N.K.S. Distributors, Inc.

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY

N.K.S. DISTRIBUTORS, INC. and )
ROBERT F. TIGANI, SR., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
WHEELER, WOLFENDEN & ) C.A. No. N11C-11-146-JRJ
DWARES, P.A., )
)
Defendant )
)
v. )
)
CHRISTOPHER J. TIGANI, MY PAL )
LLC, MY PAL #2 LLC, and WORLD )
CLASS WHOLESALE, INC., )
)
Third-Party Defendants. )
)

OPINION

Date Submitted: June 23, 2014
Date Decided: September 26, 2014

Upon Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial Summary Judgment:
DENIED.

Kevin William Gibson, Esquire, Gibson & Perkins P.C., 1326 King Street
Wilmington, DE 19899, Attorney for the Plaintiffs.

Thad J. Bracegirdle, Esquire, Wilks Lukoff & Bracegirdle LLC, 1300 N. Grant
Avenue, Suite 100, Wilmington, DE 19806, Attorney for Defendant-Third Party
Plaintiff Wheeler, Wolfenden & Dwares, P.A.

Jurden, J.
 I. INTRODUCTION

Before the Court is Plaintiffs’1 Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial

Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs filed suit against Defendant Wheeler, Wolfenden &

Dwares, P.A. (“WWD”), alleging that WWD committed professional malpractice

while performing auditing services for N.K.S. Distributors, Inc. (“N.K.S.”).

Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that WWD negligently failed to discover the

misappropriation of millions of dollars from N.K.S. by Christopher Tigani (“Chris

Tigani”) during the time he served as N.K.S.’s President and later Vice President.

WWD filed a Third-Party Complaint against Chris Tigani and his

companies, My Pal LLC, MY Pal #2 LLC, and World Class Wholesale, Inc.

(collectively “My Pal”), and raised the affirmative defense of in pari delicto

seeking contribution from Chris Tigani and My Pal. WWD maintains that

Plaintiffs’ claims are barred in whole or in part by the equitable doctrine of in pari

delicto because Chris Tigani’s improper acts are imputed to N.K.S. by virtue of his

former position as a corporate officer and minority shareholder, such that Plaintiffs

are precluded from recovery as a fellow guilty party.

1
N.K.S., Robert F. Tigani, Sr. (“Bob Tigani”), and Robert F. Tigani, Sr. as Trustee of The
Irrevocable Trust for the Benefit of Robert F. Tigani (collectively “Plaintiffs”).
2
 Plaintiffs ask the Court to strike WWD’s fourth affirmative defense raising

the doctrine of in pari delicto pursuant to Superior Court Civil Rule 12(f), or

alternatively, for partial summary judgment regarding this affirmative defense.

Plaintiffs argue that the affirmative defense of in pari delicto should be

stricken because: (1) the doctrine in the context of auditor malpractice is not

clearly settled in Delaware and is inapplicable in the present case; and (2) even if

the doctrine applies in an auditor malpractice case, Plaintiffs’ claims fall under the

“adverse interest exception” because Chris Tigani’s actions were purely self-

interested, in no way benefited N.K.S., and seriously damaged N.K.S..

Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue they are entitled to partial summary judgment on the

in pari delicto defense.

In response, WWD argues that Plaintiffs’ motion to strike is untimely

pursuant to Rule 12(f), and their request for summary judgment on the affirmative

defense of in pari delicto is premature. For the reasons that follow, Plaintiffs’

Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial Summary Judgment is DENIED.

II. FACTS

N.K.S. is a Delaware corporation which operates in the business of

wholesaling and distributing beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages.2 Bob

2
Complaint at ¶4 (“Compl.”) (Trans. ID. 40893763).
3
Tigani is N.K.S.’s Chairman and President.3 Prior to his removal for financial

mismanagement in April 2009, Chris Tigani exercised day-to-day operational

control of N.K.S. as President and later Vice President for Sales and Marketing. 4

WWD is an accounting firm with its principal place of business in

Delaware.5 From approximately January 1, 2005 until May 1, 2009, N.K.S.

