IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2012-CT-00663-SCT
CHERI W. HEFLIN
v.
STEPHEN MERRILL AND/OR THE ESTATE OF
STEPHEN MERRILL AND NATIONWIDE
INSURANCE COMPANY
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/14/2011
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JOHN C. GARGIULO
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: MATTHEW G. MESTAYER
NICHOLAS VAN WISER
JEREMY D. HAWK
WILLIAM L. McDONOUGH, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: NICHOLAS VAN WISER
MATTHEW G. MESTAYER
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: JEREMY DALE HAWK
JAMES LEROY BANKS, IV
WILLIAM L. McDONOUGH, JR.
NICHOLAS KANE THOMPSON
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - INSURANCE
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/06/2014
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
DICKINSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. The plaintiff in this automobile-accident lawsuit sued her underinsured-motorist
insurance carrier. Even though the UM carrier admitted liability and agreed to pay any
damages awarded at trial that exceeded available liability coverage, the plaintiff insisted on
informing the jury of the insurance company’s status as a defendant. The trial judge refused
to allow it. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. Stephen Merrill crashed into the back of Cheri and Mike Heflin’s automobile. Cheri
sued Merrill’s estate 1 and her underinsured-motorist carrier, Nationwide Insurance Company.
Before trial, Nationwide admitted liability and offered to stipulate in writing that Cheri was
an insured under its policy, and that it would be responsible for payment of a final judgment
in excess of Merrill’s liability coverage. Nationwide then moved to exclude any reference
before the jury to its role, and to exclude any evidence that Cheri’s car had underinsured
motorist coverage. The trial granted the motion, finding that
[w]hether or not UM coverage exists is not relevant. And it’s the court’s
opinion that introducing that issue along with the existence of Nationwide
Insurance Company to the jury would potentially prejudice that jury as to a
determination of damages.
¶3. During the trial, the judge sustained two defense evidentiary objections to Merrill’s
statement about being sorry for the accident and Mike’s opinion about how fast Merrill’s car
was going.
¶4. Mike was prepared to testify that after the accident Merrill said, “God, I’m sorry, it
was my fault.” The defense made a hearsay objection and the trial judge ultimately sustained
the objection. The trial judge acknowledged that the statement was not hearsay 2 but still
excluded it, because “the person who made the statement is now deceased and [ ] the
1
After the accident, Merrill passed away due to causes unrelated to the accident.
2
See Miss. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(a) (statements offered against opposing party are not
hearsay).
2
defendant has admitted liability, I feel the statement, if introduced to the jury, will serve only
to inflame and confuse as to the issues.”
¶5. Mike also was prepared to give his opinion of Merrill’s speed before the accident.
The plaintiff argued that Mike was uniquely qualified to give this lay opinion based on his
“experience in [ ] dealing with wrecks in the past in the process of pursing claims in his role
as a Nationwide auto insurance agent,” and as a result of the “many wrecks he’s been
involved in and how many claims he’s filed.” The trial judge also excluded this testimony.
¶6. After the jury awarded Cheri $32,500—well under Merrill’s liability policy
limits—Cheri filed a motion for a new trial or additur. The trial court denied the motions.
¶7. Cheri appealed, arguing that the trial court erred by not disclosing Nationwide’s
identity, sustaining the two evidentiary objections, and not granting the post-trial motions.
The Court of Appeals affirmed, finding that “there was no reason for the jury to consider the
Nationwide UM policy,” and “[a]dmitting such evidence could only serve to possibly inflate
or deflate a verdict or confuse the jury.”3 Because the issue of revealing a UM carrier’s role
as a defendant and involvement in a case has been the subject of debate among the bench and
bar, we granted certiorari to address the issue along with the other evidentiary rulings and
denial of the post-trial motions.
ANALYSIS
¶8. The main issue presented is one of first impression in Mississippi. There is debate
among members of our Bar as to whether informing the jury of an uninsured-or
3
Heflin v. Merrill, No. 2012-CA-00663-COA, 2013 WL 5614290, at *3 (Miss. Ct.
App. Oct. 15, 2013).
3
underinsured-motorist carrier’s role as a party is required, and whether the fact of that role
is evidence, or simply a matter within the purview of a trial judge in controlling the
courtroom and trial. We hold that it is both.
I. The trial court properly excluded Nationwide’s identity and role in the trial.
¶9. This Court reviews a trial court’s exclusion of evidence under an abuse-of-discretion
standard, and where we find a trial court has erred, we will not reverse unless the error
adversely affects a party’s substantial right.4
A. Purpose and Relevance of Nationwide’s Role
¶10. To be admissible in its role as evidence, the fact of Nationwide’s role in this case
required some demonstration of relevance.5 Evidence is relevant only where it has a
“tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” 6
¶11. The admissibility of all evidence begins with an examination of its purpose. We are
unable to discern the purpose or relevance of Nationwide’s role, and it is noteworthy that
Cheri suggests no purpose or theory of relevance for us to analyze. Indeed, where insurance
is concerned, our rules of evidence provide that “[e]vidence that a person was or was not
insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether he acted negligently or
4
James v. Carawan, 995 So. 2d 69, 75 (Miss. 2008) (citing Floyd v. City of Crystal
Springs, 749 So. 2d 110, 113 (Miss. 1999)).
