1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number: ___________
3 Filing Date: December 2, 2014
4 NO. 32,917
5 CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE,
6 Respondent,
7 v.
8 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE,
9 COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES
10 Local 1888, et.al.,
11 Petitioners.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
13 Ted C. Baca, District Judge
14 City of Albuquerque
15 David Tourek, City Attorney
16 Rebecca E. Wardlaw, Assistant City Attorney
17 Samantha M. Hults, Assistant City Attorney
18 Albuquerque, NM
19 French & Associates, P.C.
20 Paula I. Forney
21 Stephen G. French
22 Albuquerque, NM
23 for Respondent
1 Youtz & Valdez, P.C.
2 Shane Youtz
3 Stephen Curtice
4 James Montalbano
5 Albuquerque, NM
6 for Petitioners
1 OPINION
2 GARCIA, Judge.
3 {1} We granted the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal
4 Employees’ (AFSCME) petition for writ of certiorari. AFSCME seeks review of a
5 district court order that affirmed in part and reversed in part the administrative
6 decision made by the Public Employee Labor Relations Board (the PELRB). The
7 district court determined that the PELRB properly dismissed AFSCME’s prohibited
8 practice complaints against the City of Albuquerque (the City) because the PELRB
9 did not have jurisdiction to hear those complaints. The district court also ruled that
10 the PELRB had no authority to “remand” the dismissed prohibited practices
11 complaints to the City’s Labor Management Relations Board (the LMRB).
12 {2} The critical issue involves the grandfather status of the LMRB under the Public
13 Employee Bargaining Act (the PEBA). For approximately eighteen months, the
14 LMRB was not functioning to resolve employee complaints because the board was
15 missing one of its required three members. AFSCME asserted that the PELRB had
16 jurisdiction under the PEBA to hear the prohibited practice complaints filed during
17 the time period that the LMRB was not functioning. Alternatively, AFSCME asserts
18 that the PELRB has jurisdiction to remand these specific prohibited practice
19 complaints directly to the LMRB once it began to function again. Under the
1 undisputed factual circumstances presented for review, we affirm.
2 BACKGROUND
3 The Complaints
4 {3} AFSCME represents the City’s employees in their collective bargaining and
5 labor disputes with the City. Between September 2010 and June 2011, AFSCME filed
6 several prohibited practice complaints against the City. It did not file these complaints
7 with the LMRB, but instead filed them directly with the PELRB. It alleged in these
8 complaints that the PELRB had jurisdiction to hear them because the LMRB had been
9 “non-functional since December, 2009.”
10 The PELRB’s Dismissal and Remand
11 {4} The City asked the PELRB to dismiss the subject complaints that were filed
12 directly with the PELRB. It argued that the City was not subject to the PELRB’s
13 jurisdiction because it has grandfather status under the PEBA and the LMRB has
14 exclusive jurisdiction to hear those complaints against the City that AFSCME filed
15 with the PELRB.
16 {5} The PELRB’s hearing officer recommended that the complaints be dismissed.
17 He concluded that the PELRB did not have jurisdiction over the complaints because,
18 at the time of his recommendation, the LMRB had resumed functioning to process
2
1 employee complaints against the City. In reaching this conclusion, the PELRB
2 hearing officer suggested that the PELRB would have jurisdiction over the
3 complaints if the LMRB was not “productive” or “functioning” at the time of his
4 recommendation. The hearing officer also recommended that the complaints be
5 “remanded” to the LMRB. The PELRB then issued a final decision that adopted the
6 hearing officer’s recommendations to dismiss the complaints and remand them to the
7 LMRB.
8 The City’s Appeal to the District Court
9 {6} The City appealed the PELRB’s decision to the district court. It argued that the
10 PELRB had no jurisdiction to hear the complaints—even if LMRB was not hearing
11 them at the time of the PELRB decision—and thus, it had no authority to remand the
12 complaints to the LMRB. The district court agreed with the City that the PELRB did
13 not have jurisdiction to hear the complaints and that it also lacked authority to remand
14 the complaints to the LMRB. It effectively rejected the argument that the PELRB
15 could exercise any type of jurisdiction over the complaints at the time the PELRB
16 decision was rendered.