retained the services of WWD to audit its financial records and prepare financial

statements for N.K.S.’s officers and directors.6 Plaintiffs allege that during this

time Chris Tigani “pilfered N.K.S.’s corporate accounts and lines of credit

exclusively for his own benefit . . . [n]early destroying the company built by his

grand-father and father. . . .” 7

On January 6, 2009, Plaintiffs removed Chris Tigani from the N.K.S. Board

of Directors. 8 Subsequently, on January 19, 2009, Plaintiffs reappointed Chris

Tigani as President.9 On March 12, 2009, Plaintiffs removed Chris Tigani as

3
Id.
4
Id. at ¶¶23–27.
5
Id. at ¶5.
6
Id. at ¶¶3, 129, 141.
7
Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial Summary Judgment at ¶3 (“Pl.’s Mot.”)
(Trans. ID 55431596). Plaintiffs allege that Chris Tigani used N.K.S. monies and credit to fund
his extravagant lifestyle, maintain multiple residences, purchase high-end clothing and
electronics, and charter private jets. Id. Plaintiffs also allege that through his own companies and
Third-Party Defendants My Pal, Chris Tigani illegally used N.K.S. funds and financing
improperly backed by N.K.S. assets to purchase the building and property which house N.K.S.’s
principal place of business, only to lease the property back to N.K.S. at an inflated price. Id.
8
Compl. at ¶24.
9
Id. at ¶25.
4
President and appointed him as N.K.S.’s Vice President of Sales and Marketing.10

Ultimately, on April 30, 2009, Plaintiffs removed Chris Tigani from all

employment positions with N.K.S.. 11

On May 1, 2009, having discovered some of Chris Tigani’s financial

mismanagement, N.K.S. terminated the services of WWD and shortly thereafter

hired Briggs, Bunting & Dougherty LLP (“BBD”) as N.K.S.’s outside auditor.12

According to Plaintiffs, they did not learn the full extent of Chris Tigani’s financial

mismanagement until after they hired BBD. 13

Plaintiffs allege that the BBD audit report (“BBD Audit”) and the expert

report of BBD’s Charles J. Bramley (“Bramley Report”) revealed that Chris

Tigani’s fraud “nearly destroyed N.K.S..” 14 According to Plaintiffs, the BBD

Audit revealed that N.K.S. was financially mismanaged while under Chris Tigani’s

management between 2005 and 2008. For example, as of December 31, 2008,

N.K.S. had a debt load of approximately $29,000,000.00, leaving it with no

available operating cash, and almost completely depleting all available lines of

credit.15 According to the Bramley Report, Chris Tigani converted $5,124,493.00

10
Id. at ¶26.
11
Id. at ¶27.
12
Id. at ¶¶129–130.
13
Id. at ¶¶131–133. BBD was specifically retained by N.K.S. to audit the statements of assets,
liabilities, and stockholders’ equity of N.K.S. and the related statements of revenues expenses,
retained earnings, and cash flows as of December 31, 2008. Id. at ¶131.
14
Id. at ¶133.
15
Id.
5
of N.K.S. funds to his own personal use.16 Additionally, Plaintiffs allege that, due

to Chris Tigani’s financial mismanagement and fraud, in March of 2009, N.K.S.

was forced into a Forbearance Agreement with its lenders, the terms of which

required N.K.S. to incur additional costs, expenses, and increased interest rates on

outstanding loans.17

Upon learning the full extent of Chris Tigani’s financial mismanagement

and fraud, N.K.S. filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery (“Chancery

Court Action”) against Chris Tigani to recover the misappropriated funds.18

Plaintiffs allege that WWD should have discovered the financial misdeeds of

Chris Tigani and alerted N.K.S.’s officers and directors, and its failure to do so

constitutes professional malpractice.

III. PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

WWD argues that Plaintiffs’ motion to strike is untimely because under

“Rule 12(f) when a party seeks to strike an insufficient defense from a pleading . . .

it must do so by motion made . . . within 20 days after the service of the pleading

upon the party.” 19 WWD argues that Rule 12(f) required Plaintiffs to file the

instant motion to strike by no later than May 1, 2013, because WWD’s Amended

16
Id.
17
Id. at ¶123.
18
Id. at ¶134.
19
Defendant’s Answering Brief in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for
Summary Judgment at 5 (internal quotations omitted) (“Def.’s Ans. Br.”) (Trans. ID 55579168).
6
Answer was filed on April 12, 2013.20 Plaintiffs counter that under Rule 12(f) the

Court may strike an insufficient defense at any time. 21

With respect to WWD’s affirmative defense of in pari delicto, Plaintiffs

argue that no Delaware court has applied the doctrine of in pari delicto to an

auditor malpractice claim, and it is inapplicable in any event because of the

“adverse interest exception.” 22 Under Delaware agency law, “the knowledge of an

agent is generally imputed to his principal, except when the agent’s own interests

become adverse.” 23 According to Plaintiffs, a “malfeasant agent’s actions are not

imputed to the corporation and the doctrine of in pari delicto will not bar a

corporate-plaintiff’s suit where the ‘corporate agent responsible for the

wrongdoing was acting solely to advance his own personal financial interest, rather

than that of the corporation itself.’” 24 WWD counters that Plaintiffs’ motion for

partial summary judgment on WWD’s in pari delicto affirmative defense is

premature because there are genuine issues of material fact in dispute relating to

