Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
Sep 10 2014, 9:08 am
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
LAWRENCE McCORMACK BRIAN L. OAKS
Kokomo, Indiana Kokomo, Indiana
LIBBY GOODKNIGHT
Krieg DeVault, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
KOKOMO BOARD OF ZONING )
APPEALS, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 34A02-1312-MI-01081
)
MARKLAND PROPERTIES, LLC )
THRUST INC. d/b/a TEASE BAR )
BRETT MORROW and DUSTIN OGLE, )
)
Appellees-Plaintiffs. )
APPEAL FROM THE HOWARD CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable William C. Menges, Jr., Special Judge
Cause No. 34C01-1301-MI-0037
September 10, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
MATHIAS, Judge
The Kokomo Board of Zoning Appeals (“the BZA”) appeals the Howard Circuit
Court’s order reversing the BZA’s decision that Markland Properties, LLC, Thrust Inc.
d/b/a Tease Bar, Brett Morrow and Dustin Ogle (collectively “Tease Bar”) increased the
floor area of the business beyond the ten percent expansion allowed under Kokomo’s
Zoning Ordinance, and therefore, Tease Bar could no longer operate its sexually oriented
adult entertainment business as a legal-nonconforming use.1
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
Tease Bar (formerly known as the Body Shop) is located at 107 East Markland
Avenue in Kokomo, Indiana. Since the early 1990s, the owners of the building have
operated a bar on the premises, and the owners added adult entertainment, i.e. exotic
dancing, on some date prior to the 2002 passage of an amendment to Kokomo’s Zoning
Ordinance that limited the location of sexually oriented entertainment businesses within
the City of Kokomo. Therefore, the Tease Bar continued its operation as a legal-
nonconforming use under Kokomo’s zoning ordinance.2
Tease Bar is located in a building that had two retail spaces on the ground floor.
Tease Bar occupied the larger of the two spaces and, from time to time, various
businesses operated out of the second retail space. Originally, there were also apartments
1
We conclude that this issue is dispositive and therefore we do not address whether the trial court’s
consideration of the constitutionality of the Zoning Ordinance was beyond the scope of the trial court’s
judicial review because the issue was not raised in the proceedings before the BZA.
2
Specifically, the Section 6.58(B) of Kokomo’s Zoning Ordinance prohibits sexually oriented
entertainment businesses from being located within 1000 feet of a school, church, or similar place of
worship and within 1000 feet of the right of way of any state or federal highway. Tease Bar is located
within 1000 feet of a state highway and two churches. Ex. Vol., Respondent’s Ex. B.
2
on the second floor of the building. Markland Properties purchased the building in 2012
on contract from Ronald and Isabella Johnson (“the Johnsons”). Markland Properties
then began to renovate the property. During the renovations, Markland Properties
removed the wall that previously separated Tease Bar from the second retail space.
Markland Properties desired to enlarge Tease Bar to utilize the entire ground floor of the
building. Tease Bar’s square footage was allegedly enlarged by approximately 19%.
On November 13, 2012, Tease Bar received a “cease and desist” letter from Greg
Sheline, the director of the Kokomo Plan Commission, which states:
When you applied for your certificate of occupancy, the City of Kokomo
Department of Inspections informed the Kokomo Plan Commission that
your property had been expanded during a recent renovation. The total
square footage of the property increased from approximately 5092 sq. ft. to
approximately 6062 sq. ft., which is an expansion over nineteen percent
(19%). The zoning ordinance prohibits an expansion or enlargement of an
existing structure that is [] a Legal-Nonconforming Use unless the
expansion does not exceed ten percent (10%) of the existing floor area. As
your expansion increased the floor area of the structure by more than the
ten percent (10%) threshold, your property is no longer considered a Legal-
Nonconforming use as a Sexually Oriented Entertainment Business.
Therefore you may not operate a Sexually Oriented Entertainment Business
on the property.
Appellant’s App. p. 113.
Section 8.5 of the Kokomo Zoning Ordinance provides in relevant part:
Any continuous, lawful use of structures, land, or structures and land in
combination established prior to the effective date of this Zoning Ordinance
or it subsequent amendments that is no longer a permitted use in the district
where it is located shall be deemed a Legal-Nonconforming Use. A Legal-
Nonconforming use may continue provided that it remains otherwise lawful,
subject to the following conditions:
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A. No existing structure devoted to a Legal-Nonconforming use shall be
enlarged, expanded, increased, extended, constructed, reconstructed, moved,
or structurally altered unless it:
a. Complies with section 8.5D for limited and small expansions, . . .
