Marriage of Bell CA4/1

Filed 9/10/14 Marriage of Bell CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re the Marriage of CATHERINE BELL
and JON D. BELL.
D064293
CATHERINE BELL,

Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. D525101)

v.

JON D. BELL,

Respondent.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, David M.

Rubin, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Office of Katherine Winn and Katherine Winn for Appellant.

Jon Bell, in pro. per., for Respondent.

In this appeal following dissolution proceedings, Catherine Bell challenges an

award of $70,000 in sanctions to her former husband, Jon Bell, under Family Code
section 271.1 Catherine argues there is insufficient evidence to support that she engaged

in sanctionable conduct. She also asserts the court erred because the award sanctioned

her in a duplicative manner; the court did not consider the conduct of both parties; and

the court failed to properly consider the financial burden placed on her. We reject these

contentions and affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

The dissolution proceedings before the trial court commenced in September 2010

and involved protracted, highly contentious litigation. The parties were married for 16

years and had two children, a daughter and a son, who at the time of the dissolution

petition were ages 12 and eight. Numerous experts were retained to address the parties'

disputes over child custody and division of community assets, including a court-

appointed child custody evaluator, a family court services counselor, a parenting

coordinator, a reunification therapist and other individual therapists, and a court-

appointed special master for the financial and property issues.

Jon was represented by the same attorney throughout the proceedings. Catherine

was represented by an attorney when she filed the dissolution petition; about three weeks

later she hired a different attorney who represented her for one year; she thereafter

represented herself throughout the custody and property trials; and she then retained a

third attorney to represent her at posttrial proceedings. The custody issues were litigated

in April 2012; the property issues were litigated in May 2012; and additional posttrial

1 Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the Family Code.
2
proceedings occurred in August 2012 and thereafter. Before and after the trial portions of

the proceedings, the parties filed numerous motions and repeatedly appeared before the

court to address a wide variety of disputes, related to such matters as vocational and

psychological evaluations, judge disqualification, discovery, protective orders, child and

spousal support, child custody and visitation, trial bifurcation, and attorney fees and

sanctions.

Two judges presided over the proceedings; Judge Robert Longstreth ruled on

many of the pretrial motions, and Judge David Rubin presided over the case through trial

and posttrial proceedings. By June 2012, Jon reported that he had spent $217,126.08 on

attorney fees, and he requested that Catherine pay him $112,500 of this amount. In

support, Jon relied on the family law need-based statute (§ 2030), the family law

sanctions statute (§ 271), and a Code of Civil Procedure sanctions statute for discovery

violations.

In its written statement of decision filed on December 17, 2012, the court denied

Jon's request for need-based attorney fees, but awarded him $70,000 in sanctions under

section 271. The court found that considering Catherine's actions as a whole, she had

"frustrated efforts to minimize litigation"; used an "unnecessarily aggressive approach to

the case thwarting the reduction of litigation and possibility of settlement"; and

"unjustifiably and unnecessarily lengthened" the court proceedings. The court stated her

actions "violate[d] the public policy of encouraging early settlement" and admonished her

that "[v]igorous pursuit of the legal objective is encouraged; wasteful, time consuming

and frivolous tactics are discouraged."

3
 To support its conclusion that sanctions were warranted, the court focused on

several different actions taken by Catherine during the litigation, including her (1)

withdrawal of over $75,000 in community funds the same day she filed the dissolution

petition; (2) frivolous objections to Jon's interrogatories; (3) refusal to cooperate with

admission of a report prepared by the court-appointed custody expert; (4) failure to give

requested documents to the court-appointed special master, disclose a 401K account to

the special master, and pay her share of fees owed to the special master and court-

appointed custody expert for their trial testimony; (5) inappropriate interference with the

real property appraiser during his inspection of the community residence; and (6) arrival

at the property trial two hours late and waiting until her arrival to submit her voluminous

trial brief and exhibits.

The record reflects that the trial court gave both parties a full opportunity to

present their cases and was particularly patient and accommodating to Catherine when

she was representing herself. During the lengthy proceedings, the trial court had the

opportunity to observe and assess the overall nature of Catherine's conduct and to

determine whether she was improperly protracting the litigation by unreasonably refusing

to cooperate. On appeal, we draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the judgment

below, and it is not our role to second-guess a sanctions award that is supported by the

record. (See In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 964, 995.) As

we shall explain, the record supports the court's conclusion that Catherine's actions went

beyond vigorous representation and fell into the category of unreasonable and

4
uncooperative conduct that thwarts the policy of expeditious adjudication and promotion

of settlement.

