IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1465
Filed November 26, 2014
IN THE INTEREST OF B.N.,
Minor Child,
S.N., Father,
Appellant.
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Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Stephen A. Owen,
District Associate Judge.
The father and the child’s guardian ad litem appeal from the permanency
order placing the child with the child’s mother. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Patrick C. Peters of Payer, Hunziker, Rhodes & Peters, L.L.P., Ames, for
appellant father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Bruce Kempkes, Assistant Attorney
General, Stephen Holmes, County Attorney, and Jesse Ramirez, Assistant
County Attorney, for appellee.
Matthew Mauk, Ames, for mother.
Shannon M. Leighty, Assistant Public Defender, attorney and guardian ad
litem for appellant minor child.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.
The father, Shane, and the guardian ad litem appeal from the permanency
order placing Shane’s child, B.N., in the care of Abbey, the child’s mother, under
the protective supervision of the Iowa Department of Human Services
(hereinafter “IDHS”). They contend the court erred (1) in finding the child’s
“home,” within the meaning of Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(a), was Abbey’s
residence, and (2) in finding the child could not be returned to Shane’s residence.
I.
B.N. was born in 2007 to Shane and Abbey, who were not married. In
November 2007, a consent decree was entered providing for joint legal and
physical custody of the child. Although the decree provided for joint physical
custody of B.N., Abbey had almost no contact with the child, and Shane
assumed the role of primary physical custodian. From the time of the child’s birth
both parents struggled with substance abuse issues.
In May 2013, the family came to the attention of IDHS after Shane
assaulted his mother, with whom he and B.N. were living. An investigation led to
the filing of a child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) petition in August. On
September 17, at the request of IDHS prior to any court-ordered placement,
Shane placed the child with Abbey, who was then residing in a residential
substance abuse facility. On September 25, the court entered a stipulated
adjudication order adjudicating B.N. in need of assistance under Iowa Code
section 232.2(6)(c)(2) (2013). “Pending the dispositional hearing, [the court
ordered that] the custody of the child in interest shall remain with the child mother
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under the protective supervision” of the department.1 The November 6
dispositional order placed the child in his mother’s custody under the supervision
of IDHS. The April 3, 2014 dispositional review order provided that custody
remain with the mother under IDHS supervision.
In May 2014, Abbey completed residential substance abuse treatment,
and she and B.N. moved in with Abbey’s mother, B.N.’s maternal grandmother.
In June 2014, Shane completed substance abuse treatment. On August 5,
Shane moved to modify placement of B.N., seeking the return of B.N. to his care
and custody. Shane also filed a motion to compel visitation. Abbey filed a
motion for concurrent jurisdiction.
On August 15, the court held a permanency hearing at which it also
considered the parties’ respective motions. The State advocated for continued
placement with Abbey for a time and for Shane “to have a little bit more time
transitioning [the child] into his life.” Shane argued it was in the child’s best
interest to return the child to him now rather than have the child start school and
then move during the school year. Abbey argued the court should “set the case
for further review, and leave . . . the custody situation intact,” with the possibility
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The procedural posture of this case becomes somewhat muddied after adjudication but
prior to disposition. The State applied for temporary removal of B.N. from Shane’s
custody on October 24, 2013. The court issued a temporary removal order finding, in
part, “the child cannot either be returned to the place where the child was residing or
placed with the parent who does not have physical care of the child.” The temporary
removal order removed B.N. from Shane’s custody for placement “in the home of a
relative,” and ordered that a CINA petition be filed within three days, if not already on file,
“unless the child is sooner returned to the custody of the child’s parents.” However, B.N.
already was with Abbey at the time of the temporary removal order. In an order dated
October 30, the court noted the application for temporary removal was moot, the State
had requested the application be withdrawn, and all parties were in agreement. The
court ordered the application “withdrawn and held for naught,” but the court did not
address the temporary removal order previously filed.
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of transitioning the child back to Shane around the Christmas holiday. In the
report to the court, IDHS stated the goal was to return B.N. to Shane “as that is
where he was when [I]DHS began the interaction with this family.” The guardian
ad litem argued the child’s best interest would be served by placing the child with
the father now so the child could start “in a stable environment, being able to
start school, [and] start with a therapist.”
In its permanency order, the court found Shane and Abbey “in remarkably
similar postures to one another.” They both had completed substance abuse
treatment, obtained employment, and engaged in aftercare services. The court
noted:
The point of these permanency proceedings in not the
custody of the child, but whether the child can be returned home.
The Court believes that the child can be returned home. The real
issue is what constitutes the child’s “home” under these unique and
particular circumstances.
The parties are both the legal and custodial parents. They
were never married. The current district court decree provides for
equal physical and legal custody between the parents. However,
[the mother] resides in West Des Moines, Iowa, while [the father]
resides near Cedar Rapids.
(Emphasis added.) In determining “what constitutes the child’s ‘home,’” the court
“review[ed] the matter in terms of what the child considers to be his home.” The
court concluded:
The child’s home is also legally described in Iowa law. The
child’s home is the home of his custodial parent. In this case the
child’s home is the home of his mother when considering the legal
and factual picture painted by the circumstances of this case.
