IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1171
Filed November 26, 2014
IN THE INTEREST OF J.K., H.K.,
C.K., X.K., and D.K.,
Minor Children,
R.K., Mother,
Appellant,
D.K., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Charles D.
Fagan, District Associate Judge.
A mother and father appeal from an order terminating their parental rights
to five children. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Mandy L. Whiddon, Council Bluffs, for appellant-mother.
Maura Goaley, Council Bluffs, for appellant-father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant
Attorney General, Matthew Wilber, County Attorney, and Eric Stovers, Assistant
County Attorney, for appellee.
Roberta Megel, State Public Defender, and Vanessa E. Strazdas, Council
Bluffs, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
2
MULLINS, P.J.
A mother and father appeal from a district court order terminating their
parental rights. They challenge the waiver of reasonable efforts, the statutory
grounds for termination, and the best interest determination. We affirm as to
both appeals.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS & PROCEEDINGS.
There are five children in the family: J.K. (born 2005), D.K. (born 2007),
X.K. (born 2008), C.K. (born 2009), and H.K. (born 2010). J.K. was removed
from the home on August 15, 2013, due to concerns the parents were physically
and emotionally abusing him. This was not the first time the parents were
accused of abusing J.K. and the other children. There had been nine previous
abuse reports, starting in 2009.
After the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved
with J.K., the mother and father were both charged with domestic abuse assault
in November 2013. The other four children were removed on November 18,
2013, due to the concerns of domestic violence, the unsanitary condition of the
home, and the parents’ inability to supervise the children. The four younger
children were placed with a paternal uncle and his family, where they have
remained throughout this case. J.K.’s severe behavioral problems required his
placement at Four Oaks Psychiatric Medical Institute for Children.
Following interviews with child therapists, the four younger children
disclosed they were sexually and physically abused by the mother and the father.
Those disclosures resulted in founded child abuse assessments for physical and
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sexual abuse and a criminal investigation against the parents. The court ordered
the parents to participate in a number of services including individual counseling,
domestic violence education, and anger-management classes. The court also
ordered the parents to undergo random drug screens, parenting assessments,
and psychological evaluations; to follow through with all subsequent
recommendations; and to participate in family safety, risk, and permanency
services, and supervised visitation.
On October 21, 2013, the court adjudicated all five children in need of
assistance (CINA). It found J.K. was a CINA under Iowa Code sections
232.2(6)(b), (c)(1), and (c)(2) (2013). It found the other four children were CINA
under sections 232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), and (n). In April 2014, the juvenile court,
finding the parents had made very little progress toward the reunification goals,
waived the reasonable efforts requirement and changed the permanency goal of
the case from reunification to termination of parental rights. The court found the
parents had not completed any of the court’s orders, except that the mother and
father each obtained psychological evaluations. On July 7, 2014 the court
ordered termination of the mother’s and the father’s parental rights under Iowa
Code section 232.116(1), paragraphs (d), (e), (h), (i), and (l).
At the time of the termination hearing, the mother had been evicted from
the family home and was living in a two-bedroom house with her mother.
Following removal of the four younger children, the mother had never been able
to keep the home in a sanitary state. The father’s address was unknown, but
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DHS thought he was living with a friend. Neither parent had employment or
transportation, other than taxi and bus services DHS provided.
Both parents have anger issues: the mother had repeatedly made death
threats against the DHS workers, the foster parents, and the father, and reported
that the father had threatened to kill her and the children. There were no ongoing
domestic violence issues because the parents were no longer in a relationship,
but the mother had not completed anger management or domestic violence
classes. The father completed a “Boiling Point” class, but only after the waiver of
reasonable efforts. Although ordered to undergo individual therapy, the father
had attended one session, and the mother attended none.
In March 2014, the mother was briefly involuntarily committed on mental
health and substance abuse issues. Although both parents completed
psychological evaluations, they did nothing to follow through with
recommendations. The mother has a long history of substance abuse, admitting
she began binging on methamphetamine in December 2013 after the children
were removed from her care. The father has a history of marijuana use. Neither
parent had obtained any substance abuse evaluation or treatment. Of nine drug
tests the father scheduled, he tested negative on four and missed five. The
mother missed all twenty-two of her scheduled drug tests.
The mother was offered forty-one supervised visitations and attended
twelve. The father was offered twenty-eight visitations and attended nine. DHS
workers noted the poor quality of the visitations; the parents interacted little with
the children, screamed and swore at them, and spoke about inappropriate topics
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in front of them. The children have reported at various times they do not want to
see their parents or speak to them on the phone.
The court-appointed special advocate (CASA), and the children’s various
therapists and physicians have reported to the court on their conditions. All the
children appear to be significantly traumatized by the time they have spent in the
parents’ care, particularly J.K. J.K.’s physician and therapist have reported that
the parents have emotionally abused J.K. to the extent that his ability to function
is impaired. He displays aggressive and sexually inappropriate behaviors and
language. He has made homicidal and suicidal threats. The CASA reports that
J.K.’s behavior is improving. He enjoys all the activities at Four Oaks and is
happy there. The four younger children work with therapists to address the
sexual, physical, and verbal abuse they have suffered. As a result of the abuse,
they also display inappropriate behaviors that include sexualized behavior and
aggressive violence toward others. The two youngest children require speech
therapy because their language development is delayed. All four of the younger
children report that they feel safe within their uncle’s home. The uncle and his
family are providing a structured and stable home and making sure the children
receive needed therapy and medical attention. Their behaviors have improved
since being in the uncle’s care.