DISCUSSION

I. Law Governing Section 271 Sanctions

Section 271 authorizes the trial court to award attorney fees and costs as sanctions

based "on the extent to which the conduct of each party or attorney furthers or frustrates

the policy of the law to promote settlement of litigation and, where possible, to reduce the

cost of litigation by encouraging cooperation between the parties and attorneys." (§ 271,

subd. (a).) Sanctions may be appropriate if a party takes an unreasonable position or

engages in uncooperative conduct that frustrates settlement and increases litigation costs.

(In re Marriage of Fong (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 278, 290; In re Marriage of Quay

(1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 961, 970.)

In deciding the issue of section 271 sanctions, the trial court is required to consider

the parties' financial situations and should not order a sanction that would impose an

unreasonable financial burden on a party. (§ 271, subd. (a).) However, section 271 is not

a need-based statute and the party requesting sanctions "is not required to demonstrate

any financial need for the award." (Ibid.; In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke, supra, 203

Cal.App.4th at p. 990.) Further, there is no requirement of " 'a correlation between the

sanctioned conduct and specific attorney fees . . . .' " (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke,

supra, at p. 990.) The trial court's broad discretion to award sanctions is premised on the

recognition that in marital dissolution cases cooperation between the parties is of

paramount importance. (In re Marriage of Norton (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 53, 58.)

5
"Because of the complex and sensitive nature of marriage dissolution proceedings, it is in

the best interests of both parties to resolve all issues expediently and congenially: 'The

public policy of California strongly favors settlement as the primary means of resolving

legal disputes. This is especially true in marital dissolution litigation where it is so

clearly in the financial and emotional interests of the parties, especially where they have

children, to reach an expeditious and final resolution of their dispute.' " (Ibid.)

On appeal, we review a sanctions order for abuse of discretion, and apply a

substantial evidence standard of review to any findings of fact. (In re Marriage of

Falcone & Fyke, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 995.) The order will be overturned " 'only

if, considering all of the evidence viewed most favorably in its support and indulging all

reasonable inferences in its favor, no judge could reasonably make the order.' " (Ibid.)

II. Sufficiency of Evidence To Show Sanctionable Conduct

To evaluate Catherine's claim that the record does not support that she engaged in

sanctionable conduct, we consider the various areas of conduct identified by the trial

court in its written statement of decision.

A. Withdrawal of Community Funds

On the date Catherine filed the dissolution petition in September 2010, she

withdrew over $75,000 from the community assets. In an October 2010 ex parte motion,

Jon requested that she be ordered to return half of the money to him, stating she had

"cleaned out" their accounts and used some of the funds to buy a new car with cash. In

response, Catherine stated Jon had stopped depositing his earnings in their joint account,

and she used the funds to buy the car as planned by the parties, and to pay her attorney,

6
the custody mediator, various community debts, and living expenses since she was a stay-

at-home mother and Jon was the primary wage earner. At a hearing in November 2010,

the court ruled the question of the return of community cash would be an issue for trial if

not resolved earlier. In its written decision after trial, the court stated that Catherine's

withdrawal of the cash was in violation of the automatic temporary restraining orders

governing community assets and/or unreasonable behavior that added to the

contentiousness of the case, created more litigation, and "consumed more time from the

court and special master than was defensible or warranted."

Challenging this finding on appeal, Catherine argues her conduct was not

unreasonable because the parties had planned to purchase the car prior to separation, and

she used the funds to support the family until child and spousal support orders were in

effect. Further, she asserts citation of this factor reflects a duplicative award of sanctions

because she was charged for the money she withdrew when the community assets were

divided. The record shows that child and spousal support orders were entered in

November 2010, at the same hearing where the court ruled the issue of the return of the

cash would be deferred to trial. Even though as of November 2010 Catherine had a

means of supporting the family, she continued to dispute Jon's claim regarding her

withdrawal of the community funds, thereby requiring this issue to be addressed by the

special master in her May 2012 report and resolved by the court at the ensuing property

trial. Even though the court included Catherine's withdrawal of the money when it ruled

on the division of assets, it could reasonably conclude her withdrawal of such a large

amount of money and her refusal to acknowledge Jon's right to a portion of these

7
community funds was uncooperative conduct that increased litigation costs and frustrated

resolution of the case.

