )
)
Appellee-respondent. )
BAKER, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent and part ways with the majority‟s decision to affirm the trial
court‟s grant of summary judgment in favor of the New Albany Police Department
(Department) as to Messer‟s thirty-day suspension.
As the majority acknowledges, the court in Greer v. Amesqua, 212 F.3d 358, 371
(7th Cir. 2000), applied the rationale espoused in Pickering v. Board of Education, 391
U.S. 563 (1968), and determined that the government must provide sufficient evidence
that the employee‟s speech had the potential to disrupt or harm its operations had the
retaliatory action not been taken. Slip op. at 5-6.
The cases that the majority cites and discusses upholding disciplinary or
termination actions involved statements by the employees that were made public. See
City of Indianapolis v. Heath, 686 N.E.2d 940, 945 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that
13
discipline was warranted when the police officer, and leader of a militia group, was
addressing the public while dressed in a police uniform as a representative of the
Indianapolis Police Department and referred to Mayor Goldsmith as “Goldstein” while
commenting on the mayor‟s fiscal policies).
In light of the circumstances here, I cannot agree that the Department met its
burden of establishing that its interests in operational efficiency outweighed Officer
Messer‟s First Amendment rights. Moreover, I agree with Officer Messer‟s contention
that he had every expectation that his remarks would go no further. Unlike the
circumstances in Heath, Officer Messer made these comments during a private
conversation with the expectation that his comments would not be made public. Indeed,
the fact that the comment became public was because it was leaked to the public. Officer
Messer was speaking as a citizen about issues of public concern and when questioned by
other officers regarding the civil rights of blacks, Officer Messer consistently maintained
that he “misspoke,” admitted that his statement was “stupid,” and did not mean what he
actually said. Tr. p. 165.
In sum, I do not believe that the Department successfully established that Officer
Messer‟s comments had the potential to disrupt the efficiency and effectiveness of its
operations. As a result, it is my view that Officer Messer‟s comment was protected by
the First Amendment, and the trial court erred in granting the Department‟s motion for
summary judgment.
14