FILED
OCTOBER 21, 2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 31386-7-III
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
MERSADEZE SIDNEY RIOJAS, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
SIDDOWAY, C.J. - Mersadeze Riojas was being questioned by Sergeant Michael
Moses outside a late night party about possible criminal activity by partygoers. Angered
by the line of questions, she walked away, ignoring his command that she was not free to
leave. When he fmnly grabbed her upper ann to prevent her from leaving, she swung
around and hit him. She was convicted following a jury trial of third degree assault of a
law enforcement officer.
Ms. Riojas sought to defend on the basis that the sergeant's detention of her was
unlawful under Terry v. Ohio;l that as a result, he was not performing his "official duties"
at the time she hit him; and that her response to being grabbed was an instinctive act
rather than an intentional one. She argues that the State's evidence was insufficient and
that several evidentiary and instructional errors by the trial court require reversal.
1 392 U.S. 1,21,88 S. Ct. 1868,20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
No. 31386-7-II1
State v. Riojas
Substantial evidence supported the State's case and we find no error or abuse of
discretion. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At about one a.m. on a summer morning in 2012, several Walla Walla police
officers responded to a report of a party at a warehouse involving "under-aged drinking,
fighting[,] and possibly a gun." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 115. Upon arriving at the
warehouse, officers saw several vehicles parked outside. They saw open beer cans and
bottles and could smell alcohol. They could hear people yelling inside the warehouse
(voices they perceived to be female) and the sound of glass breaking.
Sergeant Michael Moses, one of the responding officers, was speaking with a
young man who had emerged from the warehouse to object that the officers were
trespassing and needed to leave when a young woman, later identified as Bailee Culver,
ran out of a door located on a loading dock. Apparently intoxicated and unaware that she
was above ground level, Ms. Culver ran off the edge of the dock and immediately fell,
tumbling forward and yelling, '''Those Mexican girls are chasing me and ... throwing
bottles at me and I don't know why.'" RP at 122. The defendant, Mersadeze Riojas, ran
out the door close on the heels of Ms. Culver and jumped off the loading dock, landing
on her feet. Officer Ignacio Colin was standing in the immediate vicinity and as Ms.
Riojas straightened up, still headed for Ms. Culver, he grabbed and stopped her, stating,
,,, You don't want to do that. You don't want to go after her and assault her in front of a
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police officer.'" RP at 85. Officer Colin continued talking to Ms. Riojas, who calmed
down.
According to Officer Colin, Ms. Riojas "appeared to be highly intoxicated." RP at
86. When he asked Ms. Riojas why she had been chasing Ms. Culver, she stated that Ms.
Culver had been going after her friend and she did not like that, so she went after Ms.
Culver. Ms. Riojas claimed to have recently turned 21 and told the officer she had
identification in her car; the officer then escorted her to her car, where they continued
talking.
As Officer Colin was finishing up his conversation with Ms. Riojas, Sergeant
Moses approached the two. Just as Sergeant Moses reached them, Ms. Riojas stated that
Ms. Culver had been chasing her with a knife. Officer Colin took the opportunity of the
arrival of Sergeant Moses-his superior-to leave, in order to investigate other
partygoers and their cars. As Officer Colin walked away, Sergeant Moses asked Ms.
Riojas why she had been fighting, to which Ms. Riojas responded that she had not been
fighting. Ms. Riojas would later testify that the sergeant's questions were "[a]ccusatory
... so I told him believe what he wants, obviously he is white, he is going to believe [Ms.
Culver] because she is white." RP at 261. Ms. Riojas later admitted that she lied when
she said that Ms. Culver had a knife.
Unwilling to talk further with the sergeant, Ms. Riojas said, '" Whatever ... fuck
this,'" and began to walk away. RP at 112. Sergeant Moses told Ms. Riojas that she was
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not free to leave, to which she responded, '''Fuck you, '" and continued on her way. ld. at
113. The sergeant caught up with Ms. Riojas and firmly grabbed her right upper arm.
Ms. Riojas immediately swung around and hit him in the lip with her left hand.
Upon being struck, Sergeant Moses pulled Ms. Riojas to the ground and told her
she was under arrest for assaulting a police officer. Another officer assisted the sergeant
in handcuffing Ms. Riojas and walking her to the patrol car. She resisted the officers'
movements, screaming that they were hurting her. Ms. Riojas was the only partygoer
arrested that night and was later charged with assault in the third degree under RCW
9A.36.031 (l)(g), which criminalizes "[a]ssau1t[ing] a law enforcement officer or other
employee of a law enforcement agency who was performing his or her official duties at
the time of the assault."