B. Frivolous Objections to Interrogatories

During pretrial discovery, Jon served interrogatories on Catherine requesting

details concerning her expenses for maintaining the family residence and for her personal

support. In her responses, Catherine (who at the time was represented by counsel) failed

to provide the requested information, and instead listed a variety of objections (such as

unintelligible, ambiguous, vague, compound, undue harassment); stated some of the

expenses varied from month to month; and claimed she had insufficient time to review

her documents and provide the precise requested information. Thereafter, the parties

exchanged correspondence in which Catherine promised to provide the information by a

particular date and also agreed to several extensions of the statutory deadline for Jon to

file a motion to compel discovery. After Catherine missed the agreed-upon date for

providing the information and several more weeks had passed, Jon filed a motion to

compel. Even though she had missed the agreed-upon response date and no new

response date had been selected, Catherine complained that Jon should not have filed the

motion to compel because the extended statutory deadline for the motion was not set to

expire for 10 more days. Prior to the hearing on the motion to compel, Catherine

provided responses to the interrogatories that were satisfactory to Jon.

At the hearing on the motion to compel, the court (Judge Longstreth) deemed the

motion moot because Catherine had complied with the discovery. In his motion to

compel Jon had requested $8,828.50 in sanctions based on the fees and costs incurred in

8
filing the motion, and the court deferred this issue for trial. However, in its oral

statements at the motion to compel hearing, the court stated its view that Catherine's

objections to the interrogatories were frivolous. Further, the court stated that since

Catherine missed the agreed-upon date for responses and no new response date had been

set, Catherine could not reasonably expect Jon to wait to file a motion to compel until the

arrival of the extended statutory deadline for filing the motion.2

In its written ruling after trial, the court (Judge Rubin) awarded $5,000 in

sanctions for Catherine's noncompliance with discovery. The court noted Judge

Longstreth's finding that the objections were frivolous, and stated Catherine's

"unwarranted responses to legitimate queries necessitated lengthy preparation for a meet

and confer" which did not occur, and although Catherine ultimately complied with the

discovery and made the motion to compel moot, Jon's counsel had to expend many

unnecessary hours working on the issue.

When awarding the $70,000 in sanctions under section 271, the court cited

Catherine's conduct during discovery as supporting its conclusion that overall her conduct

warranted sanctions, stating: "As noted above, [Catherine's] approach to discovery

caused thousands of dollars in delays and unnecessarily hampered efficient court

administration." At a later proceeding addressing the parties' objections to its tentative

2 The actual reporter's transcript of the hearing on the motion to compel is not
included in the appellate record; our summation of its contents is derived from quotes in
Jon's pleadings.
9
written statement of decision, the court emphasized that the $5,000 discovery sanction

was meant to be distinct from the overall $70,000 sanction.

On appeal, Catherine does not assert the $5,000 discovery sanction was

unsupported; however, she contends the $70,000 sanction award included a duplicative

amount based on the $5,000 discovery sanction. We reject this contention. The court

merely cited Catherine's discovery conduct as one factor, among many, that showed her

uncooperative actions that protracted the litigation, and made clear the discovery sanction

was separate from the $70,000 sanction. As we shall discuss below, Catherine has not

shown the $70,000 amount of the award was an abuse of discretion.

C. Refusal To Cooperate with Admission of Report

From Court-Appointed Custody Expert

Shortly after their separation, the parties stipulated to the use of a private mediator

(Dr. Stephen Doyne) to assist them in resolving their child custody issues. The parties

agreed that if they did not resolve their dispute, Dr. Doyne would provide the court with a

recommendation; his written report would be received into evidence without further

foundation; and this agreement did not preclude either party from calling Dr. Doyne for

cross-examination. Thereafter, the parties reported the mediation was unsuccessful, and

they stipulated that Dr. Doyne would act as a court-appointed child custody evaluator.

The stipulation stated the parties would not challenge Dr. Doyne's credentials "when his

report and recommendations are submitted to the Court."