5
Miss. R. Evid. 402.
6
Miss. R. Evid. 401.
4
otherwise wrongfully.” 7 And it is “well established in this state that evidence of insurance
or lack thereof may not be presented at a trial to show who would have to pay the
judgment.” 8 For example, we have held that an uninsured defendant is prohibited from
telling the jury that he or she lacks insurance and would have to pay any judgment.9
¶12. We agree with the view of the Supreme Court of New Jersey that, “in the context of
a [underinsured motorist] trial, in which the circumstances of the underlying accident are the
focus, . . . the insurer’s identity is ordinarily irrelevant,” and “[w]hether the jury knows the
underinsured motorist insurer’s identity should have no impact on its evaluation of the extent
of the plaintiff’s injuries.” 10 This reasoning is highly persuasive. Other courts, including
those in Virginia, have followed New Jersey’s approach under similar circumstances.11
7
Miss. R. Evid. 411.
8
Capital City Ins. Co. v. G.B. “Boots” Smith Corp., 889 So. 2d 505, 510 (Miss.
2004) (citing Morris v. Huff, 238 Miss. 111, 118-19, 117 So. 2d 800, 802-03 (1960);
Snowden v. Webb, 217 Miss. 664, 675-76, 64 So. 2d 745, 750 (1953)).
9
Capital City Ins. Co., 889 So. 2d at 510 (quoting Snowden, 64 So. 2d at 750).
10
Bardis v. First Trenton Ins. Co., 971 A.2d 1062, 1069 (N.J. 2009).
11
See Mattingly v. Stinson, 281 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Ky. 2009) (prohibiting the
disclosure of an underinsured motorist carrier’s identity where the tortfeasor remained a real
party to the action); Wineinger v. Ellis, 855 N.E.2d. 614, 620 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)
(upholding a trial court’s order that an underinsured motorist carrier’s identity not be
disclosed at trial, because the only issue at trial was the extent and nature of injuries);
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wade, 579 S.E.2d 180, 183-84 (Va. 2003) (recognizing that sometimes
the knowledge that a party is uninsured can actually prejudice the plaintiff and deflate the
jury’s verdict against the uninsured defendant); Travelers Ins. Co. v. Lobello, 186 S.E.2d 80,
82 (Va. 1972) (holding that it was error to inject the issue of uninsured motorist coverage at
trial).
5
¶13. The only issue in this case was the amount of Cheri’s damages. We see no reason for
the jury to be informed of Nationwide’s role as Cheri’s underinsured motorist insurer. This
information would have been of no help in deciding the issues before the jury; indeed, the
trial judge would have risked a mistrial by allowing the plaintiff to use insurance to prove the
defendant’s negligence.12
¶14. We find Nationwide’s role in this case—insofar as the jury was concerned—was
irrelevant. And, although irrelevant evidence occasionally finds its way into the record, it
is never admissible under the Mississippi Rules of Evidence.13
B. Application of the Rule 403 Balancing Test to Nationwide’s Role
¶15. Even if Nationwide’s role had some minimal theory of relevance, it nevertheless
properly would have been excluded under Rule 403, which requires exclusion of relevant
evidence
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations
of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.14
¶16. We agree with the New Jersey court’s finding that informing the jury that a party
provides underinsured motorist coverage on the plaintiff’s car actually “increase[s] the risk
of jury confusion[,] because the jury would first be told that the defendant is an insurer, but
12
See Miss. R. Evid. 411.
13
Miss. R. Evid. 402.
14
Miss. R. Evid. 403.
6
would then be advised that this is irrelevant and should play no role in their evaluation of the
claim.” 15
C. Judges’ Control Over the Trial
¶17. The plaintiff also argues that it was “inherently unfair” for the jury not to know of
Nationwide’s role in the litigation. The trial judge found nothing unfair about it. This Court
has “unflagging support” for a trial judge’s power to control the progress of a trial.16 The
trial judge was well within his discretion in finding that identifying Nationwide as party
would disrupt the trial on Cheri’s damages and create confusion for the jury. As stated, trial
judges have the authority, power, and responsibility to prevent confusion and undue
prejudice.
¶18. The plaintiff correctly points out that our views are in disagreement with those of the
Supreme Court of Florida, which holds that full disclosure of a underinsured motorist
company’s identity at trial “protects the integrity of the jury system and prevents charades
at trial.” 17 But having made this bold statement, the Florida court fails to explain how or why
the jury system’s integrity depends to any degree on informing the jury of information it is
prohibited from using in its deliberations. And as a dissenting justice on that same court
15
Bardis, 971 A.2d at 1069.
16
Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1225 (Miss. 1996) (quoting Douglas v. State,
525 So. 2d 1312, 1318 (Miss. 1992)).
17
Lamz v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., 803 So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 2001).
7
noted, “such disclosures creates a substantial risk of unnecessarily shifting the jury’s
attention to insurance details where there are no insurance issues to be decided by the jury.” 18
¶19. In short, the Florida approach creates the very real danger that juries will return
“insurance verdicts,” and this danger is exactly what Mississippi Rule of Evidence 411 was
designed to guard against. Identifying Nationwide as a party at trial would have been a
backdoor attempt to use insurance to inflate the jury’s verdict; not decide the issue of Cheri’s
damages.