***
C. Any Legal-Nonconforming use of a structure may be extended
throughout any parts of a building which were plainly arranged or designed
for such use at the effective date of this Zoning Ordinance or its subsequent
amendments, but no such use shall be extended to occupy any land outside
the building.
D. In the case of a Legal-Nonconforming use of structure, the structure may
be expanded two times only. Each of the two expansions may not exceed
10% of the existing floor area. The expansion shall conform to all
applicable development standards except for landscaping, unless a variance
of developmental standards is received from the Board of Zoning
Appeals. . . .
Appellant’s App. p. 90. The Zoning Ordinance defines the term “structure” as:
“[a]nything constructed or erected which requires location on the ground or attachment to
something having a location on the ground, including but not limited to buildings, sheds,
detached garages, mobile homes, manufactured homes, above-ground storage tanks,
freestanding signs and other similar items.” Id. at 92.
Tease Bar appealed Plan Commissioner Sheline’s cease and desist order to the
BZA. After a hearing was held on December 13, 2012, the BZA upheld Sheline’s
decision that Tease Bar lost its legal-nonconforming use status because it expanded the
square footage of its business beyond the 10% maximum allowed in the Kokomo Zoning
Ordinance. Specifically, the BZA determined that:
The expansion of the East Section[3] into the West Section enlarged the
former legal-nonconforming use from approximately 5,092 square feet to
approximately 6,062 square feet. This reconstruction resulted in a one-time
3
The East Section refers to the Tease Bar’s original location in the building and the West Section refers
to the other ground floor retail space, which was occupied by various businesses through the years.
4
expansion of at least nineteen percent (19%). As the Kokomo Zoning
Ordinance only permits an expansion of ten percent (10%) at one time, the
petitioner exceeded the limits on the previous legal-nonconforming use
enjoyed by the previous sexually oriented entertainment business. The
expansion extinguished the prior legal-nonconforming status, therefore
making the current sexually oriented entertainment establishment located at
107 E. Markland Ave. a nonconforming use and subject to all the penalties
provided in the Kokomo Zoning Ordinance.
Ex. Vol., Respondent’s Ex. B. Thereafter, Tease Bar filed a Verified Petition for Judicial
Review of the BZA’s ruling.
A hearing was held on Tease Bar’s petition on July 23, 2013. The trial court
issued its findings of fact and conclusions thereon on December 3, 2013, in which the
court granted Tease Bar’s petition for Judicial Review after concluding that Tease Bar
did not lose its status as a legal-nonconforming use. Specifically, the court found:
The BZA relied upon the contention that the Petitioners expanded
the structure in excess of the ten percent (10%) allowance, to support their
determination that the Petitioners thus lost their previous legal non-
conforming use. It is clear, within the plain reading of Ordinances 6279
and 6613, that there was no evidence introduced to support the contention
that the structure was enlarged, expanded, increased, or extended. While
there was evidence that the legal non-conforming use was extended through
the existing structure, there was no evidence, nor did the Director contend
or notify the Petitioners that he considered the expansion was through part
of the building not plainly arranged or designed for such use. Thus, it
would appear, that the expansion of the square footage devoted to use by
the bar, was explicitly permitted under the terms of the existing ordinance.
Therefore, the BZA’s determination that the increased use of the existing
structure was not supported by sufficient evidence, and was thus, arbitrary,
capricious and not supported by law The determination should be reversed.