17 DISCUSSION
18 {7} In its brief in chief, AFSCME renews the arguments it made in front of the
3
1 PELRB and the district court. It argues that the PELRB may assume jurisdiction over
2 complaints involving a public employer entitled to grandfather status under the PEBA
3 when that employer’s labor relations board is not operating at the time, and thus, that
4 the PELRB also had the authority to remand the complaints to the LMRB once it
5 returned to an operating status.
6 I. General Principles and Standard of Review
7 {8} “Administrative bodies are the creatures of statutes.” Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M.
8 v. N.M. Envtl. Improvement Bd., 1976-NMCA-039, ¶ 7, 89 N.M. 223, 549 P.2d 638.
9 They can act only on matters that are within the scope of the authority that a statute
10 has delegated to them “either expressly or by necessary implication.” Jones v.
11 Holiday Inn Express, 2014-NMCA-082, ¶ 9, 331 P.3d 992 (internal quotation marks
12 and citation omitted); see Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M., 1976-NMCA-039, ¶ 7.
13 {9} Whether an administrative body has acted beyond the scope of its authority is
14 a question of statutory construction that we review de novo. See Jones, 2014-NMCA-
15 082, ¶ 10; Leonard v. Payday Prof’l/Bio-Cal Comp., 2008-NMCA-034, ¶ 11, 143
16 N.M. 637, 179 P.3d 1245. When construing a statute, we “determine and give effect
17 to legislative intent” by looking to the plain meaning of the statute’s words and
18 reading its provisions “together to produce a harmonious whole.” Jones, 2014-
4
1 NMCA-082, ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We begin by
2 looking to the state and local labor laws involved in this case.
3 II. The City’s Labor-Management Relations Ordinance
4 {10} In the early 1970’s, Albuquerque’s city council adopted an ordinance
5 governing the “[l]abor-[m]anagement [r]elations” between the City and its employees
6 (the LMRO). See Albuquerque, N.M., Ordinances ch. 3, art. II, §§ 3-2-1 to -18
7 (1971, as amended through 2002). Among other things, the LMRO gives City
8 employees the right to organize for the purpose of collectively bargaining with the
9 City. Albuquerque, N.M., Ordinances ch. 3, art. II, §§ 3-2-2(A) and 3-2-3. And the
10 LMRO prohibits the City and its employees from engaging in certain conduct, which
11 it calls, “prohibited practices.” Albuquerque, N.M., Ordinance ch. 3, art. II § 3-2-9.
12 {11} The LMRO requires that a three-member board “be formed[] to assist in the
13 implementation and administration of the [ordinance].” Albuquerque, N.M.,
14 Ordinance § 3-2-15. When a City employee believes that the City has engaged in a
15 “prohibited practice,” he or she must submit a complaint to the LMRB within thirty
16 days from the date that the alleged prohibited practice occurred. Albuquerque, N.M.,
17 Ordinance § 3-2-9(D). The City has five days to answer this complaint and, within
18 five days of the City’s answer, the LMRB must schedule a hearing. Id. Although the
5
1 LMRO provides an avenue for the City or an employee to appeal the LMRB’s
2 decision, Albuquerque, N.M., Ordinance § 3-2-10(D), it does not identify or provide
3 a specific remedy where the LMRB fails to timely render a decision.
4 III. The PEBA
5 {12} About twenty years after the City adopted its LMRO, the Legislature first
6 enacted a statewide labor-management relations law for public employees (the
7 PEBA). See City of Albuquerque v. Montoya, 2012-NMSC-007, ¶ 9, 274 P.3d 108.
8 The PEBA “guarantees public employees the right to organize and bargain
9 collectively with their employers.” Id. (alteration, internal quotation marks, and
10 citation omitted); see NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-2 (2003). And it created the statewide
11 PELRB. NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-8(A) (2003). The PELRB “has the power to enforce
12 provisions of the [PEBA.]” NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-9(A), (F) (2003).