¶20. Contrary to the dissent’s view, the trial court was not compelled by Mississippi Rule
of Civil Procedure 10(a) to disclose Nationwide’s identity in the case. That rule, which does
no more than to govern the style of a pleading, says nothing about informing the jury of
anything. Indeed, rare is the case in which a complaint is presented to a jury as an exhibit.
¶21. The plaintiff suffered no prejudice here. Her right to bring claims against her
underinsured motorist carrier and name the underinsured motorist carrier as a party under
Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure 18, 19, and 20, and Mississippi Code Section 83-11-105
were protected; but those rights do not amount to carte blance license to use the insurer’s
identity to increase the jury’s verdict. The issue in this case is about relevance; and here,
Nationwide’s identity lacked any.
II. The trial judge committed no other reversible error in sustaining the two
evidentiary objections and denying the post-trial motions.
¶22. Finally, we will briefly address Heflin’s other three issues. First, as to Merrill’s
statement about being sorry for causing the accident, we are unable to find that the trial judge
18
Id. at 597 (Wells, C.J., dissenting).
8
abused his discretion by excluding this evidence under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 403.
The trial court correctly recognized that the statement was not hearsay under Mississippi
Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2) because it was a statement offered against a party opponent. But,
because the only issue at trial was Cheri’s damages, the trial judge was well within his
discretion to exclude the statement as being unduly prejudicial.
¶23. Second, as to Mike’s opinion about the speed of Merrill’s vehicle, the trial judge again
was well within his discretion to exclude this testimony. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 701
provides in essence that “lay witness opinion [is limited] to those opinions or inferences
which are rationally based on the perception of the witness and helpful to the clear
understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” 19
¶24. When Mike was asked about seeing Merrill’s car before the accident, he testified he
“glanced back and glanced in [his] rearview mirror . . . [a]nd it was just a glance just before
it happened.” Given this testimony, he appropriately was allowed to give his lay opinion that
Merrill’s car “was barreling down on top of us.” But allowing him to give the jury his
opinion about the exact speed at which Merrill’s vehicle was traveling would have elevated
his role from lay witness to that of an expert.20
¶25. In an attempt to bolster Mike’s qualification to give a lay opinion about speed, the
plaintiff cited Mike’s experience as an insurance agent. But Rule 701 prohibits lay opinions
19
Roberts v. Grafe Auto. Co., Inc., 701 So. 2d 1093, 1099 (Miss. 1997) (citing
Couch v. City of D’Iberville, 656 So. 2d 146, 153 (Miss. 1995)).
20
Miss. R. Evid. 702.
9
that are based on special training and knowledge.21 A lay witness’s unique qualifications
have no bearing on the witness’s ability give a lay opinion. Ultimately, the speed of Merrill’s
vehicle was a fact for the jury to determine.
¶26. Because we find no error in the trial court’s rulings on any of the evidentiary issues
in this case, we find there was no cumulative error warranting a new trial or an additur; and
that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying the plaintiff’s post-trial motions.22
CONCLUSION
¶27. We hold as a matter of first impression that, in Mississippi, the proponent of evidence
of the role of an uninsured-or underinsured-motorist carrier’s role in litigation over benefits
due under the policy as a result of a tortfeasor’s negligence must demonstrate the relevance
of the evidence and that it passes Rule 403’s balancing test. Because the plaintiff in this case
has failed to do so, we affirm the judgments of the trial court and the Court of Appeals. The
trial judge committed no error in this case by excluding any reference to Nationwide and the
other evidentiary rulings.
¶28. AFFIRMED.
RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ.,
CONCUR. KING, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED
BY KITCHENS, J. WALLER, C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
KING, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
21
Miss. R. Evid. 701(c) (providing that lay opinion may not be based on “scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge” within the scope of Rule 702).
22
See Maddox v. Muirhead, 738 So. 2d 742, 743 (Miss. 1999) (noting that a trial
court reviews a denial of a motion for new trial or additur for abuse of discretion).
10
¶29. Because I disagree that the mere identity of a party who participates in a trial is
“evidence” subject to exclusion, and because I believe that the trial court in this case erred
by excluding the identity of a defendant who participated in the trial, I respectfully dissent.
¶30. This appeal stems from a motion in limine filed by Nationwide, requesting that the
court exclude “any reference or comment before the venire or jury related to the insurance
policy issued by Nationwide Insurance Company made the subject of this matter, and to
exclude any evidence of the same.” (Emphasis added.) Nationwide maintained that it had
“offered to stipulate that the policy . . . was in full force and effect at the time of the subject
accident and that [Nationwide] will be responsible for payment of any final judgment in
excess of the liability coverage limit” of Merrill. It argued that the existence of the policy
had no relevance to any issue decided by the jury. At the hearing on the motion, Nationwide
argued that, in order to implement its motion, no mention of Nationwide whatsoever could
be made at trial. According to Nationwide, it “would simply come off the pleadings. It
would not be there. Then it would be a suit reflecting the true dispute, that being the amount
of damages that the plaintiff is entitled to. . . . [T]he jury would not need to know why
Nationwide is here because there would be no appearance that Nationwide was in fact here.”