The parents appeal from the order terminating their parental rights. They
contend the juvenile court erred in granting the State’s request to waive the
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requirement that it make reasonable efforts to reunite the family. 1 They also
contend there was insufficient evidence to support termination on the statutory
grounds, and it was not in the children’s best interest to terminate their parental
rights.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW.
We review termination of parental rights proceedings de novo. In re A.B.,
815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012). We give weight to the factual determinations
of the juvenile court, especially with regard to witness credibility, but are not
bound by them. Id. Our primary consideration is the best interest of the child.
Id. at 776.
III. ANALYSIS.
A. Waiver of Reasonable Efforts.
The State is required to make reasonable efforts to have children returned
to their homes. See Iowa Code § 232.102(7). The goal of a child in need of
assistance proceeding is to improve parenting skills and maintain the parent-child
relationship. In re H.L.B.R., 567 N.W.2d 675, 677 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).
However, reasonable efforts can be waived in limited specified circumstances set
forth in Iowa Code section 232.102(12). The State moved the court to waive the
reasonable efforts requirement for each of the five children pursuant to Iowa
Code section 232.102(12)(b). This section provides:
If the court determines by clear and convincing evidence that
aggravated circumstances exist, with written findings of fact based
1
The parents’ briefs primarily argue that the State and DHS failed to make reasonable
efforts in this case. We read this argument as challenging the court’s order waiving
reasonable efforts.
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upon evidence in the record, the court may waive the requirement
for making reasonable efforts. The existence of aggravated
circumstances is indicated by any of the following:
....
b. The court finds the circumstances described in section
232.116, subsection 1, paragraph “i”, are applicable to the
child.
Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(i) applies when:
i. The court finds all that all of the following have occurred:
(1) The child meets the definition of child in need of
assistance based on a finding of physical or sexual abuse or
neglect as a result of the acts or omissions of one or both
parents.
(2) There is clear and convincing evidence that the abuse or
neglect posed a significant risk to the life of the child or
constituted imminent danger to the child.
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the offer or
receipt of services would not correct the conditions which led
to the abuse or neglect of the child within a reasonable
period of time.
The juvenile court found all five children to be CINA under Iowa Code section
232.2(6)(b), which provides a child in need of assistance is one “[w]hose parent,
guardian, other custodian, or other member of the household in which the child
resides has physically abused or neglected the child, or is imminently likely to
abuse or neglect the child.” There were two founded child abuse reports against
both parents for physical abuse and sexual abuse. The evidence was also clear
and convincing at the time of the waiver hearing that the parents’ abuse and
neglect had caused significant trauma to the children. The parents were not at
that time in any position to resume care of the children. Resumption of care
would expose the children to imminent danger as a result of the parents’ physical
and sexual abuse, substance abuse, mental health issues, domestic violence,
and anger issues. Finally, the evidence was clear and convincing that services
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would not correct these conditions within a reasonable time. The parents had
made little to no progress on the reunification goals, and they would need to do
significant additional work to correct the conditions that led to the abuse and
neglect.
The mother complains she was not given enough time to make progress
and her efforts were hampered by her back problems, her depression, her lack of
transportation, and the distress it caused her for the children to be placed in
foster care. The father complains DHS was non-communicative, failed to verify
his participation in services, and did not give him the help he requested. The
juvenile court removed J.K. in August 2013 and the other children in November
and waived reasonable efforts in April 2014. It had been about four months, and
the parents were making next to no progress toward the reunification goals.
Their arguments before us are unpersuasive excuses for their failure to utilize
any of the services and forms of assistance the State provided throughout their
case. Nor was this CINA case the first the family was involved in. DHS has
been receiving reports of abuse in this family since 2009. On our review of the
record, the juvenile court was correct to waive reasonable efforts in this case.
B. Statutory Grounds.
We will uphold an order terminating parental rights where there is clear
and convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination. In re D.W., 791
N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Evidence is clear and convincing when there is
no serious or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law
drawn from the evidence. Id. When the juvenile court orders termination of
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parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we need only find grounds to
terminate on one of the sections to affirm. In re J.B.L., 844 N.W.2d 703, 704
(Iowa Ct. App. 2014). Here, we focus on the evidence related to the court’s
termination of the mother’s parental rights under Iowa Code section
232.116(1)(i). For the reasons discussed above, we find there is clear and
convincing evidence to support termination of the parent’s rights under Iowa
Code section 232.116(1)(i). We affirm the juvenile court.
C. Best Interest.
The father contends it was not in the children’s best interests to terminate
his parental rights.2 Under Iowa Code section 232.116(2), in considering
whether to terminate parental rights, we “give primary consideration to the child’s
safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of
the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the
child.” “Insight for the determination of the child’s long-range best interests can
be gleaned from evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance
may be indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of
providing.” A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 778 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
The father’s history of abusing the children, lack of progress toward the
reunification goals, and lackluster attendance at visitations persuade us that the
best interests of all five children requires that we terminate the father’s parental
rights. Their best chance of overcoming the trauma that he and the mother have
inflicted on them is in termination of their rights and continued placement with the
2
The mother does not join in this contention.
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uncle for the four younger children and with Four Oaks for J.K. Their current
placements are the most likely to further their long-term nurturing and growth,
and meet their physical, mental, and emotional needs. The evidence is clear and
convincing that termination is in their best interests.
IV. CONCLUSION.
On our de novo review, we conclude the juvenile court was correct to
waive reasonable efforts in this case. We further find the evidence supported
termination of parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(i), and it was
in the children’s best interests to terminate parental rights. Accordingly, we affirm
on both appeals.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.