Even if a tortured reading of the ordinances would support the
BZA’s findings, there are still serious problems with their final
determination. The Court is not considering the constitutionality of the
restrictions placed [on] sexually oriented entertainment businesses within
the City of Kokomo; it is assuming that the ordinance is proper, valid and
necessary. The constitutional protections still exist when applied to the
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termination of the Petitioners’ legal non-conforming use. It is assumed, for
the purposes of this discussion that sexually oriented entertainment
businesses create or cause areas to deteriorate and become a focus of
undesirable activities, including, prostitution, sexual assault, and associated
crimes. And, it is further assumed that allowing existing businesses to
expand, in the aggregate, in excess of twenty percent (20%), creates the
same legitimate concern to be regulated by government. Careful
examination must still be made, however, of the importance of the
governmental interests advanced and the extent to which they are served by
the challenged regulation. There is no question of the importance of the
governmental interests advanced under these assumptions. But, regardless
of those interests, and their importance, the Court can see no way they are
advanced by allowing existing businesses two expansions not to exceed ten
percent (10%) each, without temporal (or any other) limitation to the
expansions, other than their gross aggregate amount. By enacting an
ordinance that allows an expansion of a total of twenty percent (20%) of the
existing use, the City was implicitly finding that such an expansion would
not advance the governmental interests. Under the terms of the ordinance,
as argued by the BZA, the Petitioners would have been permitted to expand
their non-conforming use by ten percent (10%) one day, and by another ten
percent (10%) the next. How allowing this, but prohibiting a single
expansion of twenty percent (20%) would serve to advance any
governmental interest is incomprehensible. Therefore, even if the BZA’s
determination was supported by any credible evidence, it is still contrary to
law, and must be reversed.
Appellant’s App. pp. 16-17 (emphasis in original). The BZA now appeals the trial
court’s determination that under Kokomo’s Zoning Ordinance, Tease Bar may continue
to operate its sexually oriented entertainment business as a legal-nonconforming use.
Standard of Review
The trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions thereon pursuant to Indiana
Trial Rule 52(A). Our standard of review is well-settled:
First, we must determine whether the evidence supports the trial court’s
findings of fact. Second, we must determine whether those findings of fact
support the trial court’s conclusions of law. We will set aside the findings
only if they are clearly erroneous. Findings are clearly erroneous only when
the record contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference.
6
A judgment is clearly erroneous if it applies the wrong legal standard to
properly found facts.
In applying this standard, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Rather, we consider the evidence that supports
the judgment and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. To
make a determination that a finding or conclusion is clearly erroneous, our
review of the evidence must leave us with the firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.
Hartley v. Hartley, 862 N.E.2d 274, 281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Gregg v. Cooper,
812 N.E.2d 210, 214-15 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied).
We also observe that the trial court reversed the BZA’s decision after concluding
that it was not supported by sufficient evidence, and was therefore, arbitrary, capricious
and not supported by law. When we review a decision of a zoning board, both the trial
court and this Court are bound by the same standard. Midwest Minerals, Inc. v. Board of
Zoning Appeals, 880 N.E.2d 1264, 1268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. We
presume the determination of the board, an administrative agency with expertise in
zoning matters, is correct. Id. We will reverse only if the board’s decision is arbitrary,
capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Id.
Discussion and Decision
The BZA concedes that, prior to the expansion, Tease Bar’s use of the property to
provide adult entertainment was a legal-nonconforming use under Kokomo’s Zoning
Ordinance. Zoning ordinances are tools used to restrict the use of real property. See
Benjamin Crossing Homeowners’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Heide, 961 N.E.2d 35, 40-41 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2012). However,
7
a zoning ordinance is subject to vested rights in the property of persons
acquired prior to the enactment of a zoning restriction. Such ordinances
ordinarily may not be applied retroactively so as to disturb existing uses of
the property. Moreover, the use of land or buildings may be protected from
existing zoning restrictions if the use is one which existed and was lawful
when the restrictions became effective and which continued to exist since
that time.
Rollett Family Farms, LLC v. Area Plan Com’n of Evansville-Vanderburgh County, 994
N.E.2d 734, 740 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting Town of Avon v. Harvile, 718 N.E.2d
1194, 1198-99 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied).
Moreover, we observe that the interpretation of a zoning ordinance is a question of
law that is reviewed de novo. Story Bed & Breakfast LLP v. Brown Cnty. Area Plan
Comm’n, 819 N.E.2d 55, 65 (Ind. 2004). The ordinary rules of statutory construction
apply in interpreting the language of a zoning ordinance. Id. Words are to be given their
plain, ordinary, and usual meaning, unless a contrary purpose is shown by the statute or
ordinance itself. Hall Drive Ins. Inc. v. City of Fort Wayne, 773 N.E.2d 255, 257 (Ind.