Nationwide argued that its participation at trial could be explained as Merrill simply having
two lawyers, and stated that counsel for Nationwide would examine two of the expert
witnesses on behalf of the defense. The court granted Nationwide’s motion in limine,
preventing any mention of the “existence” of Nationwide during trial.23 It found that, in light
23
The trial court stated that “it’s the court’s opinion that introducing [UM coverage]
along with the existence of Nationwide Insurance Company to the jury would potentially
11
of the facts that liability was admitted and Nationwide had admitted that the Heflins were
covered by their UM policy, only the extent of Heflin’s injuries was relevant at trial and that
making Nationwide’s existence in the lawsuit known to the jury would prejudice it.
¶31. At trial, counsel for Nationwide participated in a videotaped deposition of the defense
expert that was played for the jury. Counsel for Nationwide also conducted the voir dire of
one of Heflin’s expert witnesses, and also conducted the cross-examination of that expert.
The cross-examination by counsel for Nationwide filled approximately sixteen pages of the
transcript of the trial.
¶32. At trial, Heflin introduced evidence that her out-of-pocket medical bills were
approximately $40,000 and that she anticipated approximately $100,000 in future medical
bills. She also claimed damages for pain and suffering. She ultimately requested that the
jury award her damages totaling approximately $200,000. The jury returned a verdict in
favor of Heflin in the amount of $32,500, and the trial court entered a judgment on the jury’s
verdict. Heflin filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), or in the
alternative, for additur, or new trial. The trial court denied the motion, and Heflin appealed.
¶33. A divided Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court. The Court of Appeals held that
the trial court was within its discretion “to exclude Nationwide’s policy because the parties
stipulated that Nationwide would be responsible for any amount not covered by Allstate up
to Heflin’s policy limits. Additionally, liability was not an issue in the case. . . . Admitting
such evidence could only serve to possibly inflate or deflate a verdict or confuse the jury.”
prejudice that jury as to a determination of damages.”
12
Heflin v. Merrill, __ So. 3d __, 2013 WL 5614290 at *3 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2013). It
concluded, then, that “the Nationwide policy was properly excluded.” Id. (emphasis added).
In his dissent, Judge Griffis, joined by three other judges, argued that the issue of excluding
any mention of Nationwide, despite its status as a party to the lawsuit, was not an evidentiary
issue, but a procedural issue. The dissent concluded that the trial court erred by excluding
all references to Nationwide, yet allowing Nationwide to participate in the trial. It found that
Heflin’s complaint asserted . . . a contractual claim against Nationwide.
Nationwide has defended its interests and fully participated throughout the
litigation. Nationwide, even after this ruling, participated at trial by cross-
examining a witness and making objections. The interests of justice require
that the identity and role of Nationwide be revealed to the jury.
Id. at *14 (Griffis, J., dissenting).
¶34. Nationwide filed its motion in limine to exclude evidence of or reference to the UM
policy issued by it to Heflin. To effectuate this motion, Nationwide argued that any and all
mention of Nationwide should be prevented; to whit, that the jury should not be made aware
of Nationwide’s existence in this particular lawsuit. Heflin objected, arguing that the
exclusion of Nationwide, while it actively participated in the litigation, would mislead the
jury and prejudice Heflin because the jury would think her claim was simply against a dead
man’s estate, rather than including a contractual claim against her own insurance company.
The circuit court agreed to conceal from the jury the existence of Nationwide in the lawsuit,
while allowing Nationwide to actively participate in the trial. Nationwide had also actively
participated in the case during the time leading up to trial.
¶35. The majority mischaracterizes the mere identity of Nationwide as a participating party
as “evidence.” It is certainly the case that insurance policies themselves are often excluded
13
at trial. The Mississippi Rules of Evidence provide that irrelevant evidence, as well as
relevant evidence in which the “probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of
undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence” may be
excluded. M.R.E. 402, 403. Further, Rule 411 provides that
Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not
admissible upon the issue whether he acted negligently or otherwise
wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance
against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency,
ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.
M.R.E. 411. However, merely identifying Nationwide as a defendant is not “evidence that
a person was . . . insured against liability,” and is thus not an evidentiary issue. Rather, the
issue regards simply referencing the proper procedural posture of the case. The issue that
was placed before the trial court, and which is before this Court, is whether a party defendant
may actively participate in a case and not be identified as a party defendant in the case.24
Thus, the majority mistakenly analyzes a purely procedural issue as if it were an evidentiary
issue. The identifying by name of a party defendant, who actively participates in the trial of
a case, is not an effort to place an item of evidence into the trial record. Nor is the
24
Nationwide and the majority both rely on the proposition that the mere identity of
a party is somehow “evidence.” “Evidence” is defined as “something (including testimony,
documents, and tangible objects) that tends to prove or disprove the existence of an alleged
fact.” Black’s Law Dictionary 595 (8th ed. 2004). Nationwide and the majority both fail to
explain how merely identifying a party as a party “tends to prove or disprove the existence
of an alleged fact.” Such an interpretation that the identity of a party alone is “evidence”
could have widespread ramifications on our legal system. For example, in a criminal case
for manslaughter, in which the defendant concedes that he killed the victim (and thus
concedes identity and admits to the actions that led to a death), but asserts that he did so in
self-defense, the rule articulated by the majority indicates that such a defendant would be
able to have his identity hidden at trial as irrelevant “evidence.”