The morning after Ms. Riojas's arrest, Detective Miguel Sanchez went to the jail
and spoke with her. According to the detective, when he told Ms. Riojas that she had.
been arrested for assaulting an officer, she laughed and said, "'I didn't hit anybody. Who
said that?'" RP at 178. As he was leaving, Ms. Riojas told the detective, '''I can't
remember anything.'" ld.
Ms. Riojas filed a pretrial KnapstacP motion to dismiss, arguing that because
Sergeant Moses had neither probable cause to arrest nor reasonable suspicion of criminal
2 State v. Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346, 729 P.2d 48 (1986).
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activity sufficient to justify a temporary detention, no rational trier of fact could find that
he was performing his official duties at the time of the assault. She argued that no
reasonable trier of fact could decide that Ms. Riojas was not acting in self-defense. The
trial court denied the motion. In a letter opinion, it found that detention was lawful
because "[t]here were 'articulable objective reasons to suspect' that Ms. Riojas was
engaged in criminal activity" and "[t]hose facts are not in dispute." Clerk's Papers (CP)
at 20.
The State then moved in limine to exclude any evidence or argument that Ms.
Riojas acted in self-defense or that her detention or arrest was unlawful. It pointed out
that the lawfulness of police conduct is not an element of the crime charged and that there
was no evidence to support an imminent threat of serious harm to Ms. Riojas required to
establish legitimate use of force in self-defense against a police officer. It argued that an
order in limine would ensure that the jurors would not hear "impermissible evidence."
CP at 22. The court granted the motion, stating that Ms. Riojas could make an offer of
proof to create a record for appeal and could, if she wished, move for reconsideration.
Midway through the trial, Ms. Riojas renewed her request that the court dismiss
the assault charge based on the absence of evidence that the sergeant was performing his
official duties. The trial court again refused to dismiss.
Ms. Riojas proposed jury instructions,one of which would have informed the jury
that "[a]n unlawful detention is by definition not part of lawful police duties," based on a
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statement made in this court's decision in State v. Barnes, 96 Wn. App. 217, 225, 978
P.2d 1131 (1999). CP at 30. Another explained that force used "by a person who
reasonably believes that she is about to be injured or in preventing or attempting to
prevent an offense against the person" was a defense to a charge of third degree assault.
CP at 3 5 (citing 11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY
INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 17.02 (3d ed. 2008) (WPIC)). Alternatively, Ms. Riojas asked
that the court give WPIC 17.02.01, the pattern instruction for lawful force in resisting
detention. The court refused to give any of the three instructions.
The trial court did instruct the jury on the definition of assault, using the pattern
instruction set forth in WPIC 35.50. Among the definition language included in the
instruction was that "[a]n assault is an intentional touching or striking ... of a person,
with unlawful force." CP at 44 (Instruction 5). Ms. Riojas did not object to the
instruction.
The jury found Ms. Riojas guilty as charged. She appeals.
ANALYSIS
Ms. Riojas assigns error to the trial court's (1) refusal to dismiss the charge for
insufficient evidence, (2) exclusion of evidence that she acted in self-defense and her
training in self-defense, (3) alleged violation of her constitutional right to present a
defense, (4) refusal to give Ms. Riojas's proposed instruction on self-defense, and (5) use
of the undefined and allegedly vague term "unlawful force" in its instructions to the jury.
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We begin by summarizing Washington law on two matters: first, the construction
of the "performing official duties" element of third degree assault of a law enforcement
officer, and second, the circumstances under which a person may lawfully use force in
self-defense against a law enforcement officer. We then tum to Ms. Riojas's assignments
of error.
I. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS' PROTECTION FROM ASSAULT
A. "Performance of official duties" under RCW 9A.36.031(1)(g)
RCW 9A.36.03l includes two means of committing third degree assault against a
law enforcement officer engaged in performing official duties at its subsections (1)(a) and
(l)(g). RCW 9A.36.03l(1)(g) is the broader of the two. See State v. Ross, 71 Wn. App.
837,843,863 P.2d lO2 (1993) (characterizing subsection (g) as "the broader and more
inclusive subsection"). While RCW 9A.36.03l(1)(a) applies to a defendant's assault
preventing or resisting "the lawful apprehension or detention of himself, herself, or
another person," RCW 9A.36.03l(1)(g), with which Ms. Riojas was charged, provides:
( I) A person is guilty of assault in the third degree if he or she, under
circumstances not amounting to assault in the first or second degree:
(g) Assaults a law enforcement officer or other employee of a law
enforcement agency who was performing his or her official duties at the
time of the assault.
