In Re Jayden G.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs August 05, 20141

IN RE JAYDEN G.

Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Hardin County
No. 12JV1035 Daniel L. Smith, Judge

No. W2014-00881-COA-R3-PT - Filed September 30, 2014

In this termination of parental rights case, Mother appeals not only the trial court’s findings
of severe child abuse and persistent conditions as the grounds for termination, but also the
trial court’s conclusion that termination was in the child’s best interest. We affirm the trial
court’s finding of severe abuse, but reverse the trial court’s finding that clear and convincing
evidence exists to prove the persistence of conditions. We also affirm the trial court’s finding
that termination is in the child’s best interest, and therefore, affirm the termination of the
Mother’s parental rights.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed in
part; Reversed in Part; and Remanded

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, P. J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A RNOLD B.
G OLDIN, J., and B RANDON O. G IBSON, J., joined.

Joe L. Brown, Savannah, Tennessee, for the appellant, Morgan G.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Jason L. Coleman, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services.

OPINION

I. Background

1
This case was originally assigned on August 5, 2014 to a panel consisting of Judge David R.
Farmer, Judge Holly M. Kirby, and Judge J. Steven Stafford. It was reassigned on September 2, 2014 to
its current panel.
 The minor child, Jayden G., was born in December 2011 to Respondent/Appellant
Morgan G. (“Mother,” or “Appellant”) and Antwan P. (“Father”).2 The State of Tennessee
Department of Children’s Services (“DCS,” or “Appellee”) first became involved with the
child on September 4, 2012 when it removed the child from his parents’ home.

Upon receiving a report that the child’s parents used illegal drugs, including
methamphetamine, a DCS investigator met with the parents. Immediately after the child’s
removal, DCS performed drug screens on Mother and Father. Mother tested positive for
benzodiazepines,3 marijuana, and methamphetamine. Father’s drug screen was negative;
however, Mother testified that Father also had used methamphetamine four days prior to the
drug screen. DCS attempted to retest Father, but Father refused to take a hair follicle drug
test until September 19, 2012. On September 7, 2012, a hair follicle drug test was performed
on the child; the child, then eight months old, tested positive for methamphetamine,
benzoylecgonine,4 and cocaine. DCS filed a dependency and neglect petition on September
10, 2012, citing severe child abuse as the ground. On September 19, 2012, Father tested
positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaine. Mother
admitted that she and Father used methamphetamine in the bathroom of the house and in the
room where the child slept. She also testified that her mother (“Maternal Grandmother”) and
Maternal Grandmother’s boyfriend had possessed cocaine in the same home.

Lisa Piercey, M.D., performed a medical assessment of the child.5 At trial, she testified
that she assessed the child as being a victim of severe physical abuse, drug exposure, and drug
endangerment. Dr. Piercey opined that exposure to the manufacture of methamphetamine
would have been life threatening in the short term, and direct exposure to the use and/or
manufacture of methamphetamine and/or cocaine may cause long-term impairment of

2
In termination of parental rights cases, it is the policy of this Court to remove the names
of minor children and other parties in order to protect their identities.
3
The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that generally share a basic chemical structure. Flem
K. Whited, Drinking/Driving Litigation: Criminal & Civil §16:16 (2d ed. 2014). Benzodiazepine effects
may include sedation, hypnosis, decreased anxiety, muscle relaxation, and anticonvulsant activity. Id. (citing
S.C. Harvey, Hypnotics & Sedatives, Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 339
(6th ed. 1980). A commonly known benzodiazepine is Valium.
4
Benzoylecgonine is the primary metabolite of cocaine. McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of
Modern Medicine 54 (1st ed. 1992).
5
The record does not indicate Dr. Piercey’s specific field of medicine. It is undisputed that she
was qualified to diagnose the child, as well as give her opinion regarding the effect of drug exposure on
the child.

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neurological, behavioral, respiratory, and other organ development.

After removing the child from his parents’ home, DCS initially placed the child in the
home of his maternal great-grandparents. Soon thereafter, however, the child’s great-
grandparents indicated that they could no longer care for the child due to health reasons.

Consequently, the trial court placed the child into the custody of DCS on November
27, 2012, adjudicating him to be a dependent and neglected child. The trial court found that
the parents knew of the minor child’s exposure to illegal drugs or were in deliberate ignorance
or reckless disregard of the harm to the child by the drug exposure. Since the trial court’s
November 27, 2012 order, the child has continuously remained in DCS custody.

