COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Alston, Decker and Senior Judge Coleman
UNPUBLISHED
ANGELA M. GREGORY
MEMORANDUM OPINION*
v. Record No. 0431-14-3 PER CURIAM
SEPTEMBER 16, 2014
PAMELA S. MARTIN
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PULASKI COUNTY
Colin R. Gibb, Judge
(R. Christopher Munique; Lacy, Campbell & Munique, P.C., on
brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
No brief for appellee.1
Angela Gregory (mother) is appealing an order that denied her visitation with her child
and granted the petition of Pamela Martin (aunt) for leave to file for adoption of the child.
Mother argues that the trial court erred by: (1) “failing to allow a de novo trial” and denying her
motion for visitation without allowing her to present all of her evidence at trial and granting the
aunt’s petition even though the aunt presented no evidence in support of her petition;
(2) violating mother’s due process rights by denying her motion for visitation without allowing
her to finish presenting her evidence; (3) violating mother’s due process rights by granting the
aunt’s petition for leave to proceed with proposed adoption without requiring the aunt to present
any evidence in support of her petition; (4) not following the first guardian ad litem’s (GAL)
recommendation “to grant [mother’s] Motion to Amend Visitation and deny [aunt’s] Petition for
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
R. Cord Hall, guardian ad litem for the minor child, submitted a letter stating that he
supported the appellee’s arguments made in the trial court.
Leave to Proceed with Proposed Adoption;” (5) allowing twenty-two months to pass between
trial dates; (6) making the following factual determinations because there was no evidence
presented at trial to substantiate the determinations: a) “Pamela S. Martin has been an integral
part of [the child’s] life since shortly after birth and has for several years provided her with a
suitable, loving, and stable home” and b) the child “considers her [the aunt] to be and refers to
her as her mother, is doing very well in school, and has had very little contact with her biological
mother;” and (7) ruling that mother’s consent to the adoption was being withheld contrary to the
child’s best interests because no evidence was presented with respect to the aunt’s petition for
leave to proceed with the proposed adoption. Upon reviewing the record and opening brief, we
reverse and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
BACKGROUND
The child was born in February 2005. She initially lived with mother; however, mother
lost her apartment in the spring of 2006, so the child went to live with the paternal grandparents.
Mother would visit the child at her parents’ house. Both mother and father had substance abuse
problems.
In 2009, mother was convicted of grand larceny, breaking and entering, and grand
larceny with the intent to sell. Mother was incarcerated from April 2009 until February 22,
2011. While incarcerated, mother took several classes and participated in the Therapeutic
Community Program.
On October 21, 2010, the Pulaski County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court
(the JDR court) awarded custody of the child to the aunt and held that mother would have no
visitation. In January 2011, the aunt filed a petition for consent to proposed adoption. The
child’s father gave his consent for the aunt, who is his sister, to adopt the child. In February
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2011, mother filed a motion to amend visitation. On May 9, 2011, the JDR court denied
mother’s motion for visitation and held that her consent to the adoption was withheld contrary to
the child’s best interests. The JDR court granted leave to the aunt to file for adoption. Mother
appealed the JDR court rulings.
On the morning of September 16, 2011, a hearing was held in the Pulaski County Circuit
Court before the Honorable Colin R. Gibb. The trial court stated that it would hear evidence
regarding mother’s motion to amend visitation first because the ruling in that matter could affect
the aunt’s petition for adoption. Mother started to present her case. Both of her parents testified,
and then mother testified. Mother testified that she was living with her parents, and she was
employed full time. She was cooperative with her probation officer and passed all of her drug
screens. During the cross-examination of mother, Judge Gibb stated that he needed to suspend
the hearing because he had to hear another case that afternoon in Montgomery County Circuit
Court. Mother had not completed her evidence. The trial court stated that mother “had been
incarcerated too long and that she had not had enough recent contact with [the child].” The court
further stated that mother, if she wished to do so, could finish presenting her case at another time.
The child’s GAL requested that the trial court grant mother visitation with the child on a trial
basis. The trial court denied the GAL’s request. The GAL then asked the court to consider
supervised visitation, but the trial court again denied the motion. Another hearing was not
scheduled.
On October 19, 2011, the aunt’s attorney sent a letter to the trial court to inquire about the
status of the case. The GAL followed up with a letter to the court and again asked that mother be
granted visitation with the child. The GAL also stated that a full hearing was necessary to
present all of the evidence. The aunt’s attorney responded to the GAL’s letter and stated that a
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full hearing was not necessary because the aunt would testify next and “it’s only going to get
worse for the mother.” The trial court did not respond to these letters.
On January 10, 2012, the aunt’s attorney again wrote the court to inquire about the status
of the case. On January 16, 2012, mother’s attorney wrote to the trial court and asked that it
follow the GAL’s suggestion regarding visitation or let them finish presenting their evidence.
On October 16, 2012, the trial court had a telephone conference with the lawyers. A new
GAL had to be appointed because the previous GAL was now an assistant Commonwealth’s
attorney. On November 29, 2012, the trial court entered an order appointing a new GAL for the
child.
On July 23, 2013, the parties, their counsel, and the GAL appeared before the trial court.
At the court’s request, the GAL offered his recommendations at the beginning of the hearing. He
stated that mother was doing well. She was employed and had passed all of her drug screens.