In State v. Mierz, 127 Wn.2d 460,901 P.2d 286 (1995), the meaning of
"performing his or her official duties" as used in RCW 9A.36.03l(I)(g) was squarely
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presented in a case involving a defendant charged with assaulting wildlife officers. The
officers entered Mierz's property to capture coyote pups that he possessed illegally. He
argued that the officers had entered his property without a warrant in violation of the
Fourth Amendment, were making an illegal arrest, and therefore could not have been
performing official duties within the meaning of the statute. Stating that Mierz proposed
an "overly restrictive definition of the term 'official duties,'" the court said:
We hold that "official duties" as used in RCW 9A.36.031(1)(g) encompass
all aspects of a law enforcement officer's good faith performance ofjob
related duties, excluding conduct occurring when the officer is on a frolic of
his or her own. [State v.] Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d [51,] 99-100[, 804 P.2d 577
(1991)]. RCW 9A.36.031(1)(g) includes assaults upon law enforcement
officers in the course of performing their official duties, even if making an
illegal arrest.
127 Wn.2d at 479.
Elsewhere, the court elaborated on its earlier decision in Hoffman, which had
articulated a rule "adopt[ing] a liberal view of 'official duties' ... for purposes of
charging a person with a crime." Id. at 473. In Hoffman, the defendant shot a law
enforcement officer in the back and claimed he could not be convicted of aggravated first
degree murder because the officer was effecting an illegal arrest. RCW 10.95.020(1)
defines aggravated first degree murder as including the first degree murder of a law
enforcement officer "who was performing his or her official duties at the time of the act
resulting in death." As noted in Mierz, Hoffman held that even an officer effecting an
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No. 31386-7-III
State v. Riojas
arrest without probable cause may still be engaged in official duties provided the officer
is not on a frolic of his or her own.
The unanimous court in Mierz stated that it would "not condone violence against
law enforcement officials," including that it would not "adopt a rule ... that permits
citizens to claim a right of self-defense against law enforcement officials who are
performing their duty in good faith and who do not place citizens in an imminent threat of
serious bodily injury." 127 Wn.2d at 482. It observed that "'the officer is entitled to be
protected by the law from assaulC" Id. at 473 (quoting Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d at 100).
B. Lawful use of force in resisting arrest
When a defendant is charged with assault of a layperson, it has long been the law
in Washington that "self-defense may be justified by apparent danger to the person
claiming the benefit of the defense, as opposed to actual danger." State v. Bradley, 141
Wn.2d 731, 736, 10 P.3d 358 (2000); RCW 9A.l6.020(3) (setting forth the general test
for self-defense). In order to establish self-defense the jury must "find only that the
defendant reasonably believed that he or she was in danger of imminent harm." State v.
Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 909, 976 P.2d 624 (1999).
A different rule applies where a defendant claims self-defense in using force
against a law enforcement officer. Bradley, 141 Wn.2d at 737. The policy rationale for
imposing a different rule was first articulated in State v. Westlund, 13 Wn. App. 460,467,
536 P.2d 20 (1975):
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No. 31386-7-111
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[T]he arrestee's right to freedom from arrest without excessive force that
falls short of causing serious injury or death can be protected and
vindicated through legal processes, whereas loss of life or serious physical
injury cannot be repaired in the courtroom. However, in the vast majority
of cases ... resistance and intervention make matters worse, not better.
They create violence where none would have otherwise existed or
encourage further violence, resulting in a situation of arrest by combat.
In State v. Holeman, the Washington Supreme Court adopted the Westlund court's
analysis, explaining that'" [0 ]rderly and safe law enforcement demands that an arrestee
not resist a lawful arrest ... unless the arrestee is actually about to be seriously injured or
killed.'" 103 Wn.2d 426, 430, 693 P.2d 89 (1985) (quoting Westlund, 13 Wn. App. at
467).
Ross, 71 Wn. App. at 843, held that the same standard for self-defense against a
law enforcement officer established in Holeman and Westlund applies to the third degree
assault of a police officer charged under RCW 9A.36.03l (1 )(g). As a result, a jury is
properly instructed in a case such as this that the use of force upon or toward a law
enforcement officer 'His only lawful when ... used by a person who is actually about to
be seriously injured.'" Id. at 840.