2002). Where possible, every word must be given effect and meaning, and no part is to
be held meaningless if it can be reconciled with the rest of the ordinance. Id.
Furthermore, zoning regulations that inhibit the use of real property are in derogation of
the common law and are strictly construed. Flying J., Inc. v. City of New Haven Bd. of
Zoning Appeals, 855 N.E.2d 1035, 1039 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. The courts
construe a zoning ordinance to favor the free use of land and will not extend restrictions
by implication. Id.
The dispute in this case centers around Section 8.5 of the Kokomo Zoning
Ordinance, which states that “[n]o existing structure devoted to a Legal-Nonconforming
8
use shall be enlarged, expanded, increased, extended, constructed, reconstructed, moved
or structurally altered unless it . . . [c]omplies with section 8.5(D) for limited and small
expansions[.]” Appellant’s App. p. 90. Section 8.5(D) provides:
In the case of a Legal-Nonconforming use of structure, the structure may be
expanded two times only. Each of the two expansions may not exceed 10%
of the existing floor area. The expansion shall conform to all applicable
development standards except for landscaping, unless a variance of
developmental standards is received from the Board of Zoning Appeals. If
the structure is a commercial or industrial use in a residential district, the
Planning Director shall assign appropriate parking, landscaping and other
common development standards for such uses.
Id.
The Kokomo Zoning Ordinance defines the term “structure” as: “[a]nything
constructed or erected which requires location on the ground or attachment to something
having a location on the ground, including but not limited to buildings, sheds, detached
garages, mobile homes, manufactured homes, above-ground storage tanks, freestanding
signs and other similar items.” Appellant’s App. p. 92. The Zoning Ordinance also
defines the term “floor area” to include “[t]he sum of all horizontal surface areas of all
floors of all roofed portions of a building enclosed by and within the surrounding exterior
walls or roofs, or to the center line(s) of party walls separating such buildings or portions
thereof. Floor area of a building shall exclude exterior open balconies and open porches.”
Id. at 91.
The trial court concluded that there was no evidence to support the BZA’s
determination that Tease Bar’s structure was “enlarged, expanded, increased, or
extended.” Id. at 16. We agree.
9
Strictly construing the plain language of Section 8.5(D) and the Ordinance’s
definitions of the terms “structure” and “floor area” leads us to conclude that Kokomo’s
Zoning Ordinance limits expansion of the existing building, not separate, walled spaces
within the same building. Section 8.5(D) limits expansion of a structure to 10% of the
existing “floor area”, which the Ordinance defines as the “sum of all horizontal surface
areas of all floors” within the exterior walls of a building. By its own terms, Section
8.5(D) does not limit expansion of square footage of the non-conforming use within the
existing structure, it limits expansion of the “structure,” a specifically defined term in the
Ordinance.
The BZA attempts to circumvent the plain language of Section 8.5(D) and its
accompanying definitions by arguing that when Section 8.5(D) is read in conjunction
with 8.5(C), it is clear that the City of Kokomo intended that a legal-nonconforming use
located in one section of a building cannot be expanded more than 10% within that
building. See Appellant’s Br. at 19. Section 8.5(C) states:
Any Legal-Nonconforming use of a structure may be extended throughout
any parts of a building which were plainly arranged or designed for such
use at the effective date of this Zoning Ordinance or its subsequent
amendments, but no such use shall be extended to occupy any land outside
the building.
Appellant’s App. p. 90.
When Section 8.5(C) is considered within the context of the Zoning Ordinance, we
conclude that the City desired to make certain that the 10% expansion allowed for legal-
nonconforming uses in Section 8.5(D) is confined to the interior of an existing building.
10
Neither party asserts that Tease Bar expanded its operation to any land outside of the
building.
There is no question that by removing an interior wall, Tease Bar’s square footage
increased and it now occupies the entire ground floor of the building. But the increase in
square footage of the non-conforming use did not expand the existing “structure” or
“floor area” as those terms are defined in the Ordinance. For all of these reasons, we
agree with the trial court that there was “no evidence introduced to support the contention
that the structure was enlarged, expanded, increased, or extended.” See Appellant’s App.
p. 16 (emphasis in original). For this reason the BZA’s decision was arbitrary and an
abuse of discretion. We therefore affirm the trial court in all respects.
Affirmed.
RILEY, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
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