“[P]ursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(a), the court order[ed] the child to
be returned home, which is the home of the child’s mother” and provided for
visitation by the father. The court granted the mother’s motion for concurrent
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jurisdiction “to allow the parties to litigate the issues of custody, visitation, and
support.” The court denied the father’s motion for modification of placement.
Shane filed this appeal.
II.
The father and guardian ad litem contend the court erred (1) in finding the
child’s “home” was Abbey’s residence, and (2) in finding the child could not be
returned to Shane’s residence. The State filed a statement to the court, noting
that the juvenile court rejected IDHS’s recommendation in its permanency order,
that the State did not file a notice of appeal, and that the State makes no
argument on appeal. Thus, no party advocates affirming the juvenile court’s
permanency order. Appellate review of CINA proceedings is de novo. See In re
J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa 2014); In re A.T., 799 N.W.2d 148, 150 (Iowa Ct.
App. 2011) (stating review of permanency orders is de novo). We give weight to
the findings of the juvenile court, but we are not bound by them. See J.S., 846
N.W.2d at 40. Our primary concern is the best interests of the child. See id. To
the extent the juvenile court’s ruling involves statutory interpretation, we review
the decision for correction of errors at law. In re C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d 96, 99 (Iowa
Ct. App. 2010); see In re N.V., 744 N.W.2d 634, 636 (Iowa 2008).
III.
A.
CINA proceedings are creatures of statute. We thus begin our analysis by
examining the statutory text. The relevant statute sets forth four outcomes
following a permanency hearing. The court may:
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1. Return the child to the child’s home;
2. Continue placement for an additional six months;
3. Direct the county attorney or the attorney for the child to pursue
termination of parental rights; or
4. Enter an order placing custody with a suitable person for
guardianship, long-term care, or another permanent living
arrangement for the child.
Iowa Code § 232.104(2). The first choice, returning the child home, is the
preferred outcome. See In re A.T., 799 N.W.2d 148, 151 n.6 (Iowa Ct. App.
2011). In this case, the court ordered the child to be returned “home,” which the
court interpreted to be Abbey’s residence. Under the facts and circumstances of
this case, we conclude that was error.
Relevant statutory text supports the conclusion the child’s “home” is the
home from which he was removed. Iowa Code sections 232.95(2) and
232.96(10) provide the “child’s home” is the home in which the child resided at
the time or removal. Section 232.104(2)(a) provides that the court shall “return”
the child to the child’s home. From this we can infer that the child had to be
removed from the “home” to be “returned” to the “home.” Here, the removal
order removed B.N. from Shane’s home. The fact that B.N. was temporarily
residing with Abbey while Shane completed treatment does not change our
conclusion. Shane consented to the placement at the request of IDHS. Further,
the temporary removal order identified Shane’s residence as the child’s “home.”
The circumstances before us differ from those in In re S.V., 395 N.W.2d
666, 669 (Iowa Ct. App. 1986), where the child was removed from the family
home, the parents then divorced, and the district court did not provide for custody
in the dissolution decree because the legal custody of the child had been
transferred to IDHS when the child was removed. In that case, our court
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determined that, “as a result” of the dissolution decree not awarding custody to
either parent, “S.V. had two homes to which she could be returned after the
review hearing.” S.V., 395 N.W.2d at 669. In this case, the child was not in the
care of both parents. Although the consent decree provided for joint physical
care, Shane had assumed the role of primary physical custodian in the mother’s
absence. The child was legally removed from Shane’s home only. The
conclusion in S.V. that the child had two homes to which she could be returned
does not apply here.
Based on our conclusion that Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(a) authorizes
only the return of the child to the home from which the child was legally removed,
the court erred in entering a permanency order pursuant to that particular section
“returning” the child to the mother’s home, as that was not an option available to
the court. Cf. Iowa Code § 232.102(7) (providing, when the court transfers
custody of a child to a parent who does not have physical custody, the court may
direct IDHS to provide services to the other parent “in order to enable them to
resume custody of the child”). Accordingly, we reverse the permanency order
placing the child with the mother pursuant to section 232.104(2)(a).
B.
The father and guardian ad litem also contend the court erred in not
returning the child to the father. As noted above, IDHS recommended continuing
the child’s placement with the mother pending further review, with a goal of
returning the child to the father in a short time. The original case worker noted
visitation had gone very well. She thought three or four successful weekend
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visits were necessary before she would recommend reunification. The current
case worker testified the visits went very well. He did not have any safety
concerns with the father. The mother testified she thought the father needed a
little bit more time before the child became a big part of his life. She also testified
she would not object to returning the child to the father in a month or two if IDHS
determined that was appropriate. The court noted the guardian ad litem
indicated the father’s home was safe. Based on the foregoing, we conclude the
court improperly did not order the child returned to the father.
IV.
Having reversed the permanency order “returning” the child to the
mother’s home, and having concluded the court improperly did not order the child
returned to the father at that time, we remand for entry of an order consistent with
this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.