DCS allowed Mother and Father to have supervised visitation with the child through
Wolfe Counseling, paid for in-home services to be provided by Wolfe Counseling, and
provided random drug screens. On January 24, 2013, Mother completed an Alcohol and Drug
Assessment with Wolfe Counseling.6 The counselor made seven recommendations:

1. [Mother] should follow all directives of the court and DCS
regarding [the child].
2. [Mother] should attend weekly outpatient therapy sessions
every other week for at least six months.
3. [Mother] should attend therapeutic group sessions if there is a
treatment center where therapeutic groups are conducted. These
therapeutic group sessions should not be confused with AA/NA
[i.e., Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous] support
groups.
4. [Mother] should attend at least 3 AA/NA support group
sessions with written verification of each group attendance. This
should be given to the case manager to provide proof to the court
that she is attending these support group sessions as
recommended.7

6
Although the Alcohol and Drug Assessment is in the record, there appears to be no court order
in the record that orders Mother to complete the assessment or attend any sort of therapy. This Court infers
that such an order existed as part of the original dependency and neglect action. Neither party has raised this
as an issue.
7
In the trial court’s later order removing the child from Mother’s custody, the trial court
characterizes this recommendation as requiring Mother to “attend at least three Alcoholic
Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous Support Groups per week[.]” The plain language of the recommendation
(Continued....)

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 5. [Mother] will pass random drug screens for at least a six
month period.
6. At the end of six months, [Mother] should be assessed by her
A and D counselor to determine where [Mother] is in therapy and
if she needs to continue with the individual therapy and
therapeutic group sessions. She should follow all
recommendations of her counselor regarding continued substance
abuse therapy.
7. Due to the fact that [the child] tested positive for drugs which
lead [sic] to his removal from his mom’s custody, mom should
continue to receive supervised visits with [the child] until she has
successfully completed all recommendations of this counselor in
this assessment. The supervision can be therapeutic or conducted
by someone approved by DCS to provide this supervision.

In March 2013, six months after the removal of the child, Father was arrested on
charges involving a gun, drug paraphernalia, and possession of the ingredients used to make
methamphetamine. The arrest took place in front of Mother’s residence. One of the charges
involved a bottle as evidence, which bottle was found in Mother’s car.8 During the later trial
in this cause, Father’s counsel stated that Father pleaded guilty to both a drug paraphernalia
charge and a gun charge, as well as to a charge involving the possession of materials required
to manufacture methamphetamine. As a result of Father’s guilty pleas, he was ordered to
undergo treatment at a rehabilitation center. However, Father was discharged from the center
without completing the program due to possession of drug paraphernalia. He later checked
himself back into the Hardin County Jail. Although he was incarcerated at the time of the trial
on this matter, Father attended and testified.

The trial court entered a final order on the disposition of the child on February 14,

(...continued)
only appears to require Mother to attend three meetings, rather than three meetings per week. It is undisputed
that Mother attended two meetings per week throughout the pendency of these proceedings.
8
The record is unclear what the bottle was used for; however, in light of Father’s charges and
his testimony at trial, we believe it reasonable to assume that the bottle was confiscated as drug
paraphernalia. At trial, Father testified that he had put something in the empty Dr. Pepper bottle, but he
could not remember the ingredients. When asked whether the ingredients could be used to make a drug,
Father responded, “It might have been.” Further, during the testimony of Andrea White, a Family Service
Worker from DCS, counsel for Mother indicated that Father had been “busted for shake and bake.” “Shake
and bake” is a common method of methamphetamine manufacture wherein “all of the ingredients needed to
manufacture methamphetamine would be placed in a two-liter bottle.” State v. Robertson, No. M2011-
00868-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 59372, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 7, 2013).

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2013. In the order, the trial court found that the child was a victim of severe child abuse, and
therefore, dependent and neglected. Neither Mother nor Father appealed the trial court’s order
or its finding of severe child abuse. After a finding of severe abuse by the trial court in the
dependency and neglect action, DCS filed a motion to be relieved of making reasonable
efforts toward reunification. The trial court granted this motion on July 18, 2013.

Six months after the finding of severe child abuse, on August 14, 2013, DCS filed a
Petition for Termination of Parental Rights against Mother and Father, which petition was
heard on March 14, 2014. The trial court heard testimony from Mother, Father, several
representatives from DCS, the foster family, and several of Mother and Father’s relatives.