Westlund, Holeman, and Ross involved lawful arrests. The Washington Supreme
Court extended the rationale for a heightened standard for claiming self-defense to
unlawful arrests in State v. Valentine, 132 Wn.2d 1,20-21,935 P.2d 1294 (1997). As
with lawful arrests, the court stated that "although a person who is being unlawfully
arrested has a right ... to use reasonable and proportional force to resist an attempt to
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inflict injury on him or her during the course of an arrest, that person may not use force
against the arresting officers ifhe or she is faced only with a loss of freedom." Id. at 21.
It observed that if it were the rule "that a person being unlawfully arrested may always
resist such an arrest with force, we would be inviting anarchy." Id.
Ms. Riojas makes the bald statement that Valentine does not apply here, because
"this was not an arrest." Br. of Appellant at 24. She provides no authority and makes no
attempt to argue why a defendant should have a greater right to resist a Terry stop, which
is "significantly less intrusive than an arrest," State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1,6, 726 P.2d
445 (1986), than the right she has to resist arrest. The reasoning of Westlund and
Holeman appear to be equally if not more compelling where a defendant is being
subjected to only investigative detention. Because we do not consider inadequately
briefed arguments, we will not consider further the dubious suggestion that Valentine
does not apply. RAP 10.3(a)(6).
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
With that overview of Washington law addressing the limited circumstances under
which force can be used against a law enforcement officer, we tum to Ms. Riojas's
assignments of error.
A. Sufficiency of evidence
Ms. Riojas first argues that the trial court erred in refusing to dismiss the charge
against her for insufficient evidence that Sergeant Moses was performing his official
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duties at the time she committed the assault. Whether intended as a challenge to the trial
court's denial of her Knapstad motion, her midtrial motion, or as a separate appeal
challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review is the same. State v.
Athan, 160 Wn.2d 354, 378 n.5, 158 P.3d 27 (2007). "Due process requires the State to
prove all elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Washington, 135
Wn. App. 42,48, 143 P.3d 606 (2006). Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, it allows any rational
trier of fact to find all of the elements of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
Applying Mierz's construction of "performing his or her official duties," the
question is whether, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, its evidence would
allow a rational trier of fact to find that Sergeant Moses was engaged in some aspect of a
good faith performance ofjob-related duties, as distinguished from "a frolic of his own."
As established by Mierz, whether the sergeant's detention of Ms. Riojas was legal or
illegal is irrelevant.
The State presented evidence that the sergeant was pursuing information relevant
to Ms. Culver's allegation that other girls were chasing and throwing bottles at her, and
Ms. Riojas's immediately prior statement that Ms. Culver had been chasing her with a
knife. A rational jury could readily find that the sergeant was engaged in an ongoing
investigation. There is no merit to the suggestion that because Officer Colin had already
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No. 3 1386-7-II1
State v. Riojas
questioned Ms. Riojas outside the presence of Sergeant Moses, a rational jury must
construe the sergeant's actions as no longer job-related. The sergeant was not engaged in
a personal frolic and the court did not err in refusing to dismiss the charge.
Ms. Riojas nonetheless contends we are bound by this court's statement in Barnes
that "[a]n unlawful detention is by definition not part of lawful police duties." 96 Wn.
App. at 225. The defendant in Barnes did not assault a law enforcement officer. Rather,
when told during a detention that the officer was going to pat him down for weapons, and
knowing that he was carrying crack cocaine and a crack pipe, the defendant "physically
resisted the search. He jammed his hands in his pockets and struggled." ld. at 220. He
was arrested for obstructing a law enforcement officer, but was never prosecuted for that
crime; instead, he was prosecuted for controlled substances crimes based on the drugs
and paraphernalia found when he was searched incident to arrest.
Under RCW 9A.76.020(1), which was the basis for Barnes's arrest, it is a crime if
a person "willfully hinders, delays~ or obstructs any law enforcement officer in the
discharge of his or her official powers or duties." The differently-worded obstruction
statute is concerned with the mere hindrance or delay of police work, not the danger to
officers that has provided the basis for the Washington courts' construction ofRCW
9A.36.031(1)(g). When it comes to the meaning of "performance of official duties" for
purposes of the third degree assault charged here, it is Mierz and Hoffman, not Barnes,
that are controlling.
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B. Exclusion of evidence
Ms. Riojas's second and third assignments of error are that the court erred in
excluding evidence of Sergeant Moses's use of force in arresting her and her earlier
training in self-defense. The two types of evidence were offered for different purposes,
so we address them separately.