Dr. Doyne completed his custody evaluation in April 2011. In his written report,

Dr. Doyne recommended joint legal custody and shared physical custody of both

10
children; appointment of a parent coordinator to assist with scheduling and conflict

resolution; appointment of a reunification therapist to assist with issues between Jon and

the children; and commencement or continuation of therapy for the parties and the

children. Dr. Doyne recommended that in therapy, Catherine should work on boundary

issues so she could put " 'a firewall between her feelings about her ex-husband and the

children, especially [the daughter],' " and on limit setting and supporting the father's

relationship with the children. Jon should work on his mood changes, frustrations

working with Catherine, and issues related to discipline and alcohol consumption.

Further, Dr. Doyne recommended that the parent coordinator be authorized to make

changes in the custody arrangements if Catherine continued to " 'involve the children in

her issues to such an extent that the children's relationship with the father is impeded' " or

if Jon should " 'drink to excess when the children are around him or use inappropriate

discipline . . . .' "3

After Dr. Doyne provided his April 2011 report to the parties, Catherine filed

several pleadings in which she expressed her opposition to the use of the report in the

proceedings. In pleadings filed in August 2011, Catherine stated that although she had no

significant objections to Dr. Doyne's recommendations, his report included factual

misrepresentations, incomplete evaluations of the children, and incorrect insinuations

about her. In March 2012 (shortly before the commencement of the custody trial),

Catherine reiterated her complaints about Dr. Doyne's report, and stated his report was

3 Dr. Doyne's report is not included in the appellate record, and our references to its
contents are derived from Jon's pleadings.
11
stale because it had been compiled a year earlier; there was no reason to have Dr. Doyne

involved in the case since he had nothing of value to offer; and family court services had

prepared a more recent and accurate report. Jon, meanwhile, was aware of Catherine's

position that Dr. Doyne's report was stale, and accordingly sought to have Dr. Doyne

update his report by contacting the parties and various evaluators who had met with the

children after his evaluation. Because Catherine opposed any further services by Dr.

Doyne, Jon obtained an ex parte order stating that Dr. Doyne, as the court-appointed

custody expert, was authorized to perform whatever work he deemed necessary to update

his custody evaluation, including meeting with the parties and communicating with other

persons, although the parties were not required to meet with him.

In her April 2012 trial brief, Catherine again set forth her complaints about

inaccuracies in Dr. Doyne's report and characterized it as "nothing more than a fictional

novel with little to do with what was going on in any reality." At the custody trial in

April 2012, Jon called Dr. Doyne to testify and Catherine cross-examined him. During

his testimony on direct examination, Dr. Doyne stated that his recommendations

essentially had not changed since his April 2011 report, except he raised the possibility

that the parties' daughter might need to be placed in an out-of-home therapeutic

environment to deal with her mental health issues and estrangement from her father that

Catherine may be exacerbating. Dr. Doyne emphasized, however, that he could not give

a full recommendation on this matter because he had updated information only from Jon;

Catherine had not spoken with him to update his report; and Catherine had refused to sign

12
releases so he could speak with the children's other evaluators although he had read their

reports.

On cross-examination, Catherine elicited testimony from Dr. Doyne

acknowledging that some of his information was not entirely accurate. During

Catherine's cross-examination of Dr. Doyne, the court suggested at several points that she

focus her questioning on any defects in Dr. Doyne's actual recommendations, and assured

her that notwithstanding Dr. Doyne's report, the court viewed her as a devoted mother

and it was not going to send her daughter to a residential care facility at this juncture.

The court also asked questions of Dr. Doyne to clarify some of the matters at issue,

particularly related to mental health concerns for the parties' daughter and the plans for

the daughter's phased visitation with Jon.

At the conclusion of the April trial when Jon moved to admit Dr. Doyne's report

into evidence, Catherine objected to its admission. The court admitted the report, with a

proviso noting that Catherine had pointed out discrepancies in the report.

In its written ruling awarding sanctions, the court stated Catherine "unreasonably

refused to cooperate with opposing counsel regarding Dr. Doyne's appearance . . . ." The

court stated that neither Jon nor Catherine were pleased with aspects of Dr. Doyne's

report, but Jon was prepared to stipulate to its admission whereas Catherine was not. The

court reasoned that Catherine's conduct would have been justifiable if Dr. Doyne's

testimony had been designed to yield new information, but nothing in his report was

undermined by Catherine and she did not elicit anything from him that was not in his

13
written findings. The court concluded that Catherine could have stipulated to admission

of the report, and then she and Jon could have argued its weight and merit to the court.

