This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A14-0071
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Jeremy Ed Cadwell,
Appellant.
Filed December 1, 2014
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
Stauber, Judge
St. Louis County District Court
File No. 69DU-CR-13-2635
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Robert Plesha, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota; and
Mark S. Rubin, St. Louis County Attorney, Duluth, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Anders J. Erickson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and
Reilly, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
STAUBER, Judge
On appeal from his conviction of felony domestic assault and disorderly conduct,
appellant argues that (1) the district court erred by admitting evidence of appellant’s
relationship with the victim; (2) the district court abused its discretion by admitting
relationship evidence that constituted inadmissible hearsay; (3) admission of the
relationship evidence violated appellant’s constitutional confrontation rights; and (4) the
district court erred by sentencing appellant on both the domestic assault conviction and
the disorderly conduct conviction. We reverse appellant’s sentence on the disorderly
conduct conviction and remand for the district court to vacate that sentence, and affirm
on all other issues.
FACTS
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on May 14, 2013, Duluth police were dispatched to
Second Avenue East and Second Street in the downtown area for “unknown trouble”
because “there was a female and a male yelling and . . . the female was asking for help.”
Upon his arrival at the scene, Officer Todd Simmons was directed to the lobby of the Tri
Towers Apartments. When he entered the lobby, he noticed appellant Jeremy Ed
Cadwell “standing over” and “yelling” at his wife, L.C., “who was sitting on the ground
in a corner.” While Simmons handcuffed appellant, he noticed that both appellant and
L.C. smelled of alcohol; he also noticed that L.C. had been crying, was trembling, and
seemed “extremely distraught” and frightened. Appellant and L.C. each told police that
they did not have a physical altercation.
Appellant was charged with felony domestic assault under Minn. Stat. § 609.2242,
subd. 4 (2012). The district court granted the state’s pretrial motion to admit evidence of
three prior domestic-assault incidents involving appellant and L.C. as evidence to
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establish the history of their relationship under Minn. Stat. § 634.20 (2012). Neither
appellant nor L.C. testified at appellant’s trial.
During trial, in addition to the evidence of the relationship evidence, the
government offered the testimony of Officer Simmons, as well as the Tri Towers
Apartments manager and another police officer, who testified about how a videotape of
the assault was made, preserved, and transferred to police. The videotape shows the
sequence of the assault, including that: (1) L.C. ran into the Tri Towers lobby from one
side door and tried unsuccessfully to exit the door on the other side; (2) L.C. cowered and
raised her arms in a defensive pose when appellant cornered her and raised his arm over
her as if to strike her; (3) appellant dragged L.C. by her arm until she fell down and
crouched on the ground; and (4) appellant yelled at, leaned on, and pulled his arm back to
strike L.C., then walked away and returned to yell at her several times more while she
was in a prone position.
At the close of trial, the district court permitted respondent to add the additional
charge of disorderly conduct as a lesser included offense of the assault offense. The
verdict forms submitted to the jury included two counts of domestic assault, one for
intent to cause fear and the other for intent to inflict bodily harm, and one count of
disorderly conduct. During deliberations, the jury asked to view the videotape of the
assault a second time, and the district court permitted them to do so.
The jury convicted appellant of all charges. The district court imposed a 24-month
executed sentence on the domestic assault conviction and a 90-day jail sentence on the
disorderly conduct conviction. This appeal followed.
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DECISION
I.
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by permitting
respondent to elicit evidence of appellant’s and L.C.’s relationship under Minn. Stat.
§ 634.20, which provides:
Evidence of similar conduct by the accused against the
victim of domestic abuse . . . is admissible unless the
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issue, or misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or
needless presentation of cumulative evidence. “Similar
conduct” includes, but is not limited to, evidence of domestic
abuse, violation of an order for protection . . .; violation of a
harassment restraining order . . .; or [stalking] or [obscene or
harassing telephone calls].
The district court may admit relationship evidence “to demonstrate the history of the
relationship between the accused and the victim of domestic abuse” and to place the
offense in the appropriate context. State v. Word, 755 N.W.2d 776, 784 (Minn. App.
2008). This court reviews a district court’s decision to admit relationship evidence for
abuse of discretion. State v. Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d 752, 755 (Minn. App. 2008), review
denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 2008).
The district court allowed three law enforcement officers to testify to their
observations about three previous domestic-assault incidents between appellant and L.C.
in which appellant was the aggressor and L.C. was the victim. First, Officer James
Nielson testified to responding to a call in 2004 in which L.C. had a gash on her
forehead; she told Nielson her injury was caused by appellant throwing a beer can at her.