20
Id. Plaintiffs’ motion was not filed until May 12, 2014.
21
Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial
Summary Judgment at 1–2 (“Pl.’s Rep. Br.”) (Trans. ID 55632723).
22
Plaintiffs’ Opening Brief in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for Partial
Summary Judgment at 7–9 (“Pl.’s Br.”) (Trans. ID 55431596).
23
Id. at 9.
24
Id. at 11 (citing In re Am. Int'l Grp., Inc., Consol. Derivative Litig., 976 A.2d 872 (Del. Ch.
2009)).
7
the defense, and urges the Court to defer ruling until the parties have had an

opportunity to take discovery. 25

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Pursuant to Superior Court Civil Rule 12:

Upon motion made by a party before responding to a pleading or, if
no responsive pleading is permitted by these Rules, upon motion
made by a party within 20 days after the service of the pleading upon
the party or upon the Court's own initiative at any time, the Court may
order stricken from any pleading any insufficient defense or any
redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter. 26
As a general rule, a motion to strike an affirmative defense is not favored by

the courts.27 “Therefore, such a motion is granted only where the facts viewed most

favorably to the defendant cannot, as a matter of law, support the affirmative

defense[].” 28 In considering a motion to strike an affirmative defense, the Court

must determine whether the affirmative defense presents a “bona fide issue of fact

or law.”29

25
Def.’s Ans. Br. at 3–4, 9–11. WWD contends that the BBD Audit and Bramley Report have
not been authenticated or tested by WWD through depositions, and additional discovery is
necessary. Id. at 3–4. Additionally, WWD contends that while Chris Tigani claimed in the
Chancery Action that many of the expenditures in question were incurred for N.K.S.’s benefit,
the Delaware Court of Chancery never had an opportunity to resolve these fact disputes in light
of the parties’ settlement. Id. at 4.
26
Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12.
27
Stinnes Interoil, Inc. v. Petrokey Corp., Diamond Industries, Inc., 1983 WL 412258, *1 (Del.
Super. 1983); McCormick v. Hoddinott, 865 A.2d 523, 525 (Del. Super. 2004) (“Motions to
strike are not favored and are granted sparingly, and then only if clearly warranted, with doubt
being resolved in favor of the pleading.”).
28
Stinnes, 1983 WL 412258, at *1 (internal quotations omitted). See also McCormick, 865 A.2d
at 525.
29
Stinnes, 1983 WL 412258, at *1.
8
 On a motion for summary judgment, the Court views all facts in a light most

favorable to the non-moving party, and determines whether a genuine issue of

material fact exists.30 The Court will only grant summary judgment if no genuine

issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. 31 However, if the record reveals that material facts are in dispute,

or if the factual record has not been developed thoroughly enough to allow the

Court to apply the law to the facts of the case, then summary judgment must be

denied.32 “When a motion for summary judgment is supported by evidence

showing no material issues of fact, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to

demonstrate that there are material issues of fact requiring trial.” 33

V. DISCUSSION

In pari delicto is Latin for “in equal fault.” 34 “[I]n pari delicto is a general

rule that courts will not extend aid to either of the parties to a criminal act or listen

to their complaints against each other but will leave them where their own act has

placed them.” 35 “[U]nder the in pari delicto doctrine, a party is barred from

30
Storm v. NSL Rockland Place LLC, 898 A.2d 874, 879 (Del. Super. 2005).
31
J.L. v. Barnes, 33 A.3d 902, 911 (Del. Super. 2011); Storm, 898 A.2d at 879.
32
Barnes, 33 A.3d at 911–12 (citing Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 470 (Del.1962)).
33
Urena v. Capano Homes, Inc., 901 A.2d 145, 150 (Del. Super. 2006) (citing Moore v.
Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679 (Del. 1979)).
34
In re Am. Int'l Grp., Inc., Consol. Derivative Litig.(AIG II), 976 A.2d 872, 882 (Del. Ch.
2009).
35
Id. (internal citations omitted).
9
recovering damages if his losses are substantially caused by activities the law

forbade him to engage in.”36

The question of whether the in pari delicto doctrine applies under Delaware

law to bar a corporation’s claim of professional malpractice against its outside

auditor has yet to be decided by a Delaware Court. However, in In re American

Intern. Group, Inc. v Greenberg (AIG I), the Delaware Court of Chancery,

applying New York law, discussed the in pari delicto doctrine in the context of

auditor malpractice. The Delaware Court of Chancery noted that New York courts

consistently apply the in pari delicto doctrine to bar claims against auditors in