Evidence ofthe sergeant's use afforce. In his opening statement, Ms. Riojas's
lawyer told the jury that after Ms. Riojas hit Sergeant Moses, she "was taken into a hair
hold and not just placed on the ground, but slammed on the ground, and got her arms
messed up pretty bad." RP at 80. When he attempted to cross-examine the State's first
witness about the sergeant's postassault use of force, however, the State objected on
relevance grounds and its objection was sustained. Defense efforts to question other
witnesses about the sergeant's use of force after being hit by Ms. Riojas were likewise
met with objections that were sustained. Outside the presence of the jury, the court
explained that it was excluding the evidence based on ER 403 and its conclusion that the
limited probative value of the evidence was substantially outweighed by the danger of
confusing the issues and misleading the jury. As the trial court recognized, whether the
police "over-reacted after the fact" was "not what we're here about," and while "there is
all sorts of remedies for that sort of thing ... they are not going to be in this court." RP
at 99-100. It expressed its concern that the admission of the evidence would tum the trial
into a "trial of relative culpability, or who used excessive force the worst." RP at 99.
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The admissibility of evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.
State v. Atsbeha, 142 Wn.2d 904,913-14, 16 P.3d 626 (2001). We will not reverse a trial
court's decision to exclude evidence absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Cuthbert, 154
Wn. App. 318, 337, 225 P.3d 407 (2010).
"Relevant evidence" is that which has "any tendency to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence." ER 401. The threshold for admitting
relevant evidence is very low, and "[e]ven minimally relevant evidence is admissible."
State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612,621,41 P.3d 1189 (2002). But relevant evidence may
be excluded under ER 403 "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence. "
Ms. Riojas argues that the degree of force used by Sergeant Moses after she struck
him was relevant in determining the degree of force he used immediately before Ms.
Riojas assaulted him. Given the high standard imposed for lawful use of force against a
police officer, only evidence that Ms. Riojas was actually in danger of serious injury and
intentionally acted to defend herself would have been relevant to her right to claim self-
defense. But as the court observed elsewhere, "there is not a scintilla of evidence ... that
[Ms. Riojas] was in actual and imminent danger of serious injury." RP at 308. And she
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never claimed that she intentionally defended herself-she claimed that she was surprised
by having her arm grabbed and responded instinctively.
The defense could and did argue that the State opened the door to evidence of the
sergeant's postarrest use of force by eliciting testimony from Officer Colin that as the
officers escorted her to the patrol car, Ms. Riojas "might" have said, "'You are hurting
me'''-especially after the prosecutor told the court outside the presence of the jury that
she elicited the evidence only "to demonstrate her state of mind, that she was just angry
that night." RP at 87, 96. It was untenable for the prosecutor to believe that the State
could present evidence of Ms. Riojas's screams, argue that they were proof of her bad
attitude, and then object to a defense effort to show that Ms. Riojas was screaming
because she had actually been hurt in the course of the arrest.
As the lawyers continued to argue the evidentiary issue outside the presence of the
jury, the prosecutor appears to have realized that she might indeed be opening the door,
and she offered to ask no further questions about Ms. Riojas's behavior after she was
placed under arrest. The court ultimately ruled:
I will say this: If the State goes any further and elicits further
reactions from her, then, then the question is going to be back to, well, what
she is reacting to and it would open the door further. At this point I'm
shutting the door. And if the State reopens it, be it on their heads.
RP at 105. The court then asked the prosecutor ifshe understood what it was trying to
say, adding, "You made this offer [to stop the line of questioning] earlier and basically
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what I'm saying, 1 wouldn't treat it as an offer. 1 would treat it as what you better do to
keep the door shut." Id. The State steered clear of Ms. Riojas's postarrest conduct
thereafter.
The trial court's handling of the issue was reasonable. Officer Colin's testimony
as to what Ms. Riojas "might" have said was insignificant without further development.
A complete vetting of evidence as to the force used in the arrest had a real potential for
creating jury confusion about whether the sergeant's use of force mattered. We find no
abuse of discretion.
Self-defense training. At trial, the defense sought to characterize Ms. Riojas's
conduct as automatic or reflexive, as opposed to intentional. To support this theory, Ms.
Riojas's lawyer questioned her about her training in martial arts. She testified that she
took martial arts in middle school and at the community college, and that she took a self-
defense class over the summer. When her lawyer's questions changed from asking about
"martial arts" to "self-defense," the State objected and its objection was sustained.
Argument about further questioning was held outside the presence of the jury.