14
identifying by name of a party defendant, who actively participates in the trial of a case, an
effort to offer “evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability” or that “he
acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully.” M.R.E. 411. If Nationwide, a party defendant
actively participating in the trial of this case, did not wish to be identified by name, its
remedy was simple and straightforward. That remedy was to cease all active participation
in the trial of this case, or to move to sever the cases.
¶36. The majority’s view – that the mere identity of a party is “evidence,” rather than an
issue involving the openness of judicial proceedings – subjects the identity of every single
party in every single case to scrutiny under Rule of Evidence 403, an extremely slippery
slope. The ramifications are far-reaching and absurd. Is the identity of a criminal defendant
“evidence” and must the trial court be compelled to conduct a Rule 403 analysis of it? What
about the identity of the State in a criminal prosecution? What relevance does the identity
of the State have to the case? A criminal defendant could argue that the identity of the State
carries prejudicial effect on his case, as the weight and authority of the State harm his
presumption of innocence and minimize the State’s burden of proof. What relevance could
its identity possibly have other than to lend clout to the prosecution? Must any mention of
the State be thus eliminated from criminal defendants’ cases? The possibilities are endless,
the slope is slippery, and the majority would subject a trial court to needless analysis, when
the identity of the parties is simply information the jury and public have a right to know,
absent exceptional circumstances.
¶37. In analyzing the issue of whether the identity of a party who actively participates in
a case should be revealed to the jury, this Court looks to the United States Constitution, rules
15
of procedure, and caselaw. The Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure require that complaints
contain the names of all parties. M.R.C.P. 10(a). Generally, “the identity of the parties to
a lawsuit should not be concealed.” Southern Methodist Univ. Ass’n of Women Law
Students v. Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d 707, 712 (5th Cir. 1979) (internal quotations
omitted).25 Indeed, juries are entitled to know who the defendant in a trial is. Wigmore on
Evidence, § 282a, at 168-69 (Chadbourn Rev. 1979). Public access to the names of parties
“is more than a customary procedural formality; First Amendment guarantees are implicated
when a court decides to restrict public scrutiny of judicial proceedings.” Doe v. Stegall, 653
F.2d 180, 185 (5th Cir. 1981).26 While the public “right to scrutinize governmental
functioning,” which includes an assurance of fairness that is preserved by open trials, is not
as compromised by party anonymity as it is by closure of a trial itself, “there [nevertheless]
remains a clear and strong First Amendment interest in ensuring that ‘(w)hat transpires in the
courtroom is public property.’” Id. (quoting Craig v. Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 374, 67 S. Ct.
1249, 91 L. Ed. 1546 (1947)). The “almost universal practice of disclosure” due to the
“customary and constitutionally-embedded presumption of openness in judicial proceedings”
may be overcome only when the need for party anonymity due to privacy concerns
25
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) is substantially the same as Mississippi Rule
of Civil Procedure 10(a). When interpreting the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, this
Court views federal interpretations of the federal counterpart to the state rule as persuasive
authority. Veal v. J.P. Morgan Trust Co., N.A., 955 So. 2d 843, 847 (Miss. 2007).
26
The majority not only discounts the plaintiff’s right to have the jury informed of
Nationwide’s role, it completely ignores the public’s constitutional stake in the openness of
judicial proceedings.
16
“overwhelms the presumption of disclosure mandated by procedural custom.” Stegall, 653
F.2d at 185-86.
¶38. Furthermore, Nationwide was properly joined as a party to the lawsuit. M.R.C.P. 19,
20; Vaughn v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 445 So. 2d 224, 226 (Miss. 1984). As a
party to the lawsuit, if Nationwide did not want to tie its defense to Merrill’s, it could have
filed a motion to sever the lawsuit, and, if granted, ceased participation in the lawsuit
regarding Merrill and litigated only the contractual claim against it. M.R.C.P. 21; see also
Caldwell v. Alfa Ins. Co., 686 So. 2d 1092, 1094 (Miss. 1996) (claims against UM carrier
were severed from claims against underlying tortfeasor). The motion in limine, as granted
by the trial court, essentially severs the claims while allowing Nationwide to participate in
the suit against Merrill and hide its identity from the jury, simply to avoid any prejudice a
vague knowledge of insurance coverage might cause. While Mississippi law does not
address whether such procedure is an acceptable departure from the general rule that the
identity of the parties should not be concealed, other jurisdictions have addressed this issue.