However, she had not seen the child in four years. Meanwhile, the child was doing well in the
aunt’s home and had bonded with her. The GAL recommended that the trial court allow the
adoption to move forward, as it was in the child’s best interests. Before hearing any additional
evidence, the trial court stated that despite mother’s progress, the child needed permanency. The
trial court found that it was in the child’s best interests to be adopted by the aunt. The court
further stated that it was going to deny mother’s motion for visitation, but it would allow mother
to take the stand and offer additional information. Mother testified that she was working full
time. She moved into a new home and expected to be released from probation soon due to her
good behavior. She asked the court to allow her to have visitation with her child. Her counsel
asked the court to follow the recommendations of the first GAL with respect to visitation. The
trial court denied mother’s request for visitation and granted the aunt’s petition for leave to
proceed with the adoption. This appeal followed, in which the parties waived oral argument.
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ANALYSIS
De Novo trial
Mother argues that the trial court erred by not conducting a de novo trial before it denied
her motion for visitation and granted the aunt’s petition regarding adoption. The trial
commenced on September 6, 2011. The judge suspended the hearing before mother could finish
presenting her evidence because he had to be in a circuit court in another county. The judge
would not grant the GAL’s request to allow mother to have visitation with the child because he
thought mother had been incarcerated too long and had not recently seen her child. Despite
requests from counsel, the next hearing was not scheduled until July 23, 2013, almost two years
later. The trial court heard from the GAL and announced its ruling prior to mother presenting all
of her evidence. The aunt presented no evidence with respect to her petition.
We hold that the trial court erred in denying mother’s motion for visitation and granting
the aunt’s petition without hearing all of the evidence.
“A party appealing to a circuit court has the right to a de novo trial on appeal from ‘any
final order or judgment of the juvenile court affecting the rights or interests of any person
coming within its jurisdiction.’” Alexander v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 404, 413, 658 S.E.2d 355,
359 (2008) (quoting Code § 16.1-296). “‘A de novo hearing means a trial anew, with the burden
of proof remaining upon the party with whom it rested in the juvenile court.’” Parish v.
Spaulding, 20 Va. App. 130, 132, 455 S.E.2d 728, 729 (1995) (quoting Box v. Talley, 1
Va. App. 289, 292, 338 S.E.2d 349, 351 (1986)). At a de novo hearing, “[t]he circuit court must
consider all relevant evidence, even if such evidence had not been considered by the juvenile
court.” Fairfax County Dep’t of Family Servs. v. D.N., 29 Va. App. 400, 406, 512 S.E.2d 830,
832 (1999) (citation omitted).
We have held that “[a] custody determination must be based on the
child’s best interests under the circumstances prevailing at the time
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of the decision.” Wilson v. Wilson, 12 Va. App. 1251, 1255, 408
S.E.2d 576, 579 (1991) (emphasis added). This holding applies
equally to an initial custody determination as well as to a trial de
novo. A trial court is required to consider any relevant evidence
developed prior to the hearing date that may impact on the child’s
best interests.
Parish, 20 Va. App. at 132-33, 455 S.E.2d at 729.
The circuit court did not conduct a de novo trial. Mother did not present all of her
evidence, and the aunt presented no evidence. Despite this lack of evidence, the trial court
concluded that mother had not had any recent contact with the child and she had been
incarcerated “too long.” The circuit court allowed twenty-two months to pass between the
hearings and did not hear any additional evidence from mother before announcing how it
intended to rule. Accordingly, the trial court erred by not conducting a de novo trial.
Due process rights
Mother claims her due process rights were violated when the trial court decided the case
without hearing all of mother’s evidence and no evidence from the aunt.
It is well established that when granting a petition for adoption over a birth parent’s
objection, there must be more than a finding that the adoption would promote the child’s best
interests. Malpass v. Morgan, 213 Va. 393, 397-99, 192 S.E.2d 794, 797-98 (1972). This is due
to the fact that
the relationship between a parent and child is constitutionally
protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978). “The
liberty interest at issue in this case — the interest of parents in the
care, custody, and control of their children — is perhaps the oldest
of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.”
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000).
Copeland v. Todd, 282 Va. 183, 198, 715 S.E.2d 11, 19 (2011).
“When, as here, the biological parent protests the adoption, the involuntary termination of
her parental rights makes these safeguards all the more critical.” Id. “Virginia’s statutory
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scheme for adoption, including Code §§ 63.2-1205 and -1208, defines the best interests of the
child in terms that require more expansive analysis than when the contest is between two
biological parents.” Id. at 199, 715 S.E.2d at 20.
Code §§ 63.2-1205 and -1208 include numerous factors that a trial court needs to
consider before determining whether an adoption is in the child’s best interests. These “adoption
statutes meet constitutional due process scrutiny because they encompass far more than mere
consideration of the child’s best interests as defined in cases involving a contest between natural
parents.” Copeland, 282 Va. at 200, 715 S.E.2d at 20.
In this case, the trial court did not hear any evidence and did not make any findings
regarding Code §§ 63.2-1205 and -1208. The court concluded that mother was withholding her
consent to the adoption contrary to the best interests of the child; however, no evidence was
presented in support of the adoption petition. Without any evidence, the trial court erred in
making such conclusions.
Furthermore, Code § 20-124.3 states that a trial court “shall consider” certain factors
enumerated in the code section prior to deciding visitation. There is no indication in the record
that the trial court considered any of the Code § 20-124.3 factors prior to denying mother’s
motion for visitation.
Therefore, the trial court denied mother’s due process rights by denying her motion for
visitation and granting the aunt’s petition for leave to file for adoption.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we reverse and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.2
Reversed and remanded.
2
Considering our holding that the trial court erred by not conducting a de novo hearing
and violating mother’s due process rights, the Court does not need to address the other
assignments of error. See Kilby v. Culpeper Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 55 Va. App. 106, 108
n.1, 684 S.E.2d 219, 220 n.1 (2009) (“an appellate court decides cases on the best and narrowest
ground available” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
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