The record shows that immediately upon receipt of Dr. Doyne's report, Catherine

was adamantly opposed to its use in the proceedings. The court could reasonably

conclude this was an untenable position since Dr. Doyne had been appointed by the court

to evaluate the child custody issue and submit a report, and there was no justification for

Catherine's unrelenting efforts to prevent the report from being provided to the court.

Further, if Catherine had cooperated with Jon's efforts to have Dr. Doyne receive updated

information, Dr. Doyne could have spoken with both parties and the various other

evaluators to supplement his report before the custody trial. Although Catherine, of

course, retained her right to cross-examine Dr. Doyne and the court may well have

wanted to ask Dr. Doyne questions, Catherine's pretrial cooperation would have assured

that Dr. Doyne had all reasonably available information at his disposal, which could have

streamlined presentation of the custody materials to the court. Because Catherine

continued fighting use of Dr. Doyne's report and thwarted efforts to update it, Jon's

counsel had to obtain an ex parte order confirming that Dr. Doyne had the authority to

perform additional services to update his information and had to be prepared to question

Dr. Doyne in detail at the custody trial to ensure full presentation of the information in

the report. Although ultimately the court admitted the report over Catherine's objection,

the court could reasonably conclude that her opposition protracted the custody trial by

creating uncertainty, diminishing Dr. Doyne's access to relevant information, and

foreclosing the use of stipulations to facilitate resolution of the child custody issues.

14
 The record supports that Catherine unreasonably opposed admission of the report

from the court-appointed custody expert.

D. Failure To Give Requested Documents to Court-Appointed Special Master,

Nondisclosure of 401(k) Account to Special Master,

and Refusal To Pay Fees to Experts for Testimony

When awarding sanctions, the court found that Catherine "further complicated" the

litigation by refusing to pay her share of the special master's and custody expert's fees;

not providing the special master with requested documents; and failing to disclose to the

special master her $47,000 401(k) account.4 Regarding the failure to disclose the 401(k)

account, the court elaborated that this conduct further reflected Catherine's inability "to

recognize the importance of fully sharing information to assist the court and reduce the

amount of litigation necessary to bring this matter to a close."

In her May 2012 report submitted for the property trial, the court-appointed

special master stated she had not been provided with all the documents she had requested

so her task was not as complete as she would have preferred. The missing documents

included cash flow documents for Catherine's business (Isagenix International) and

documents to support several of Catherine's requests for reimbursement. The special

master also reported that although the parties were ordered to share her fees equally,

Catherine stated she would not pay her one-half share ($600) of the cost of the special

master's testimony because Catherine did not request that she testify. Similarly,

4 The court identified the undisclosed account as an IRA account, but according to
Catherine it is a 401(k) account.
15
Catherine maintained she should not have to pay her one-half share ($2,262.50) of the

cost of testimony from the court-appointed custody expert (Dr. Doyne) because she did

not request that he testify. In its written statement of decision, the court rejected

Catherine's claim in this regard, stating the special master provided important information

on issues disputed by Catherine and the custody expert had to testify because of

Catherine's refusal to stipulate to the admission of his report.

As to the undisclosed 401(k) account, in his trial brief Jon informed the court of

the existence of this account, provided a December 2009 statement for the account, and

noted the special master had not addressed it, apparently because Catherine had not

disclosed it to the special master. At trial, Catherine claimed she had not been receiving

e-mailed statements for this account because they had been sent to someone else's e-mail,

but after seeing the information in Jon's trial brief she contacted the financial institution

and obtained information about the account. On cross-examination of the special master,

Catherine elicited testimony that it appeared the account was primarily separate property,

and the court thereafter ruled the account was 10 percent community property and 90

percent separate property.

Catherine argues the failure to provide documents concerning her reimbursement

requests was already sanctioned because she did not obtain the requested

reimbursements; she legitimately declined to pay fees for expert testimony she did not

request; Jon knew about the 401(k) account; and the amounts at issue for these matters

were not significant. Notwithstanding these claims, the trial court could reasonably

consider this conduct as an additional indication of her failure to cooperate in a manner

16
that reduced litigation costs. The court could properly assess that her submittal of

reimbursement claims without providing supporting documentation improperly increased

the work of the special master and the court because the claims still had to be reviewed.