The Court of Appeals dissent and the parties deem the two lines of cases as the “Florida”
approach and the “Virginia” approach, although other states have also addressed this issue.
a. The Florida Approach
¶39. Florida law requires that when a UM insurer is a proper party to an action against the
tortfeasor, “it is appropriate for a jury to be aware of the presence of” the UM insurer. Gov’t
Employees Ins. Co. v. Krawzak, 675 So. 2d 115, 117 (Fla. 1996); see also Lamz v. Geico
Gen. Ins. Co., 803 So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 2001) (“[T]he principle that the jury should be made
aware of the precise identity of an uninsured or underinsured insurance carrier if it is a party
17
at trial” is clearly established. “The policy behind such a requirement is that full disclosure
of the identity of the parties protects the integrity of the jury system and prevents charades
at trial.”); Medina v. Peralta, 724 So. 2d 1188, 1189-90 (Fla. 1999) (exclusion of the identity
of a necessary party for or against whom a judgment will be entered is not subject to a
harmless error analysis; it is a “miscarriage of justice” which constitutes reversible error).
Florida takes “a strong stand against charades in trials.” Krawzak, 675 So. 2d at 118. “To
have the UM insurer . . . not be so named to the jury is a pure fiction in violation of this
policy. The unknown consequences of such a fiction could adversely affect the rights of the
insured who contracted and paid for this insurance.” Id.
¶40. Other courts have followed Florida’s line of reasoning. In King v. State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Co., the insured filed suit against his UM insurer subsequent to an
automobile accident. King v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 850 A.2d 428, 429 (Md. Ct.
Spec. App. 2003). Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that the other driver was liable and that
the insurer was responsible for any judgment in excess of the other driver’s insurance
coverage.27 Id. at 289-90. The only thing in dispute was the extent of the insured’s injuries.
Id. at 290. The insurer filed a motion in limine asking that its identification as the defendant
be prohibited, referencing the Maryland Rule of Evidence regarding the exclusion of
references to liability insurance, and the trial court granted the motion. Id. The appeals court
noted that UM coverage is a promise to pay its own insured rather than a promise to its
insured to pay a third party, and thus is not typical liability insurance. Id. at 294. It looked
27
The insured had settled with the other driver prior to trial for the limit of her
insurance policy. King, 850 A.2d at 290.
18
to federal authority regarding Federal Rule of Procedure 10(a), requiring all parties be
identified in the complaint, and emphasized the concept that the rule “is more than a
statement of customary procedure,” but relates to First Amendment concerns and the policies
regarding the openness of the courts. Id. It determined that the insurers were concerned
“that they will suffer adverse economic consequences unless permitted to proceed
anonymously.” Id. at 296. It found that the insurer, a corporation, had “no personal right of
privacy,” and moreover, that “the unsubstantiated belief by [the insurer] that its disclosure
as the defendant would adversely affect the jury’s verdict furnishes insufficient justification
for withholding from the jury, and from the general public, [the insurer’s] identity as the
defendant at a public trial.” Id. at 298. It concluded that
The lack of per se prejudice to the UM/UIM carrier in being identified at trial
at which the insured’s damages, under the policy, are determined by rules
applicable to tort cases is shown by the permissibility of joining, as defendants
in an action brought by the insured, the tortfeasor and the UM/UIM carrier.
Indeed, [the insurer’s] position here is no different from that of any insurer that
is sued directly for breach of its policy or from that of any apparently “deep
pocket” corporation that is sued for breach of contract by its promisee. We
hold that the circuit court abused its discretion in imposing this partial blackout
on public information.
Id. at 298-99 (internal citations omitted).
¶41. Other courts likewise have held that the jury has a right to be aware of the identity of
an UM carrier defendant. In Tucker v. McQuery, the court found that the jury may be
informed that the UM carrier is the real party in interest. Tucker v. McQuery, 107 Ohio
Misc. 2d 38, 40, 736 N.E.2d 574, 575 (Ohio Ct. Common Pleas 1999). It noted the basic
public policy for excluding evidence of insurance under Rule 411, stating that “we do not
want juries to ‘be reckless in awarding damages’ as they will be paid ‘not by the defendant,
19
but by a supposedly well-pursed and heartless insurance company that has already been paid
for taking the risk.’” Id. at 41 (quoting Wigmore on Evidence, § 282a, 148 (Chardbourn Rev.
1979)). The court then found that the disclosure of the insurance company as the real
defendant “does not require exclusion, as this is ‘another purpose’ as contemplated by” Rule
411. Id. It concluded that “jurors have the right to know who the real party in interest is.”
Id. at 42; see also Wheeler v. Creekmore, 469 S.W.2d 559 (Ky. 1971) (“It is our opinion that
the considerations which have prompted the rule against mention of ordinary liability
insurance in an automobile negligence case must yield in uninsured-motorist cases to the
procedural desirability of letting the jury know who are the parties to the litigation where the
uninsured motorist carrier elects to participate actively in the trial.”).
b. The Virginia Approach
¶42. In Travelers Insurance Co. v. Lobello, the Virginia Supreme Court determined that
it was prejudicial error to inject insurance into the case. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Lobello, 186
S.E.2d 80 (Va. 1972). In Lobello, the plaintiff sued three tortfeasors (drivers of three other
cars) subsequent to an automobile accident. Id. at 81. One of the three codefendants was
uninsured; therefore, the plaintiff “served a copy of the motion for judgment on . . . his
uninsured motorist carrier.” Id. The UM carrier “filed grounds of defense in its own name
and participated in trial of the case.” Id. The insurer’s counsel “obtained the permission of
the trial court to tell the jury he represented [the plaintiff’s] uninsured motorist carrier.” Id.
at 82. One of the codefendants, as well as the plaintiff, objected. Id. The jury was then
informed that the uninsured defendant “was an uninsured motorist and that [the insurer’s]
attorney was assisting him in his defense.” Id. The Supreme Court of Virginia found that
20
it was prejudicial error to the insured codefendant to inject insurance into the case. Id. “To
tell the jury that [the uninsured codefendant] was uninsured was to permit it to infer that [the
other codefendant] was insured. And where two or more defendants may be jointly and
severally liable, to say that one defendant has ‘insurance backing’ is to create a situation
permitting the return of a possibly inflated verdict binding upon on defendants so liable.”