Testimony shows that the child has lived in the home of Scott M. (“Foster Father”) and
Jennifer M. (“Foster Mother,” and together with Foster Father, “Foster Parents”) while in the
custody of DCS. At trial, Foster Father testified that he is the executive pastor at a church,
and Foster Mother is also employed by the church as the worship pastor. Foster Parents
testified they are able to take care of the child financially, educationally, developmentally, and
spiritually. Foster Parents have resided in the same home since the child has been placed with
them. The child has his own bed in his own room, and he acknowledges that these items
belong to him. Testimony also indicated that the child “loves” the “routine” of having regular
seats at dinnertime and also enjoys riding in the car. Foster Father further testified that he and
his wife have attempted to maintain the relationship between the child and his biological
parents. For example, Foster Father testified that they even returned early from a family
Christmas visit to Wisconsin so that the child could attend the first birthday party his
biological family had planned in Tennessee. In their testimony, Foster Parents have indicated
their desire to adopt the child.

Multiple witnesses testified to the strong bond that the child has formed with Foster
Parents. The child calls Foster Parents “[m]amma and dadda.” At trial, Foster Father
explained in his testimony how the child has blended very well with their extended family.
In her testimony, Mother, too, admitted that the child seems to be bonded with his foster
family. Another witness, a friend of Foster Parents, described the child as “just a very happy,
happy child with them.”

Mother testified regarding the positive life changes she has made since the child was
removed from her custody. First, Mother obtained stable employment working approximately
forty hours per week. Mother testified at trial that she attended Narcotics
Anonymous/Alcoholics Anonymous meetings twice per week at the recommendation of
Mother’s Drug and Alcohol Assessment counselor and has even chaired a meeting. Since
the child was removed from her home, Mother has passed every subsequent drug test.
Although the counselor also recommended that she attend bi-weekly outpatient therapy

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sessions for six months, Mother admits she has not fulfilled this recommendation because she
“[doesn’t] know where any are.” Mother did, however, attend therapeutic group sessions at
a treatment center, which fulfilled another recommendation of the counselor.

Mother also testified that she and Father are no longer in a relationship. On cross-
examination, however, Mother conceded that she had indicated on social media that she and
Father had an ongoing relationship, including calling Father her “Man Crush Monday” and
her “hubby.” Mother also posted pictures displaying alcohol on social media during the time-
frame she was attending Alcoholics Anonymous and as late as one week before trial. Mother
contended that, although she posted pictures of her purported relationship and alcohol use on
social media, these photographs did not represent her current lifestyle. She testified that she
posted these pictures because she “live[s] a fake life. I don’t know why I put stupid things
up there, to make other people think I’m somebody I’m not. I live a fake life.” Notably,
Mother posted a photograph with Father indicating they were still in a relationship even after
Father had been arrested on drug-related charges in March 2013. Mother testified that her
photographs with Father were not actually from the date they were time stamped online.
Mother conceded that she lied on social media, including posting pictures of alcohol use
online to perpetuate the “fake life” she wanted to display to people.

Mother testified that she was compliant in all of the court orders regarding the payment
of child support and insurance for the benefit of her child. Indeed, the record shows that
Mother’s child support and insurance payments for the benefit of the child equaled
approximately half of her monthly income. During trial, Mother indicated that she could
support the child on $200.00 per month and fulfill all of his needs. Mother is a full-time
employee. At the time of trial, Mother’s bi-weekly take-home pay was $248.12, with $103.84
being withheld for child support and $178.00 for insurance. Of the $178.00 insurance
payment, approximately $100.00 covers the child’s insurance. Foster Mother indicated during
her testimony that the foster family receives a stipend of approximately $250.00 per month
to cover the child’s expenses, and they must supplement it with their own funds to provide for
the child’s needs that the stipend does not cover, including special medical expenses required
by the child.9

In addition to providing insurance and paying child support, Mother visits with the
child every other week for two hours, typically at Foster Parents’ church or at a restaurant.
Mother has attended every scheduled visitation. However, testimony shows that the child has
recently started calling Mother by her first name and confusing Mother with a woman in a
home video at Foster Parents’ home. Mother indicated, however, that she has changed the

9
Testimony indicates that the child sees a specialist at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital for
breathing problems.

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child’s diaper during visitation and that he walks to her when he sees her.

Since the child has been in the custody of the State, Mother has moved approximately
four times, living both alone and with relatives. Most recently, Mother testified that she has
been residing with her uncle.