Ms. Riojas's lawyer made an offer of proof by questioning her further. When asked
whether she believed that her physical response to being grabbed by Sergeant Moses
"was in part because of [her] training and experience," Ms. Riojas responded, "Yes." RP
at 258. After hearing the offer of proof, the court ruled that Ms. Riojas could describe
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what she did, but that any reference to "self-defense classes or instinctive, or moves that
you make in response to grabbing" would not be admitted. RP at 256-57.
Intent is an implied element of third degree assault. State v. Tunney, 77 Wn. App.
929,934,895 P.2d 13 (1995), all'd, 129 Wn.2d 336, 917 P.2d 95 (1996). "A person acts
with intent or intentionally when he or she acts with the objective or purpose to
accomplish a result which constitutes a crime." RCW 9A.08.010(1)(a). According to
Ms. Riojas, the evidence regarding her training "was offered on the issue of intent, so the
jury could evaluate whether someone who had been trained to react to being grabbed
could made [sic] an automatic response, without the intent to commit an assault." Reply
Br. of Appellant at 5.
Washington courts have not analyzed a defendant's claim of "conditioned
response" in terms of intent. In three decisions, they have analyzed a defense of
conditioned response as bearing on voluntariness as a component of a crime's actus reus.
See State v. Utter,4 Wn. App. 137, 139,479 P.2d 946 (1971) (defendant asserted that
homicide was a conditioned response to 'jungle warfare training and experiences in
World War II"); State v. Perkins, 14 Wn. App. 27, 32, 538 P.2d 829 (1975) (homicide
was a conditioned response to "the extremely harsh nature of his military training"); State
v. Deer, 175 Wn.2d 725, 731-33, 287 P.3d 539 (2012) (defendant charged with third
degree rape of a child was asleep during some acts of intercourse with 15-year-old boy),
cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 991 (2013). All three cases have characterized the defense as
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requiring an unconscious or automatistic act. Utter, 4 Wn. App. at 141; Perkins, 14 Wn.
App. at 32; Deer, 175 Wn.2d at 733-34. In its most recent decision, Deer, the court held
that while a defendant "is entitled to argue a lack of conscious action, [the] claim is
properly treated as an affirmative defense, much like claims of involuntary intoxication,
insanity, or unwitting possession." 175 Wn.2d at 733.
Utter and Perkins addressed the evidence of unconscious or automatistic conduct
required before a defense of conditioned response can be submitted to the jury, and in
both cases, the appellate courts affirmed the trial courts' determinations that there was
insufficient evidence. In Utter, the defendant testified to his jungle warfare experiences
and to prior violent reactions and presented expert psychiatric testimony on conditioned
response. The evidence was found to be insufficient to present a jury issue, though,
because no one could testify to what had occurred between the defendant and his victim;
the jury would be speCUlating.
In Perkins, the defendant presented evidence of his military training and that
"'everything went black'" before he committed a homicide, but the appellate court held
that a defense that a criminal act was automatistic "should not be presented to a jury
unless there is sufficient evidence to establish that the defendant ... was indeed
automatically responding to external stimuli by learned physical reactions." 14 Wn. App.
at 31-32. It continued that because "[ w]e find no medical evidence to support this theory
... any failure of the court to instruct the jury properly on this theory is immaterial." Id.
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Here, Ms. Riojas was allowed to testifY that she was not expecting to be grabbed
by Sergeant Moses, that it surprised her, that she reacted automatically, and that she had
not intended to hit the sergeant. Among her testimony was the following:
Q. When [Sergeant Moses] grabbed you by the arm would you describe
that you were or were not surprised?
A. 1 was surprised.
Q. And would you characterize your surprise as a minor or little
surprise, or were you a lot surprised?
A. A lot surprised.
Q. And what was your reaction to that?
A. 1 had an automatic reaction. He grabbed me so 1 went like that
(indicating) to get away.
RP at 264.
While Ms. Riojas was not allowed to testifY before the jury to her beliefthat her
physical response was "in part because of her training and experience," as she had during
her offer of proof, no evidence was presented during the offer of proof that she was
qualified to express an opinion on the automatistic nature of her response. Because she
offered no qualified expert testimony that her reaction was automatistic, her offer of
proof fell short of the expert testimony that Perkins held is required to present a defense
of conditioned response.
Given the insufficiency of Ms. Riojas's offer of proof in support of her right to
assert a defense of automatistic response, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
sustaining the State's objections.
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No. 31386-7-II1
State v. Riojas
C. Right to present a defense
Ms. Riojas argues that even if the trial court's rulings were not an abuse of
discretion under the rules of evidence, they denied her her constitutional right to present a
defense.