Id.; see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wade, 579 S.E.2d 180 (Va. 2003) (UM insurer in an
automobile accident case involving intoxicated defendants wanted to inform jury that
insurance company, not the defendants who engaged in reprehensible conduct, would be
paying punitive damages award; court held that the injection of insurance was an improper
attempt to deflate the award, prejudicing plaintiffs).
c. Analysis
¶43. I find the reasoning followed by Florida and like courts compelling. Heflin was
within her rights to join Nationwide as a party to the action. Absent compelling
circumstances, the jury and the public have a right to know the identity of the parties to a
case.28 The Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure and constitutional notions regarding the
28
Indeed, Mississippi provides statutorily for extenuating circumstances in which the
identity of a party may be concealed, for example, in youth court cases or adoption cases.
See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 43-21-251(2) (Rev. 2009), 93-17-25 (Rev. 2013). This indicates
that Mississippi law favors disclosure of the parties, absent some compelling circumstance
necessitating the identity of a party be concealed. The majority’s view, doing what the
Legislature has not done, appears to invade the province of the Legislature. Had the
Legislature wanted to include insurance defendants in the category of parties whose identity
may be concealed, it would have so provided, as it has done for minors in youth court and
adoption cases. The purpose of keeping minors’ identities confidential is to protect the best
interests of minor children, and to prevent injury that might occur from the dissemination of
private and potentially damaging information. In re R.M.J.B., 133 So. 3d 335, 346 (Miss.
2013) (King, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). In the case of youth courts, youth
21
openness of court proceedings dictate such a result. Such concerns clearly outweigh any
unsubstantiated prejudice to the verdict that the mere identity of a party may cause. Jurors
likely already assume that insurance is involved, and modern notions indicate that the
presence of insurance is unlikely to affect a jury verdict; thus, Nationwide’s unsubstantiated
economic concerns are not sufficient to outweigh the importance of identifying the parties
in a case to the jury. This is especially true where, as in this case, that party actively
participates in the litigation to defend or protect its interests. The jury was entitled to
understand Nationwide’s identity and motivation for defending the lawsuit.
¶44. Additionally, the Virginia cases are distinguishable from the case at hand. In Lobello,
the injection of insurance by a nonparty potentially prejudiced codefendants, a situation not
present in this case. In Wade, the admitted purpose of injecting insurance into the case, when
the insurer was not a party to the lawsuit, was to influence the award of damages. Moreover,
Virginia law, unlike Mississippi law, does not allow a direct action in contract against an
uninsured motorist carrier until judgment in tort has already been entered against the
tortfeasor. Willard v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 193 S.E.2d 776, 778 (Va. 1973); see Vaughn,
445 So. 2d at 226. Thus, in the cases decided in Virginia, the plaintiff had no right to join
courts are specially tasked with protecting and nurturing minors. See id.; Miss. Code Ann.
§ 43-21-103 (Rev. 2009). Moreover, children are under the disability of minority, and
because they cannot act for themselves, equity courts are specially tasked with protecting the
rights of minors. Aleck v. Phelps, 230 So. 2d 789, 792-93 (Miss. 1970). “From the earliest
times, infants were regarded as entitled to the special protection of the state.” Wheeler v.
Shoemake, 57 So. 267, 285 (Miss. 1952). Chancery courts, which have jurisdiction over
infants, therefore have the duty to protect minors’ interests and welfare. Id. at 286. The
Legislature has not determined that insurance companies have a similar need for protection
and confidentiality from the courts, nor are insurance companies under any similar disability
that would garner a need for the court’s special protection.
22
the insurer as a party to the lawsuit, and the procedural concerns at issue here were
nonexistent.
¶45. Furthermore, it stretches credulity to argue that the mere knowledge that an insurance
company is a defendant in a lawsuit prejudices that insurance company. See Reed v.
Wimmer, 465 S.E.2d 199, 208 (W. Va. 1995) (“Apart from the fairly obvious conclusion that
most jurors are aware of the law mandating insurance in West Virginia, there is no consensus
among jurists as to which party evidence of insurance adversely affects.”) (“Today with
widespread insurance coverage and mandatory insurance laws in many states, most courts
are reluctant to grant a mistrial or reverse a verdict merely because the issue of insurance was
raised . . . . The prevailing view among the commentators is that evidence of insurance is
rarely prejudicial[.]”). Jurors are likely to assume that insurance is involved in litigation
involving automobile accidents. See Bingham v. Poswistilo, 14 Pa. D. & C. 5th 17, *10 (Pa.