After the trial on the petition to terminate Mother and Father’s parental rights, the trial
court terminated both parents’ parental rights by order of April 17, 2014. The trial court found
two grounds for termination as to both Mother and Father: (1) severe child abuse; and (2)
persistence of conditions.10 The trial court also found that it was in the best interests of the
child for both parents’ rights to be terminated. From this order, Mother now appeals.

II. Issues Presented

Mother raises two issues for review in her appellate brief:

1. Whether the trial court erred in finding clear and convincing
evidence to support the ruling that grounds existed to terminate
the Mother’s parental rights.
2. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of the child.

III. Standard of Review

Under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a parent has a fundamental
right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645,
651 (1972); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, the state
may interfere with parental rights only when a compelling interest exists. Nash-Putnam, 921
S.W.2d at 174–75 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). Our termination statutes
identify “those situations in which the state’s interest in the welfare of a child justifies
interference with a parent’s constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on which termination
proceedings can be brought.” In re W.B., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-
COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (citing Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). A person seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the
existence of one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination is in the child’s
best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn.
2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

10
In this order, Father’s parental rights to the child were terminated as well. Father did not
appeal. Accordingly, Mother is the sole appellant in this case.

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 Because of the fundamental nature of the parent’s rights and the grave consequences
of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of proof in deciding
termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Accordingly, both the grounds for termination
and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. Clear and convincing
evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable . . . and eliminates
any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Such evidence
“produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts
sought to be established.” Id. at 653.

In light of the heightened standard of proof in termination of parental rights cases, a
reviewing court must modify the customary standard of review in Tennessee Rule of
Appellate Procedure 13(d). As to the trial court’s findings of fact, our review is de novo with
a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P.
13(d). We must then determine whether the facts, as found by the trial court or as supported
by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly establish the elements
necessary to terminate parental rights. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002).
When the resolution of an issue in a case depends on the truthfulness of witnesses, the trial
judge who has had the opportunity to observe the witnesses and their manner and demeanor
while testifying is in a far better position than this Court to decide those issues. See Whitaker
v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910
S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995). The weight, faith, and credit to be given to any witness's
testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the credibility accorded will be
given great weight by the appellate court. See Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d at 837; McCaleb, 910
S.W.2d at 415; Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

IV. Grounds for Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

The trial court found two grounds for terminating Mother’s parental rights. Only one
ground must be proved by clear and convincing evidence to justify termination of parental
rights. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). After reviewing the entire record in this case, we
conclude that the ground of severe child abuse is established by clear and convincing
evidence. However, we have determined that the trial court erred in finding that clear and
convincing evidence establishes the ground of persistence of conditions. We begin first with
the trial court’s finding of severe abuse.

A. Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4): Severe Child Abuse

In Tennessee, a court may terminate parental rights when:

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 The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe
child abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a
court or is found by the court hearing the petition to terminate
parental rights or the petition for adoption to have committed
severe child abuse against the child who is the subject of the
petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such child, or any
other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of
such parent or guardian.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4). “Severe child abuse” is defined, in relevant part, as:

The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to
protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause
serious bodily injury or death and the knowing use of force on a
child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(21)(A)(i). A finding of “severe child abuse” in the
underlying dependency and neglect action serves two purposes. First, the finding of “severe
child abuse” constitutes an independent ground for the termination of parental rights.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4). Second, a finding of “severe child abuse,” even if
made during a dependency and neglect action, relieves DCS of its obligation to preserve and
reunify the child with the parents. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(4)(A).

In its order dated February 14, 2013, the trial court found that the child suffered severe
child abuse as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(21) perpetuated by
Mother and Father. The order provides that it is a final order regarding the disposition of the
child as dependent and neglected on the ground of severe child abuse. Mother did not appeal
the final disposition or the finding of severe abuse. It is well-settled that a court may apply
“the doctrine of res judicata to prevent a parent from re-litigating whether she committed
severe child abuse in a later termination of parental rights proceeding, when such a finding
had been made in a previous dependency and neglect action.” In re Dakota C.R., 404 S.W.3d
484, 497 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). Thus, where a parent “had a full and fair opportunity to
litigate th[e] issue [of severe abuse] in the prior suit” and “chose not to appeal the court’s
order in the prior action,” the finding of severe abuse is “a final decision, which the [parent]
is barred from challenging.” State Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Tate, No.
01-A-01-9409-CV-00444, 1995 WL 138858, at *5 (Tenn. App. March 31, 1995). Because
Mother did not appeal the trial court’s finding of severe child abuse within the time allowed
by law, the order became a final order and res judicata. Thus, the trial court did not err in
finding that Mother has committed severe abuse for purposes of termination of her parental
rights.