State rule makers have broad latitude to establish rules excluding evidence from
criminal trials, but "[t]his latitude ... has limits. 'Whether rooted directly in the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or in the Compulsory Process or
Confrontation Clauses of the Sixth Amendment, the Constitution guarantees criminal
defendants "a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense."'" Holmes v. South
Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324, 126 S. Ct. 1727, 164 L. Ed. 2d 503 (2006) (quoting Crane
v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S. Ct. 2142, 90 L. Ed. 2d 636 (1986) (quoting
California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485,104 S. Ct. 2528, 81 L. Ed. 2d 413 (1984))).
Evidentiary rules can impermissibly abridge a criminal defendant's right to present
a defense if they are "'arbitrary or disproportionate' and 'infringe[ ] upon a weighty
interest of the accused.'" State v. Rafay, 168 Wn. App. 734, 796, 285 P.3d 83 (2012)
(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v.
Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308,118 S. Ct. 1261, 140 L. Ed. 2d 413 (1998)), review denied,
176 Wn.2d lO23, cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 170 (2013). The constitutional concern is with
evidence that is relevant but excluded by rules that serve no legitimate purpose or that are
disproportionate to the ends they are asserted to promote. Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 308; State
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No. 31386-7-III
State v. Riojas
v. Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1, 14-15,659 P.2d 514 (1983). Article I, section 22 of the
Washington Constitution guarantees criminal defendants a right to present testimony in
their defense that is equivalent to the right guaranteed by the United States Constitution.
See Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1.
In reviewing Ms. Riojas's claim that she was denied the right to present a defense,
we review whether the evidence she sought to offer was relevant and was excluded for a
reason that was arbitrary or disproportionate and infringed upon an interest on her part
that was weighty. The evidence she wished to offer on Sergeant Moses's use of force
while arresting her is readily addressed: the evidence was not relevant. A criminal
defendant has no constitutional right to have irrelevant evidence admitted in his or her
defense. Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 308; Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d at 14-15.
As to the evidence she wished to offer suggesting that the swing she took at
Sergeant Moses was unconscious and automatistic, ER 701 provides that a witness's
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to opinions and inferences that
(relevant here) are rationally based on the perception of the witness and are not based on
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope ofER 702.
Washington decisions have held that a defendant's right to present a defense is not
violated by excluding the opinion testimony of an unqualified expert. See State v. Soper,
135 Wn. App. 89, 96, 143 P.3d 335 (2006) (excluding testimony of unqualified physician
that defendant used marijuana for medical reasons did not violate constitutional right to
22
No. 31386-7-II1
State v. Riojas
present a defense); State v. Willis, 113 Wn. App. 389, 54 P.3d 184 (2002) (trial court's
exclusion of testimony of expert in rape case did not violate defendant's constitutional
right to present a defense where expert had insufficient information from which to form
helpful opinions), rev'd in part on other grounds, 151 Wn.2d 255,87 P.3d 1164 (2004).
The evidence rules dealing with opinions and experts serve a legitimate purpose
that is particularly clear where, as here, a defendant offers her own opinion or inference
on a medical or psychological matter as to which she has no apparent knowledge or
training. She was not denied her constitutional right to present a defense.
D. Refusal to give requested instruction
Ms. Riojas next argues that the trial court erred in refusing to give her proposed
instruction on self-defense, which was based on WPIC 17.02. "A criminal defendant is
entitled to an instruction on his or her theory of the case if the evidence supports the
instruction." State v. Werner, 170 Wn.2d 333, 336, 241 P.3d 410 (2010). "To raise self-
defense before a jury, a defendant bears the initial burden of producing some evidence
that his or her actions occurred in circumstances amounting to self-defense." Riley, 137
Wn.2d at 909. "A trial court's refusal to give instructions to a jury, if based on a factual
dispute, is reviewable only for abuse of discretion," while its "refusal to give an
instruction based upon a ruling oflaw is reviewed de novo." State v. Walker, 136 Wn.2d
767,771-72,966 P.2d 883 (1998).
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No. 31386-7-111
State v. Riojas
The pattern instruction that Ms. Riojas proposed is used when a defendant has
presented sufficient evidence to raise a claim of self-defense against a lay victim. It
provides that the use of force toward another is lawful when used "by a person who
reasonably believes that she is about to be injured or in preventing or attempting to
prevent an offense against the person, and when the force is not more than is necessary."
CP at 35.