Ct. of Common Pleas 2011) (“As a practical matter, it is difficult to conceive how 21st
century jurors are unaware of the existence of insurance in motor vehicle litigation.”).
Indeed, given that “liability insurance is made compulsory in many states . . . in such cases
the fact of insurance is notorious under the law.” Wigmore, supra, §282a, at 169.
Automobile liability insurance is compulsory under Mississippi law, so it is difficult to
conceive that most jurors would be unaware of insurance presence in litigation regarding
automobile accidents. Miss. Code Ann. §§ 63-15-3(j), 63-15-4(2)(a) (Rev. 2013).
Additionally, “apart from compulsory insurance, the general prevalence of liability insurance
for automobile injuries is known to the jurors; hence, for the law to forbid any disclosure of
23
it in the course of the trial seems to be merely a piece of hypocritical futility.” Wigmore,
supra, §282a, at 169.
¶46. Because Nationwide’s identity as a proper party to the lawsuit was erroneously
concealed from the jury, I would reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further
proceedings. Further, I believe that a harmless error analysis is inapplicable in such a case
in which the entire proceeding was irreparably tainted by the improper exclusion of the
identity of a party. Medina, 724 So. 2d at 1190 (“[W]e find that examination of the record
would be pointless because the entire proceeding was tainted by the pretrial exclusion of the
insurer’s identity, which constitutes a miscarriage of justice.”).
¶47. I also disagree with the majority’s analysis of Heflin’s other points of error. While
I believe that these issues are not reversible error, I write because the majority’s view upends
settled evidentiary law and is in error.
¶48. The trial court excluded Mike’s testimony regarding his opinion as to the speed at
which Merrill was traveling when the accident occurred. Lay opinion testimony is
admissible so long as it is “rationally based on the perception of the witness,” “helpful to the
clear understanding of the testimony or the determination of a fact in issue,” and “not based
on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.”
M.R.E. 701. Generally, lay witnesses may testify as to their opinion on the speed of a
moving vehicle if the witness observed the vehicle in question. Howard v. State, 346 So. 2d
918, 920 (Miss. 1977) (“The general rule is that ‘a witness who observed the moving object
in question will be permitted to estimate its speed if he possesses some knowledge or
experience, however slight, which will enable him to form an opinion.’” (quoting 32 C.J.S.
24
Evidence § 546(53) (1964)) (noting that “most people ha[ve] at least some prior experience
in judging speed”). The “testimony must pertain to the speed of the offending vehicle at the
time, or just prior to the collision.” Moore v. State, 816 So. 2d 1022, 1028 (Miss. Ct. App.
2002). Mike’s testimony was that he looked in his rearview mirror just prior to the collision
and observed Merrill’s vehicle about to hit his vehicle, thus his opinion on speed was based
upon his perception, because he observed the vehicle in question. Excluding Mike’s
testimony regarding speed because he was not qualified as an expert was error, as lay opinion
on speed based on the witness’s observation is permissible under Mississippi law.
¶49. The trial court also excluded Mike’s testimony regarding Merrill’s statements to Mike
after the accident, despite the statements constituting admissions by a party opponent. The
trial court did so, at least in part, because Merrill was not available for cross-examination
because he was deceased. Part of the reason for excluding the statement was that the judge
feared it would “inflame and confuse the jury” because the statement was made by someone
now deceased. I find no basis under Mississippi law to exclude an admission by a party
opponent merely because that party is deceased.29 See Savarese v. Agriss, 883 F.2d 1194,
1199-1202 (3d Cir. 1989) (admission by a deceased party-opponent admissible; “We believe
the better view is that the fact of the declarant’s death impacts on the weight of the evidence
rather than its admissibility.”); White v. Honeywell, Inc., 141 F.3d 1270, 1277 (8th Cir.
29
Indeed, the hearsay rules, which are not directly applicable to this analysis because
this case involves an admission by a party opponent, allow for statements made by witnesses
unavailable due to death. M.R.E. 804. Thus, the rules certainly contemplate allowing into
evidence statements made by deceased persons, which undermines the idea that the jury
would be “inflamed and confused” by the person’s status as deceased.
25
1998) (unavailability does not render an admission by a party opponent unfairly prejudicial;
although such a statement “remains subject to the Rule 403 balancing of probative value and
unfair prejudicial effect, unavailability itself is not a factor adding to unfair prejudicial
effect”); Fischer v. Forestwood Co., Inc., 525 F.3d 972, 984-85 (10th Cir. 2008) (“[C]ourts
have consistently rejected the argument that for an admission by a party opponent to be
admissible, the declarant must be available for cross-examination.”). Thus, while I agree that
the statements made by Merrill to Mike after the accident are subject to a Rule 403 analysis
and may ultimately be inadmissible, the fact that Merrill is deceased is not a proper
consideration under that analysis.
¶50. Because I believe that Nationwide’s identity as a participating party in the litigation
was improperly concealed from the jury, and because I disagree with the majority’s analysis
of the evidentiary issues raised, I would reverse the trail court’s judgment and remand for a
new trial.
KITCHENS, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
26