13 {13} The PEBA includes a grandfather clause for public employers who, like the
14 City, had adopted their own collective bargaining systems before the PEBA was
15 enacted. NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-26(A) (2003); Montoya, 2012-NMSC-007, ¶ 9. This
16 grandfather clause allows a public employer to “continue to operate under [its own]
17 provisions and procedures” where two conditions are met. Section 10-7E-26(A). The
18 first condition is that the public employer must have “adopted by ordinance,
6
1 resolution[,] or charter amendment a system of provisions and procedures permitting
2 employees to form, join[,] or assist a labor organization for the purpose of bargaining
3 collectively.” Id.; see Montoya, 2012-NMSC-007, ¶ 10. The second condition is that
4 this system must have been adopted before October 1, 1991. Section 10-7E-26(A);
5 see Montoya, 2012-NMSC-007, ¶ 10. Additionally, if a grandfathered public
6 employer’s pre-existing ordinance, resolution, or charter amendment “substantial[ly]
7 change[s] after January 1, 2003[,]” the grandfathered public employer must comply
8 with additional provisions enumerated in Section 10-7E-26(B) of the PEBA. Section
9 10-7E-26(A). Thus, as long as a public employer’s system of provisions and
10 procedures meets the two conditions for grandfather status and the written policy
11 adopting that system has not substantially changed after January 1, 2003, the
12 employer does not have to comply with any other provisions of the PEBA. Id.; see
13 Montoya, 2012-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 9, 11 (stating that Section 10-7E-26(A) is a
14 “grandfather clause” that “remove[s] from the statute’s reach a class that would
15 otherwise be encompassed by its language” (internal quotation marks and citation
16 omitted)); see alsoCity of Deming v. Deming Firefighters Local 4521, 2007-NMCA-
17 069, ¶ 6, 141 N.M. 686, 160 P.3d 595 (recognizing that if the grandfather clause
18 applies, “the PEBA does not apply”).
7
1 {14} The PEBA defines “collective bargaining” as “the act of negotiating between
2 a public employer and an exclusive representative for the purpose of entering into a
3 written agreement regarding wages, hours[,] and other terms and conditions of
4 employment[.]” NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-4(F) (2003) (internal quotation marks and
5 citation omitted). The PEBA does not require grandfathered public employers, whose
6 collective bargaining systems have not substantially changed after January 1, 2003,
7 to have local boards that are actively adjudicating employee grievances.
8 IV. Analysis
9 {15} AFSCME does not dispute that the City’s LMRO is entitled to grandfather
10 status under the PEBA and that the LMRO has not substantially changed since
11 January 1, 2003. Instead, AFSCME points to the PEBA’s language that allows
12 grandfathered public employers to “continue to operate” under their pre-existing
13 systems. See § 10-7E-26(A). It submits that this language implies that the PELRB
14 could hear complaints involving grandfathered public employers if the local boards
15 created under those systems were not in fact “operating” or “functioning” to hear
16 complaints. We disagree.
17 {16} The PELRB was created by the PEBA and its authority is limited to those
18 matters that the PEBA has delegated to it “either expressly or by necessary
8
1 implication.” Jones, 2014-NMCA-082, ¶ 9 (internal quotation marks and citation
2 omitted); see Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M., 1976-NMCA-039, ¶ 7; see also § 10-7E-8(A)
3 (creating the PELRB). The PEBA does not expressly delegate any authority to the
4 PELRB to hear complaints involving grandfathered public employers. But, by
5 implication, the PELRB has the power to determine in the first place whether a public
6 employer or aspects of its labor relations system meet the conditions for grandfather
7 status. See Deming Firefighters Local 4521, 2007-NMCA-069, ¶ 14 (“[T]he PELRB
8 has the initial ability to determine its jurisdiction[.]”).
9 {17} Once the determination is made that a public employer and its labor relations
10 system has grandfather status and that its collective bargaining system has not
11 substantially changed after January 1, 2003, no other provision of the PEBA applies
12 to that employer. Id. ¶ 6 (explaining that if the grandfather clause applies, “the PEBA
13 does not apply”). And, if the public employer is not subject to the terms of the PEBA,
14 then the PELRB has no jurisdiction to hear its complaints because the PELRB can
15 only enforce the PEBA— it cannot enforce the LMRO. See § 10-7E-9(F) (noting that
16 the PELRB “has the power to enforce provisions of the [PEBA]”); Regents of Univ.