Further, the court could determine that her refusal to pay one-half of the fees for the

court-appointed experts' testimony was unwarranted given that these experts were

charged with providing information to the court and the parties had not stipulated that the

court could use their reports in lieu of their testimony. Finally, Catherine has not shown

the court erred in relying on her failure to tell the special master about her 401(k) account

as another example of her failure to cooperate. Given the totality of her conduct, the trial

court was entitled to deduce this nondisclosure reflected her indifference to the need to

make reasonable efforts to achieve an expedient resolution of the case.

E. Interference with Real Property Appraiser

To further support its sanctions decision, the court stated that Catherine engaged in

unacceptable conduct towards the appraiser who examined the family residence for

purposes of valuing this community asset. The court stated the appraiser testified that he

left the residence while he was conducting the inspection "because [Catherine] would not

leave him alone, walking right behind him as he tried to do his work." The court found

that Catherine's conduct in this regard demonstrated an attitude "inconsistent with trying

to resolve the case early."

When testifying at trial, the appraiser stated he received a lot of information from

Catherine regarding deferred maintenance at the property which he reviewed for purposes

of his valuation of the property. When Catherine asked him on cross-examination if he

17
was aware that the base of all the wooden fence posts were disintegrating, the appraiser

answered, "I didn't take notice of that because you were following so closely behind me, I

had to pay attention to what you were saying as well as make my observations and do my

job."

On appeal, Catherine argues the court's finding on this point is unsupported by the

appraiser's testimony. Although the appraiser did not testify that he left the property

because of Catherine's conduct, the trial court could reasonably deduce that Catherine

was following and talking to the appraiser in an overbearing and inappropriate manner

while he was trying to examine the property for appraisal purposes. That is, the appraiser

stated he failed to notice some deferred maintenance because of Catherine's presence,

which inferentially suggests she was not letting him perform his job properly. The court's

partial inaccuracy in its summation of the appraiser's testimony does not defeat its general

finding that her interaction with the appraiser was another example of her unreasonable

conduct that undermined expeditious and cooperative resolution of the case.

F. Late Arrival and Submittal of Documents at Property Trial

On the first day of the financial portion of the trial, Catherine arrived at court

about two hours late and handed the court "a 4-inch thick binder" of documents, which

apparently included her trial brief and 57 exhibits. Catherine told the court she was late

because her daughter was ill. Jon's counsel objected to admission of the materials

presented by Catherine because he had not had an opportunity to review them. The court

told Catherine that it was rarely speechless but it was "speechless today"; it understood

how difficult the process was without representation by counsel and it tried to "give pro

18
pers a lot of leeway" but she had gone "too far"; it had never had "400 pages, 500 pages

of documents dropped on [it] two hours late for the actual hearing and then expect [it] to

be up to speed" on the documents; and she could not treat the court or opposing counsel

like this. The court stated it would not review the documents, although Catherine was

free to use the documents to refresh witness recollection.

When awarding the sanctions, the court stated that notwithstanding Catherine's

explanation that her daughter was ill, her conduct of arriving two hours late and

presenting the voluminous documents was "inexcusable" and caused great inconvenience

to the court and Jon.

On appeal Catherine argues this factor is duplicative because the trial court already

sanctioned her for this conduct by refusing to review her trial brief and exhibits.5

Further, she contends sanctions were unwarranted for this conduct because it did not

delay the trial or increase the litigation costs to Jon. We are not persuaded. First, her

conduct made the court and Jon's counsel wait for two hours, which caused an

unnecessary increase in Jon's litigation costs and loss of court time. Second, the court

could properly conclude that her failure to submit her trial brief and documents before

trial hampered expeditious preparation and resolution of the case because Jon and the

5 The record shows that at the conclusion of the property trial the court did admit
some of Catherine's exhibits. Catherine claims that because of her late submission of
documents the trial court precluded her from raising at trial her request for fees and
sanctions, whereas Jon disputes that the court imposed this sanction. Catherine has not
cited to anything in the record reflecting a discussion of this specific matter with the
court, and accordingly we decline to consider it further. (See In re Marriage of Freeman
(1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1437, 1450-1451; Amato v. Mercury Casualty Co. (1993) 18
Cal.App.4th 1784, 1794-1795.)
19
court had no definitive guidance concerning what positions she would take during the

trial regarding the disputed issues. Although the court may have partially sanctioned her

by declining to review some of her documents and/or claims, the court did not err in

citing her tardiness and late presentation of documents as an additional factor supporting

sanctions.