As earlier discussed, a defendant's use of force upon or toward a law enforcement
officer is only lawful when used by a person who is actually about to be seriously injured.
No evidence was presented or offered that Ms. Riojas was in actual danger of serious
injury. Insufficient evidence supported giving any self-defense instruction, and the
instruction that Ms. Riojas proposed described the general standard for self-defense rather
than the heightened standard applicable to the crime of third degree assault with which
she was charged. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give the
instruction.
E. Reference to "unlawful force" in defining assault
Finally, Ms. Riojas contends that the trial court erred in including the phrase
"unlawful force" in its instruction to the jury defining assault without further defining
that term. The court's instruction defined three means of committing assault, each of
which provided that an act of assault is one done "with unlawful force." CP at 44
(Instruction 5).
24
,
No. 31386-7-III
State v. Riojas
Washington courts typically define "assault" as "'an attempt, with unlawful force,
to inflict bodily injury upon another, accompanied with the apparent present ability to
give effect to the attempt if not prevented.'" State v. Krup, 36 Wn. App. 454, 457, 676
P.2d 507 (1984) (quoting State v. Stewart, 73 Wn.2d 701, 703,440 P.2d 815 (1968)).
But the Washington pattern instruction, on which the trial court's instruction 5 was based,
brackets the phrase "with unlawful force." It states in its note on use that the phrase
"with unlawful force" should be used "if there is a claim of selfl-]defense or other lawful
use of force." WPIC 35.50 note on use at 548. The comment to WPIC 35.50 states that
if there is not support for a claim of self-defense, "the jury should not be left to speculate
on what might constitute 'lawful' conduct." Id. cmt. at 550; accord State v. Calvin, 176
Wn. App. 1,2013 Wash. App. LEXIS 1276, at *20, 316 P.3d 496,505 ("The term
'unlawful force' is only necessary in the definition of assault when there is a specific
argument from the defense that the use of force was somehow lawful."), petition for
review filed, No. 89518-0 (Wash. Nov. 12,2013).
According to the note on use and the comment, the bracketed language "with
unlawful force" should not have been included in the instruction in this case. But Ms.
Riojas never objected to inclusion of the language. "An assignment of error against a
given instruction, based upon a theory not presented to the trial court at the time
exception is taken, will not be considered on appeal." State v. Upton, 16 Wn. App. 195,
203, 556 P.2d 239 (1976).
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No. 31386-7-III
State v. Riojas
The concern reflected in the note on use and comment is that the jury will
speculate on what might constitute a "lawful" use of force by a defendant in a case where
no evidence supports any lawful use of force-in other words, the jury might speculate in
the defendant's favor, without a basis in law. Ms. Riojas's competent defense lawyer
tried repeatedly to get some evidence or instruction on self-defense before the jury. We
strongly suspect that his failure to object to the "with unlawful force" language was
tactical. Cj State v. Hughes, 106 Wn.2d 176, 192-93, 721 P.2d 902 (1986) (concluding,
where the same language was included in the instruction absent a defense, that
"experienced trial defense counsel considered the word 'unlawful' helpful to the
defendant's theory of the case at trial or, at least, not harmful"). In any event, we will not
consider a challenge to the instruction for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.S(a).
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS
In a pro se statement of additional grounds, Ms. Riojas raises two.
Inconsistent Testimony/Invalid Terry Stop. Ms. Riojas contends that Sergeant
Moses made statements in his police report that contradict his trial testimony. In his
police report, Sergeant Moses wrote that "[i]t was obvious" Ms. Riojas had "made ...
up" the business about Ms. Culver having come after her with a knife. CP at 17. Ms.
Riojas claims this statement is inconsistent with Sergeant Moses's testimony at trial that
he had grounds to detain Ms. Riojas based on her statement that Ms. Culver had a knife.
She argues that if the sergeant believed she was lying, he had no basis to detain her
26
No. 31386-7-111
State v. Riojas
further for questioning.
Ms. Riojas fails to explain why, if there is an inconsistency, it presents a reversible
trial error. As earlier discussed, whether her detention was lawful or unlawful is
irrelevant to her guilt. We will not consider a statement of additional grounds if it does
not inform us of the nature of the error. RAP 10.10(c).
Unfair Treatment. Ms. Riojas next argues that she was treated unfairly, as she was
the only individual arrested at the party. She also claims that Sergeant Moses singled her
out by questioning her, but not Ms. Culver. Here again, she provides no explanation of
the nature of any legal error and we will not consider it. See id.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
Brown, 1.
~C)
Lawrence-Berrey, 1.
27