17 of N.M. v. N.M. Fed’n of Teachers, 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 4, 125 N.M. 401, 962 P.2d
18 1236 (recognizing that the “PEBA created the PELRB, whose function is the
9
1 administration of [the] PEBA”); Deming Firefighters Local 4521, 2007-NMCA-069,
2 ¶ 6 (“[B]ecause the PEBA does not apply, the [PELRB] does not have jurisdiction.”).
3 {18} We therefore agree with the district court’s conclusion that the PELRB did not
4 have jurisdiction to hear AFSCME’s complaints and that it did not act “in accordance
5 with law” when it remanded the complaints to the LMRB. See Regents, 1998-NMSC-
6 020, ¶ 16 (recognizing that a court may reverse the PELRB’s actions where those
7 actions are “arbitrary, capricious[,] or an abuse of discretion; . . . not supported by
8 substantial evidence on the record taken as a whole; or . . . otherwise not in
9 accordance with law”). Complaints cannot be “remanded” to a tribunal if they did not
10 originate there. See Black’s Law Dictionary 1102 (abridged 9th ed. 2010) (defining
11 “remand” as meaning “[t]o send (a case or claim) back to the court or tribunal from
12 which it came for some further action”); see also Mid-Ohio Liquid Fertilizers, Inc.
13 v. Lowe, 469 N.E.2d 1019, 1021 (Ohio Ct. App. 1984) (“To remand is to send back.
14 Further, the term implies that what is being sent back is returned from where it came.
15 ‘Remand’ is subject to no other construction.”); Los Alamos Cnty. v. Beery, 1984-
16 NMSC-050, ¶ 3, 101 N.M. 157, 679 P.2d 825 (stating that an “order of remand simply
17 returns the jurisdiction of the cause to the lower court in which it originated”). And
18 the PEBA does not grant the PELRB the authority, either expressly or by necessary
10
1 implication, to transfer complaints against a public employer to other tribunals. See
2 §10-7E-9 (“Board; powers and duties.”).
3 {19} We note that this decision is limited to the narrow issue of jurisdiction under
4 the PEBA. AFSCME has not challenged whether the City’s LMRO continued to be
5 entitled to grandfather status because the LMRB was not “operating” for over
6 eighteen months. It also did not raise any arguments involving due process, equity,
7 or other legal principles. Thus, we do not address these issues. See State v. Bell,
8 2014-NMCA-___, ¶ 19, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 31,890, Sept. 9, 2014) (“We do not
9 address issues or questions unraised by litigants.”). AFSCME has not asked this
10 Court to review the decision of the PELRB under a legal principle that might allow
11 us to employ the right-for-any-reason doctrine. Under the circumstances, we will not
12 consider any other legal principle under the theory that the PELRB decision was right
13 for any reason. See Meiboom v. Watson, 2000-NMSC-004, ¶ 20,128 N.M. 536, 994
14 P.2d 1154 (stating that appellate courts, will not assume the role of the fact finder and
15 delve into fact-dependent inquiries for purposes of a “right for any reason” analysis).
16 V. AFSCME’s Lack of Any Remedy Argument
17 {20} We disagree with AFSCME’s final argument that the district court’s decision
18 will result in “an impossible legal vacuum” and create a “right without a remedy.”
11
1 NMSA 1978, Section 44-2-4 (1984) provides an example of at least one action that
2 a union may take when a local board is not functioning: When “any inferior tribunal,
3 corporation, board[,] or person” fails to perform its duties, the affected parties may
4 apply to the district court for a writ of mandamus to compel that public body to act.
5 Id. (emphasis added) (providing that the “[p]urpose” of a mandamus writ is “to
6 compel the performance of an act which the law specially enjoins as a duty resulting
7 from an office, trust or station” and that it “may require an inferior tribunal to . . .
8 proceed to the discharge of any of its functions”). AFSCME does not discuss or argue
9 the availability of this or any other potential remedy.
10 CONCLUSION
11 {21} The order entered by the district court is affirmed.
12 {22} IT IS SO ORDERED.
13 __________________________________
14 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
12
1 WE CONCUR:
2 ___________________________________
3 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
4 ___________________________________
5 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
13