III. Other Contentions of Error

As set forth above, the record supports that Catherine engaged in uncooperative

conduct that increased litigation costs and frustrated settlement, warranting an award of

section 271 sanctions. We are not persuaded by Catherine's claim that the court abused

its discretion because it did not consider Jon's conduct. While presiding over the lengthy

proceedings, the trial court had ample opportunity to observe Jon's actions, and absent an

affirmative showing to the contrary, we presume the court was cognizant of Jon's

litigation conduct and did not find it inappropriate. (See Evid. Code, § 664; In re

Marriage of Davenport (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1526 [presume court aware of law

and of evidence that may properly be considered].) In support of her contention,

Catherine sets forth various actions by Jon during the course of the litigation that she

perceives as uncooperative. We have reviewed the record, and none of Jon's actions

compel a finding that he was uncooperative. The fact that Catherine may have been

displeased with Jon's actions during the litigation does not show the court was required to

view his actions as unreasonable.

20
 Further, Catherine has not shown that the $70,000 sanctions award was an

unreasonable amount.6 At the time of Jon's sanctions request, he had incurred over

$217,000 in legal fees, and he requested that Catherine pay for $112,500 of these fees

under the need-based and sanctions statutes. Jon's counsel submitted detailed

declarations that set forth his hourly rate and the hourly rate of his support staff;

delineated the ever-increasing accrual of fees, including, in particular, after Catherine

began representing herself; and specified actions undertaken by Catherine that prolonged

the litigation. After presiding over the lengthy proceedings and considering the

information submitted by the parties, the trial court declined to award Jon fees under the

need-based statute but awarded him $70,000 under section 271. The record supports that

Catherine's uncooperative conduct commenced at the inception of the litigation when she

withdrew $75,000 in community funds, continued into discovery when she raised

frivolous objections to Jon's interrogatories, reached a high level of unreasonableness

when she relentlessly attempted to thwart admission of the report generated by the court-

appointed custody expert, and spread into a variety of other avenues that frustrated the

resolution of the disputed issues. Given the amount of fees incurred by Jon and the

6 In its tentative written decision, the court ordered $65,000 in sanctions under
section 271, but prior to its final written decision it increased these sanctions to $70,000.
At a hearing on the parties' objections to its tentative decision, the court explained it was
increasing the section 271 sanctions because it had erroneously been led to believe that
Catherine's status in propria persona meant she had no access to money other than what
she would receive through the division of the community assets, whereas it was now
apparent she did have funds at her disposal because she had again retained an attorney.
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pervasiveness of Catherine's uncooperative conduct, the trial court reasonably selected a

sanctions award of $70,000.

Finally, we are not persuaded by Catherine's contention that the court did not

properly consider the financial burden placed on her. She asserts the court did not

evaluate her financial circumstances or ability to pay $75,000 sanctions (i.e., $70,000

under section 271 and $5,000 discovery sanctions). The court made the sanctions award

at the same time as it resolved the disputed property issues and Jon's claim for need-based

attorney fees; thus, the court was well aware of Catherine's financial resources. In its

December 2012 ruling, the court stated Jon's monthly net income was $9,026, and

ordered monthly payments to Catherine of $1,400 in spousal support (reduced to $1,100

in January 2014) and $2,645 in child support. Further, the court noted Catherine was

receiving substantial assets from her share of the community property. The family's

mortgage-free residence was valued at $580,000 to $590,000, and the court ordered that

Catherine be reimbursed for her $34,925 separate property down payment for the

purchase of the home. Under the court's ruling, Catherine was allowed to live in the

residence with no payments for rent until the house was sold, at which time she would

pay the community an amount equal to $1,000 per month from her one-half share of the

sale proceeds. Given the court's awareness of the parties' financial circumstances and the

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sums Catherine would receive upon the sale of the family residence, she has not carried

her burden to show the court failed to properly consider the financial burden on her.7

A trial judge who presides over prolonged, highly contentious dissolution

proceedings is uniquely positioned to ascertain whether a party is refusing to cooperate

and engaging in conduct that exacerbates the parties' disputes and obstructs expedient

resolution of the case. The record supports the trial court's conclusion that sanctions were

warranted against Catherine, and as an appellate court we defer to this assessment.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Costs to respondent.

HALLER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

IRION, J.

7 The court made some adjustments to the support orders during additional hearings
held before entry of the final judgment in May 2013. These changes do not reflect that
the $70,000 sanctions would impose an undue burden on Catherine.
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