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Second, Investigator Matthew McShane testified to a 2004 incident in which he
responded to a report of an assault. L.C. told him that appellant “punched her with a
closed fist twice in the side of the face and then pushed her to the ground.” Investigator
McShane stated that L.C.’s injuries were consistent with her statements about the
incident. And third, Officer Nicholas Lepak testified to responding to a domestic call in
2009 in which L.C. chased appellant with a knife, but appellant was arrested because the
responding officers determined that appellant was the aggressor and L.C. was acting in
self defense when she wielded the knife. Before each officer testified, the jury was
instructed that the evidence was offered for the limited purpose of demonstrating the
nature and extent of the relationship between appellant and L.C., and not for
consideration “of any behavior other than the charged offense.”
Appellant argues only that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the
relationship evidence because, even if probative, it was highly prejudicial. The evidence
was probative to establish the context of appellant’s and L.C.’s relationship, but it was
also highly prejudicial for the same reason. See State v. Bell, 719 N.W.2d 635, 641
(Minn. 2006) (stating that unfair admission of relationship evidence “is not merely
damaging evidence, [or] even severely damaging evidence; rather, unfair prejudice is
evidence that persuades by illegitimate means, giving one party an unfair advantage.”
(quotation omitted)); Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d at 756 (“Evidence that helps to establish the
relationship between the victim and the defendant or which places the event in context
bolsters its probative value.”). The district court lessened the prejudicial effect of the
evidence by giving a limiting instruction before each officer testified, and the district
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court did not permit the jury to hear evidence about any convictions that were the result
of the incidents. See Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d at 757 (stating that a district court’s limiting
instruction on relationship evidence “lessen[s] the probability of undue weight being
given by the jury to the evidence” (quotation omitted)). Further, by viewing videotape of
the incident that formed the factual basis for the current charges, the jury was able to
focus on the exact conduct that occurred in deciding whether to convict. See State v.
Dillon, 532 N.W.2d 558, 558 (Minn. 1995) (stating that an error is less likely to be
prejudicial if the evidence of guilt is strong). On these facts, we conclude that the district
court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the relationship evidence.
II.
Appellant separately argues that the district court also abused its discretion by
admitting the three officers’ testimony about the relationship evidence because the
officers improperly testified as to L.C.’s statements, which is hearsay, and as to what L.C.
said to other officers, which is double hearsay. Appellant objected to admission of this
evidence at the pretrial hearing and at trial.
Subject to exceptions, hearsay is generally not admissible under Minn. R. Evid.
802. Respondent argues that the evidence from the three officers was admissible as
exceptions to the hearsay rule, either as excited utterances or under the residual hearsay
exception. Evidence of what L.C. said to the officers about her prior domestic assaults
was hearsay because it was offered by a nondeclarant to prove the truth of the matter
asserted—that appellant had participated in previous incidents of domestic assault against
L.C. See Minn. R. Evid. 801(c) (defining hearsay). Some of the statements could be
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admissible as excited utterances under Minn. R. Evid. 803(2) because they were preceded
by startling events and L.C. arguably made the statements while still under stress caused
by the events. See State v. Edwards, 485 N.W.2d 911, 914 (Minn. 1992) (defining
parameters of excited utterance exception to hearsay rule). Respondent also argues that
the evidence should be admissible under the residual hearsay exception because the
statements were made with circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness. See Minn. R.
Evid. 807.
But “[o]n appeal, the appellant has the burden of establishing that the [district]
court abused its discretion and that appellant was thereby prejudiced.” State v. Amos, 658
N.W.2d 201, 203 (Minn. 2003) (citation omitted). When erroneously admitted evidence
does not involve a constitutional issue, “the erroneously admitted evidence [must have]
substantially influenced the jury verdict.” State v. Vang, 774 N.W.2d 566, 578 (Minn.
2009). Respondent introduced a videotape of the assault, the arresting officer testified to
his eyewitness observations about a portion of the assault, and some portions of the three
officers’ testimony with regard to prior domestic assault incidents was based on their
personal observations. Thus, even if hearsay statements made by L.C. about the prior
domestic assault incidents were erroneously admitted, appellant is not entitled to a new
trial because the erroneously admitted evidence did not substantially influence the jury to
convict.
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III.
Appellant also argues that admission of hearsay statements that L.C. made to the
officers who testified about the relationship evidence violated his constitutional
confrontation rights. The federal and state constitutions prohibit “admission of
testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable
to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.”
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1365 (2004); State v. Hull,
788 N.W.2d 91, 100-02 (Minn. 2010) (noting that federal courts and Minnesota courts
apply the same analysis to Confrontation Clause claims); see U.S. Const. amend. VI;
Minn. Const. art. I, § 6. “At the core of this right is the ability to cross-examine
witnesses because the principal evil at which the Confrontation Clause was directed was
particularly the civil law’s use of ex parte examinations as evidence against the accused.”