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B. Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(3): Persistence of Conditions

Although only one ground must be proven by clear and convincing evidence to justify
termination, the Tennessee Supreme Court has directed this Court to review the findings of
fact and conclusions of law as to each ground for termination, in order to avoid unnecessary
remand. See In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 251 n.14 (Tenn. 2010). Thus, we next
consider the issue raised by Mother regarding the trial court’s finding of persistence of
conditions. Persistence of conditions requires the trial court to find, by clear and convincing
evidence, that:

(3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or
guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

(A) The conditions that led to the child's removal or other
conditions that in all reasonable probability would cause the child
to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and that, therefore,
prevent the child's safe return to the care of the parent(s) or
guardian(s), still persist;
(B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
remedied at any early date so that the child can be safely returned
to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near future; and
(C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
relationship greatly diminishes the child's chances of early
integration into a safe, stable and permanent home.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g).11

“A parent’s continued inability to provide fundamental care to a child, even if not
wilful, . . . constitutes a condition which prevents the safe return of the child to the parent’s
care.” In re A.R., No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4613576, at *20 (Tenn. Ct.

11
We note that termination on the ground of persistence of conditions implicates DCS’s
obligation to demonstrate that it made reasonable efforts to reunite the child and parents.
In re C.M.M. & S.D.M., No. M2003-01122-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 438326, n.27 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9,
2004). When DCS’s obligation to make reasonable efforts is implicated, DCS must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that it made reasonable efforts. In re R.L.F., 278 S.W.3d 305, 316 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2008). On April 1, 2013, DCS requested relief from making reasonable efforts. Because both parents were
found to have committed severe child abuse, DCS was relieved of making reasonable efforts toward
reunification with Mother. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(4)(A) (providing that DCS may be relieved of
its duty to make reasonable efforts after a court finds “aggravating circumstances,” including “severe child
abuse”). The trial court entered its order relieving DCS of making reasonable efforts on July 18, 2013.

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App. Oct. 13, 2008) (citing In re T.S., No. M1999-01286-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 964775,
at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2000)). The failure to remedy the conditions which led to the
removal need not be willful. In re T.S. & M.S., No. M1999-01286-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL
964775, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2000) (citing State Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Smith,
785 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn. 1990)). “Where . . . efforts to provide help to improve the
parenting ability, offered over a long period of time, have proved ineffective, the conclusion
is that there is little likelihood of such improvement as would allow the safe return of the child
to the parent in the near future is justified.” Id. The purpose behind the “persistence of
conditions” ground for terminating parental rights is “to prevent the child’s lingering in the
uncertain status of foster child if a parent cannot within a reasonable time demonstrate an
ability to provide a safe and caring environment for the child.” In re A.R., No. W2008-
00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 461675, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2008) (quoting In re
D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 588535, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3,
2008)).

In this case, it is undisputed that the child has been removed from Mother’s home for
over six months. The now-two-year-old child has been living with Foster Parents since he
was eleven months old. The trial court found sufficient evidence to conclude that the
conditions that led to the child’s removal, most notably Mother’s drug use, still persist and
would, in all reasonable probability, subject the child to further abuse. The trial court relied
heavily on social media evidence that Mother maintained a relationship with Father, who
pleaded guilty to drug charges, and that Mother’s social media posts suggested some
involvement with alcohol. The evidence in the record does not preponderate against the trial
court’s findings that Mother has maintained a relationship with Father after the removal of the
child and that Mother may be involved with alcohol. However, we conclude that these facts
fail to clearly and convincingly establish that the conditions that led to the child’s removal,
Mother’s drug use, still persist. See Jones, 92 S.W.3d at 838 (noting that the facts, as found
by the trial court, must support the ground for termination by clear and convincing proof).

In a similar case, In re C.M.C., this Court held that clear and convincing evidence was
not established to show that the mother was still using illegal drugs even when her drug test
came back positive. In re C.M.C., No. E2005-00328-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1827855
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 2005). The Court reasoned that DCS had not met its heightened
burden because other explanations to mother’s positive drug test were plausible, such as the
result being caused by mother’s prescription medication. Further, the reason the child was
taken from mother in C.M.C. was alcohol, not illegal drug use. The positive drug test, while
possibly relevant for other inquiries in a termination case, was not, in itself, clear and
convincing evidence to terminate parental rights on the ground of the persistence of
conditions. Further, testimony in that case showed that mother may have carried on an
abusive relationship even though the court entered a no-contact order. Because the witness

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based his testimony solely on rumors that mother maintained the abusive relationship, this
Court held that “[s]peculation based on rumor is not clear and convincing evidence.”
Accordingly, the C.M.C. Court reversed termination based on persistence of conditions.