situations where the auditors failed to detect or expose fraud committed by top

corporate managers.37 In dismissing the malpractice claims against AIG’s auditor,

the Court of Chancery “reluctantly” applied the New York law, expressing doubt

that “this rule of auditor immunity is . . . a sound one . . . .” 38 The Court went on to

state, “I expressly avoid any indication that the rule is one that Delaware

embraces.” 39

36
Id. at 883.
37
965 A.2d 763, 825 (Del. Ch. 2009).
38
Id. at 816–17 (“I then conclude that PWC is correct about the immunity that New York
appears to afford auditors in situations like this. I reach that conclusion reluctantly, because I do
not believe that this rule of auditor immunity is, in the blunt manner in which it has been
adopted, a sound one, and I expressly avoid any indication that the rule is one that Delaware law
embraces.”).
39
Id.
10
 A motion to strike an affirmative defense is governed by Rule 12. WWD

contends that Plaintiffs’ motion to strike was untimely filed under Rule 12(f)

because it was not filed within 20 days after WWD filed its Amended Answer.40

Plaintiffs’ motion to strike is untimely under Rule 12(f). Although the Court

has the discretion under Rule 12(f) to strike an insufficient defense on its own

initiative at any time, 41 it declines to do so at this juncture. 42

Plaintiffs’ alternative motion for partial summary judgment on WWD’s in

pari delicto defense centers on whether Chris Tigani was acting solely to advance

his own personal financial interests, rather than those of N.K.S.. As noted above,

under Delaware agency law or the in pari delicto doctrine, the adverse interest

exception is seen as an exception to the general rule of imputation. 43 “That is,

where applicable, the adverse interest exception will stop the knowledge of the

corporation’s agents from being imputed to the corporation.” 44 Total abandonment

of the corporation’s interests is needed to invoke the adverse interest exception. 45

40
WWD filed its Amended Answer on April 25, 2013, and Plaintiffs filed the instant motion to
strike May 12, 2014, almost a year later.
41
Stinnes, 1983 WL 412258, at *1; Valley Forge Corp. v. Certain-Teed Corp., 1978 WL 973, at
*3 (Del. Ch. 1978).
42
Davenport Services, Inc. v. Cross, 2001 WL 34083817, *1 (Del. Super. 2001) (denying a
motion to strike on grounds that it was untimely).
43
AIG II, 976 A.2d at 891.
44
Id. at n.50 (“But regardless of whether the adverse interest exception is seen as an exception to
in pari delicto or to imputation, the effect is the same.”).
45
Id. at 891. In AIG II, the Delaware Court of Chancery declined to apply the adverse interest
exception to in pari delicto because the plaintiffs did not allege “the type of total abandonment of
the corporation’s interests traditionally needed to invoke the adverse interest exception.” Id.
11
 Plaintiffs argue that there are no genuine issues of material fact in dispute

because: (1) the BBD Audit found that Chris Tigani left N.K.S. approximately in

$29,000,000.00 in debt; (2) the Bramley Report found that Chris Tigani converted

$5,124,493.00 of N.K.S. funds to his own personal use; and (3) N.K.S. was forced

into a Forbearance Agreement with its lenders, the terms of which required NKS to

incur additional costs, expenses, and increased interest rates on outstanding loans.

In response, WWD argues that material disputes of fact remain as to whether

N.K.S. may have derived some benefit from the acts of Chris Tigani because: (1)

among the issues never resolved at trial in the Chancery Action was whether, and

to what extent, the expenditures in question were pursued for the benefit of N.K.S.

and its business interests; and (2) the analysis in the Bramley Report was

inconclusive as to whether certain of the expenditures and transactions Chris

Tigani authorized were pursued for N.K.S.’s benefit. WWD further contends that

the BBD Audit and Bramley Report have not been authenticated or tested by

WWD through depositions, and additional discovery is necessary.

Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to WWD, because a genuine

issue of material fact exists as to whether N.K.S. may have derived some benefit

from the acts of Chris Tigani, Plaintiffs are not entitled to judgment as a matter of

law regarding WWD’s affirmative defense of in pari delicto.

Rather, the Court found that the plaintiffs only alleged that the top ranking AIG officials “had an
admixture of corporate and personal objectives in mind when they acted.” Id. at 892.
12
 VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Alternatively for

Partial Summary Judgment is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

_____________________________
Jan R. Jurden, Judge

13