State v. Hawkinson, 829 N.W.2d 367, 377 (Minn. 2013) (quotation omitted). Appellate
courts review de novo whether the admission of evidence violates a criminal defendant’s
constitutional right to confront witnesses. State v. Caulfield, 722 N.W.2d 304, 308
(Minn. 2006).
Appellant did not raise a Confrontation Clause issue at trial. The Minnesota
Supreme Court has noted that some states require a specific objection on confrontation
grounds to preserve a Confrontation Clause issue for appeal. Hull, 788 N.W.2d at 100.
Normally, failure to raise an issue to the district court waives that issue on appeal. Roby
v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996); see State v. Carroll, 639 N.W.2d 623, 629
n. 3 (Minn. App. 2002) (“A party may not obtain review by raising the same issue under
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a different theory.”), review denied (Minn. May 15, 2002). But the Minnesota Supreme
Court has not decided whether a confrontation issue is waived when a defendant objects
to the admission of testimony on hearsay grounds but fails to object under the
confrontation clause. In Hull, the supreme court declined to answer this question because
neither side raised the issue and “both sides agree[d] that plain-error review applie[d].”
788 N.W.2d at 100. In State v. Rossberg, 851 N.W.2d 609, 618 (Minn. 2014), the
supreme court addressed a Confrontation Clause claim under the plain-error standard
when the defendant failed to object to admission of hearsay testimony and “a
Confrontation Clause challenge was not apparent” when the defendant objected only on
hearsay grounds.
Under the plain-error rule, reversal of a conviction is warranted if: “(1) an error
occurred in the district court, (2) the error was plain, and (3) the error affects the
defendant’s substantial rights. If the defendant satisfies this three-part test, [the court]
then ask[s] whether the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
of the judicial proceeding.” Hull, 788 N.W.2d at 100 (quotation and citation omitted).
An error affects a defendant’s substantial rights if “the error was prejudicial and affected
the outcome of the case.” State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 741 (Minn. 1998).
Again, because the government introduced a videotape of the actual assault of
L.C., in which appellant could be seen physically attacking and intimidating L.C. and she
could only be portrayed as the victim, any error in the district court’s admission of the
relationship evidence in violation of appellant’s Confrontation Clause rights did not
affect his substantial rights. The inculpatory evidence, which includes the videotape of
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the assault that the jury saw twice and the eyewitness testimony of Officer Simmons,
fully supports appellant’s conviction. Therefore, appellant’s argument fails on the third
plain-error prong, and we need not consider the other plain-error factors because
appellant cannot satisfy this prong. See Rossberg, 851 N.W.2d at 618 (stating “we need
not and do not consider whether the district court committed error or whether any error
was plain, because [the defendant] has not shown that any violation of the Confrontation
Clause affected his substantial rights and thus he cannot obtain relief under the plain-
error standard”).
IV.
Finally, appellant argues that the district court erred by entering judgments of
conviction and sentences for both the domestic assault and disorderly conduct offenses.1
“Upon prosecution for a crime, the actor may be convicted of either the crime charged or
an included offense, but not both.” Minn. Stat. § 609.04 (2012). The state does not
respond to this argument and concedes only that for sentencing purposes, as a lesser
included offense, the disorderly conduct conviction occurred as part of the same
behavioral incident. See Minn. Stat. § 609.035 (2012) (stating that “if a person’s conduct
constitutes more than one offense under the laws of this state, the person may be
punished for only one of the offenses and a conviction or acquittal of any one of them is a
bar to prosecution for any other of them”); see also State v. Kebaso, 713 N.W.2d 317,
1
At trial, the district court ruled that under the facts presented the disorderly conduct
offense could be submitted to the jury as a lesser included offense of the domestic assault
offense. This ruling was made upon the motion of defense counsel, and appellant does
not challenge this ruling on appeal.
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322 (Minn. 2006) (stating that section 609.035 “prohibits multiple sentences . . . for two
or more offenses that were committed as part of a single behavioral incident”). Because
the disorderly conduct offense was charged as a lesser included offense of domestic
assault, section 609.04 applies, and the district court could enter a judgment of conviction
on only the more serious domestic assault offense. Id. We therefore reverse the
disorderly conduct conviction and remand for the district court to vacate that conviction
but retain the jury’s finding of guilt on that offense in accordance with State v. Pflepsen,
590 N.W.2d 759, 765 (Minn. 1999) (requiring remand for district court to vacate
judgment of conviction but retain finding of guilt on lesser included offense upon a
district court’s erroneous entry of judgments of conviction for both an offense and a
lesser included offense).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded in part.
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