Although we afford great credibility to the trial court’s credibility determinations, In
re M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890, 897 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), we hold that, even if Mother’s social
media postings represent her current lifestyle, they do not rise to the level of proving the
persistence of conditions by the standard of clear and convincing evidence. Several times, the
trial court noted Mother’s successes in attending therapy sessions and passing her drug tests.
The record is clear that Mother has passed every subsequent drug test since removal of the
child. As in C.M.C., DCS has offered no evidence–other than social media postings–to
establish that Mother’s substance drug problem is ongoing. Further, Mother testified that she
was not in a relationship with Father and that she had been sober since removal of the child.
While the trial court found that Mother’s own social media assertions belie her claim of
complete sobriety, our review of the evidence in the record indicates that Mother’s social
media postings involve only alcohol, rather than drugs. In this case however, much like in
C.M.C., the reason the child was removed from Mother was drugs, not alcohol. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g) (basing persistence of conditions on “[t]he conditions that led to the
child’s removal”). Indeed, the trial court’s order removing the child from Mother’s custody
makes no mention of any alcohol abuse on the part of Mother. In addition, there are no
requirements in the Alcohol and Drug Assessment for Mother to refrain from consuming
alcohol; instead, she is simply directed to attend both therapeutic group sessions and
Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous meetings.12 Nothing in the recommendation
indicates that alcohol was either a specific concern or a condition that led to the child’s
removal. Nevertheless, testimony shows that Mother completed the requirements in her
Alcohol and Drug Assessment, including attending Alcoholics Anonymous Meetings. Thus,
while Mother’s use of alcohol may be ongoing, and a proper consideration with regard to the
best interest of the child, it is not an appropriate consideration with regard to the ground of
persistence of conditions.

As previously discussed, evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence
standard establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable. State v. Demarr,
No. M2002-02603-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21946726, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003).
This evidence also eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546; In re S.M., 149
S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re J.J.C., 148 S.W.3d 919, 925 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004). We conclude that the evidence presented fails to meet this high standard. Based upon

12
The recommendations in the Alcohol and Drug Assessment did not distinguish between
Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous.

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the sparse record before us, Mother’s drug use appears to the be the only condition cited as
the basis for removal of the child. The evidence in the record is simply insufficient to
establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that the condition that led to the child’s removal
persists. Other than social media accounts indicating that Mother may maintain a relationship
with someone involved in drugs, and her alleged continued use of alcohol, there is simply no
evidence in the record that Mother has continued to abuse drugs. Mother’s continued
relationship with Father, while troubling to both the trial court and this Court, fails to
establish the high burden of the clear and convincing evidence standard. Under these
circumstances, we respectfully reverse the trial court’s finding of persistence of conditions.

V. Best Interest of the Child

When at least one ground for termination of parental rights has been established, the
petitioner must then prove by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the parent’s
rights is in the child’s best interest. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1994). When a parent has been found to be unfit (upon establishment of ground(s) for
termination of parental rights), the interests of parent and child diverge. In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d 838, 877 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The focus shifts to the child’s best interest. Id. at
877. Because not all parental conduct is irredeemable, Tennessee’s termination of parental
rights statutes recognize the possibility that terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not
always in the child’s best interest. Id. However, when the interests of the parent and the child
conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict in favor of the rights and best interest of the child.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d). Further, “[t]he child’s best interest must be viewed from the
child’s, rather than the parent’s, perspective.” Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 194.

The Tennessee Legislature has codified certain factors that courts should consider in
ascertaining the best interest of the child in a termination of parental rights case. These
factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment
of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in
the child's best interest to be in the home of the parent or
guardian;
(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does
not reasonably appear possible;
(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
visitation or other contact with the child;
(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been

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 established between the parent or guardian and the child;
(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment
is likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and
medical condition;
(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with
the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual,
emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or
another child or adult in the family or household;
(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent's or
guardian's home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal
activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or
controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian
consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
manner;
(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional
status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or
guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care and
supervision for the child; or
(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by the
department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). This Court has noted that, “this list [of factors] is not
exhaustive, and the statute does not require a trial court to find the existence of each
enumerated factor before it may conclude that terminating a parent’s rights is in the best
interest of a child.” In re M. A. R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Depending
on the circumstances of an individual case, the consideration of a single factor or other facts
outside the enumerated, statutory factors may dictate the outcome of the best interest analysis.
In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. As explained by this Court:

Ascertaining a child’s best interests does not call for a rote
examination of each of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)’s nine
factors and then a determination of whether the sum of the
factors tips in favor of or against the parent. The relevancy and
weight to be given each factor depends on the unique facts of
each case. Thus, depending upon the circumstances of a
particular child and a particular parent, the consideration of one
factor may very well dictate the outcome of the analysis. White
v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 194.

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In re Audrey S., 182 S .W.3d 838, 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

Based on our review of the record, we agree with the trial court’s determination that
it is in the child’s best interest to terminate Mother’s parental rights. The trial court based its
decision regarding best interest on a number of facts: (1) Mother’s lack of stability; (2) the
detrimental effect a change of caretakers would have on the child; (3) the fact that Mother
committed severe child abuse against the child by exposing the child to drugs, yet continued
to maintain a relationship with Father, who committed drug crimes after the child’s removal,
and continued to be involved with alcohol despite going to Alcoholics Anonymous meetings;
(4) that no meaningful relationship had been established between Mother and the child, in
contrast to the strong bond exhibited between the child and Foster Parents; and finally, (5) the
fact that Mother has not made a significant change in circumstances to make it safe for the
child to return to her custody.

We begin with the trial court’s finding with regard to Mother’s lack of stability.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(5) (providing that the court shall consider “the effect a
change of . . . physical environment . . . is likely to have on the child[]”); Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(i)(7) (providing that the court shall consider “[w]hether the physical environment
of the parent’s or guardian’s home is healthy and safe”). The evidence in the record shows
that Mother has moved multiple times during the pendency of these proceedings. Mother has
lived in at least three—possibly four—places since the child was removed from her.
Currently, Mother lives with an uncle. In contrast, it is undisputed that the Foster Parents
have provided a safe and stable environment for the child since the child’s placement there.
We conclude that Mother’s fluid living situation does not promote the child’s best interest,
our main concern under this inquiry. Here, nothing indicates that Mother’s frequent moves
are likely to stop if the child is returned to her, and there is little evidence in the record
regarding the suitability of Mother’s current home for a young child. In contrast, there is no
dispute that Foster Parents have a safe, suitable, and stable home for the child. Thus, this
factor favors a finding that termination is in the child’s best interests.

The record also supports the trial court’s finding that a change in caretakers would
have a highly detrimental effect on the child’s emotional, psychological, and medical
condition. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5) (providing that the court shall consider
“[t]he effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to have on the child’s
emotional, psychological and medical condition”). Foster Parents are able to provide for the
child’s needs. According to the testimony at trial, the child’s expenses are typically more than
the $250.00 stipend Foster Parents receive monthly, and Foster Parents testified they have
supplemented this amount with out-of-pocket payments as well. The evidence shows that
many of the child’s expenses are related to the child’s medical care. Thus, these expenses are
necessary and the party that is best able to bear these expenses is an important consideration.

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In a similar case, Eason v. Bruce, No. W2000-01326-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 502834 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2001), this Court affirmed the trial court’s consideration of whether a parent could
bear the medical and counseling expenses for the children in determining where the best
interest of a child lies. Id. at *4 (“[I]t’s clear that [father’s] financial situation has not moved
to that level where he can comfortably afford to bear the expenses which [mother and her
current husband] are bearing as it relates to these children and which obligation they will not
have if custody was returned primarily to [father] . . . .”). The evidence shows that the child’s
monthly expenses amount to well over the $200.00 that Mother testified she could “stretch.”
Through no fault of her own, Mother is unable to provide the level of care to the child that
Foster Parents are able to provide.

Further, the evidence shows that the child has a close and loving relationship with
Foster Parents, who he knows as his parents. The child has lived with Foster Parents for over
a year at a very formative stage in his life. In contrast, the child has begun calling Mother by
her given name and often confuses Mother with one of Foster Parents’ relatives. In this
situation, removing the child from Foster Parents’ home would likely have a detrimental effect
on the child, not only medically, but also emotionally and psychologically. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). The trial court found that this rings especially true in light of its
findings of Mother’s continued relationship with Father and her use of alcohol. Questions
remain as to whether Mother has actually remained sober in the time her child has been in
foster care and whether Mother has continued a relationship with Father, who is incarcerated
for drugs. Conversely, at the time of trial, evidence shows that the child was doing well in
Foster Parents’ home. Testimony from several witnesses portrays him as a happy and well-
cared-for child who enjoys his daily routine. The child’s current placement offers him the
stability he needs during his most impressionable years.

As previously discussed, the record also clearly indicates that the child was exposed
to drugs while in Mother’s care at her residence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(6)
(providing that the court shall consider “[w]hether the parent . . . has shown . . . neglect
toward the child”). The trial court found it especially troubling that Mother maintained an
ongoing relationship with Father, even after he had been arrested on drug charges—the very
issue that led to removal of the child from the parents’ home. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(7) (providing that the court shall consider “whether there is criminal activity in the
home”).

While Mother’s social media postings indicate a relationship with Father, the trial court
also found her social media posts about alcohol troubling. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(7) (providing that the court shall consider “whether there is such use of alcohol . . . as
may render the parent . . . consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
manner”). Although alcohol was not one of the conditions that caused removal of the child,

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the trial court properly considered it when deciding what was in the child’s best interests.
Further, we conclude that Mother’s involvement with alcohol, and her choice to post her
involvement on social media does not promote the best interests of the child. Here, it appears
that Mother chose to post pictures and comments on the internet regarding her involvement
with Father and with alcohol, despite the fact that these posts could jeopardize her chances
of reunifying with her child.

The record also supports the trial court’s finding that Mother does not have a
meaningful relationship with the child. We acknowledge that Mother was only provided with
bi-weekly supervised visitation with the child, and that bi-weekly visitation was likely
inadequate in promoting a stronger bond between Mother and child. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(i)(3) (providing that the court shall consider “whether the parent . . . has
maintained regular visitation or other contact with the child”). However, Mother had
adequate time to complete all of the recommendations from her counselor in her Alcohol and
Drug Assessment, which would have allowed her to secure unsupervised visitation or
visitation at her home. In the case at bar, Mother and the child appear to have a bond, but the
bond that the child shares with Foster Parents is greater. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(4) (providing that the court shall consider “whether a meaningful relationship has
otherwise been established between the parent . . . and the child”). As previously discussed,
the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the Foster Parents and the child have
developed a strong bond. Testimony shows that they have lovingly cared for the child for
over a year, have taken him to necessary medical appointments, and have ensured he made
it safely to and from daycare. The child now views Foster Parents as his parents and their
home as his home. In this situation, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court’s finding that Mother and the child have not developed a meaningful bond.

The trial court also found that Mother failed to make a lasting adjustment after DCS
made reasonable efforts for such a duration of time that a lasting adjustment no longer appears
possible. While Mother has refrained from using drugs for the duration of these proceedings,
as shown by multiple negative drug tests, she has not found it as important to protect the
image she broadcasts to others via social media, including that she is in a relationship with
Father, who has been convicted for drug-related crimes. Despite her online image, Mother
has attended substance abuse treatment and most of her other court-ordered treatment. As it
relates to the best interest of the child, we conclude that the evidence relating to a “lasting
adjustment” neither favors termination nor reunification.

Although not found by the trial court, we note that several factors do not favor
termination in this case. First, it is undisputed that Mother was current on her child support
payments pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(9). Mother also attended all scheduled
visitation with the child. Finally, as previously discussed, Mother has remained drug-free

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throughout the pendency of these proceedings. While these facts show that Mother has made
some significant strides towards reunification, our focus is on what is best for the child, rather
than what is best for the parent. In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005);
White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Further, we do not need to find
that every factor favors termination in order to determine that the termination of parental
rights is in the child’s best interest. In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005). Clearly, in this case, the record shows that the child has a far more meaningful
relationship with Foster Parents, that Foster Parents are better able to provide for the child’s
medical needs, and that a change in caretakers would have a detrimental effect on the child.
Additionally, the record shows that Mother has chosen to maintain a relationship with Father,
at least on social media, despite the fact that their relationship may implicate her in continued
drug use. Even taking Mother’s testimony regarding her “fake life” as true, it shows that
Mother was more interested in projecting a certain image on social media than avoiding any
semblance of drug or alcohol abuse in furtherance of reuniting with her child. Under these
circumstances, we conclude that clear and convincing evidence in the record supports the trial
court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the best interest of the child.

VI. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court terminating Mother’s
parental rights. The case is remanded to the trial court for all further proceedings as may be
necessary and consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are assessed against the
Appellant Mother, Morgan G. Because Mother is proceeding in forma pauperis in this
appeal, execution may issue for costs if necessary.

_________________________________
J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

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